1
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Long TJH, Holbrook W, Hufnagel TC, Mueller T. High-throughput determination of grain size distributions by EBSD with low-discrepancy sampling. J Microsc 2024; 293:20-37. [PMID: 37990618 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Because microstructure plays an important role in the mechanical properties of structural materials, developing the capability to quantify microstructures rapidly is important to enabling high-throughput screening of structural materials. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a common method for studying microstructures and extracting information such as grain size distributions (GSDs), but is not particularly fast and thus could be a bottleneck in high-throughput systems. One approach to accelerating EBSD is to reduce the number of points that must be scanned. In this work, we describe an iterative method for reducing the number of scan points needed to measure GSDs using incremental low-discrepancy sampling, including on-the-fly grain size calculations and a convergence test for the resulting GSD based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. We demonstrate this method on five real EBSD maps collected from magnesium AZ31B specimens and compare the effectiveness of sampling according to two different low discrepancy sequences, the Sobol and R2 sequences, and random sampling. We find that R2 sampling is able to produce GSDs that are statistically very similar to the GSDs of the full density grids using, on average, only 52% of the total scan points. For EBSD maps that contained monodisperse GSDs and over 1000 grains, R2 sampling only required an average of 39% of the total EBSD points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J H Long
- Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William Holbrook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd C Hufnagel
- Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tim Mueller
- Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Patrick MJ, Eckstein JK, Lopez JR, Toderas S, Asher SA, Whang SI, Levine S, Rickman JM, Barmak K. Automated Grain Boundary Detection for Bright-Field Transmission Electron Microscopy Images via U-Net. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1968-1979. [PMID: 37966960 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of microstructures is crucial for understanding processing-structure and structure-property relationships in polycrystalline materials. Delineating grain boundaries in bright-field transmission electron micrographs, however, is challenging due to complex diffraction contrast in images. Conventional edge detection algorithms are inadequate; instead, manual tracing is usually required. This study demonstrates the first successful machine learning approach for grain boundary detection in bright-field transmission electron micrographs. The proposed methodology uses a U-Net convolutional neural network trained on carefully constructed data from bright-field images and hand tracings available from prior studies, combined with targeted postprocessing algorithms to preserve fine features of interest. The image processing pipeline accurately estimates grain boundary positions, avoiding segmentation in regions with intragrain contrast and identifying low-contrast boundaries. Our approach is validated by directly comparing microstructural markers (i.e., grain centroids) identified in U-Net predictions with those identified in hand tracings; furthermore, the grain size distributions obtained from the two techniques show notable overlap when compared using t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and Cramér-von Mises test. The technique is then successfully applied to interpret new microstructures having different image characteristics from the training data, with preliminary results from platinum and palladium microstructures presented, highlighting the versatility of our approach for grain boundary identification in bright-field micrographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Patrick
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 200 S.W. Mudd Building, 500 W. 120 Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - James K Eckstein
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Javier R Lopez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 210 S.W. Mudd Building, 500 W. 120 Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Silvia Toderas
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 200 S.W. Mudd Building, 500 W. 120 Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sarah A Asher
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 200 S.W. Mudd Building, 500 W. 120 Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sylvia I Whang
- Department of Physics, Barnard College, 504A Altschul Hall, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stacey Levine
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Duquesne University, 440 College Hall, 1100 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rickman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Whitaker Lab 244, 5 E. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Katayun Barmak
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 200 S.W. Mudd Building, 500 W. 120 Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
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3
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Kumar A, Bhasin M, Chitkara M. Morphological analysis and grain size distribution of SnO 2 nanoparticles via digital image processing across diverse calcination temperatures. J Microsc 2023; 292:123-134. [PMID: 37888747 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive image analysis of the SnO2 nanoparticles synthesised through calcination at diverse temperatures, which enables an estimation of grain size distribution (GSD) from field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images. Even though FE-SEM images could provide us with a lot of information about sample differences, we can learn more and perform a more accurate analysis of them by using quantitative data obtained by our image processing application. The digital image processing techniques used in this research provide a detailed analysis of the nanoparticles' size and shape, enabling a deeper understanding of their unique characteristics. The results reveal the significant impact of calcination temperature on the morphology of the nanoparticles, with changes in grain size and grain size distribution observed at varying temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Kumar
- Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Manan Bhasin
- Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Mansi Chitkara
- Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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4
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Roth M, Flipon B, Bozzolo N, Bernacki M. Comparison of Grain-Growth Mean-Field Models Regarding Predicted Grain Size Distributions. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6761. [PMID: 37895743 PMCID: PMC10607967 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Mean-field models have the ability to predict the evolution of grain size distribution that occurs through thermomechanical solicitations. This article focuses on a comparison of mean-field models under grain-growth conditions. Different microstructure representations are considered and discussed, especially regarding the consideration of topology in the neighborhood construction. Experimental data obtained with a heat treatment campaign on 316L austenitic stainless steel are used for the identification of material parameters and as a reference for model comparisons. Mean-field models are also applied to both mono- and bimodal initial grain size distributions to investigate the potential benefits of introducing neighborhood topology in microstructure prediction models. This article demonstrates that improvements in the predictions can be obtained in monomodal cases for topological models. In the bimodal test, no comparison with experimental data was performed as no data were available. But relative comparisons between models indicated few differences in the predictions. Although of interest, the consideration of neighborhood topology in grain-growth mean-field models generally results in only small improvements compared to classical mean-field models, especially in terms of implementation complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Bernacki
- Mines Paris, PSL University, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (M.R.); (B.F.); (N.B.)
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5
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Liaparinos P, Michail C, Valais I, Fountos G, Karabotsos A, Kandarakis I. Grain Size Distribution Analysis of Different Activator Doped Gd 2O 2S Powder Phosphors for Use in Medical Image Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8702. [PMID: 36433300 PMCID: PMC9695128 DOI: 10.3390/s22228702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The structural properties of phosphor materials, such as their grain size distribution (GSD), affect their overall optical emission performance. In the widely used gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2O2S) host material, the type of activator is one significant parameter that also changes the GSD of the powder phosphor. For this reason, in this study, different phosphors samples of Gd2O2S:Tb, Gd2O2S:Eu, and Gd2O2S:Pr,Ce,F, were analyzed, their GSDs were experimentally determined using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique, and thereafter, their optical emission profiles were investigated using the LIGHTAWE Monte Carlo simulation package. Two sets of GSDs were examined corresponding to approximately equal mean particle size, such as: (i) 1.232 μm, 1.769 μm and 1.784 μm, and (ii) 2.377 μm, 3.644 μm and 3.677 μm, for Tb, Eu and Pr,Ce,F, respectively. The results showed that light absorption was almost similar, for instance, 25.45% and 8.17% for both cases of Eu dopant utilizing a thin layer (100 μm), however, given a thicker layer (200 μm), the difference was more obvious, 22.82%. On the other hand, a high amount of light loss within the phosphor affects the laterally directed light quanta, which lead to sharper distributions and therefore to higher resolution properties of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Liaparinos
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Michail
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Valais
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountos
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Karabotsos
- Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kandarakis
- Radiation Physics, Materials Technology and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12210 Athens, Greece
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6
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Napiórkowski J, Olejniczak K, Konat Ł. Wear Properties of Nitride-Bonded Silicon Carbide under the Action of an Abrasive Soil Mass. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14082043. [PMID: 33921565 PMCID: PMC8073031 DOI: 10.3390/ma14082043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitride-bonded silicon carbide is an alternative to steels resistant to abrasive wear. This paper presents the results of a nitride-bonded silicon carbide (SiC) wear test in diverse soil conditions. The test was performed on a “spinning bowl” test stand on three soil types: loamy sand, light loam and ordinary loam. The results were referred to the wear test for materials used to make parts working soil mass, i.e., abrasive wear-resistant steel, boron steel and C + Cr + Nb padding weld. The abrasive wear resistance of silicon carbide was shown to depend on the grain size distribution of the soil being worked. Silicon carbide showed the highest resistance in light soil. However, the padding weld showed higher wear resistance in the other soil conditions. Nitride-bonded silicon carbide had higher wear resistance than the steels under study in all of the soils. These findings are supplemented by an analysis of the condition of the worked surfaces after friction tests. The dominant wear methods in all abrasive masses were micro-cutting and furrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Napiórkowski
- Department of Construction, Vehicle and Machine Operation, The Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego 11, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Olejniczak
- Department of Construction, Vehicle and Machine Operation, The Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego 11, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Konat
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
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7
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Ma Y, Hu X, Hu Z, Sheng Z, Ma S, Chu Y, Wan Q, Luo W, Guo L. Simultaneous Compositional and Grain Size Measurements Using Laser Opto-Ultrasonic Dual Detection for Additive Manufacturing. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13102404. [PMID: 32456159 PMCID: PMC7287923 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal-based additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technique with great potential across multiple industries; however, its manufacturing quality is unstable, leading to an urgent requirement for component properties detection. The distribution of grain size has an important effect on many mechanical properties in AM, while the distribution of added elements, such as titanium (Ti), has a measurable effect on the grain size of an aluminum (Al) alloy. Therefore, the detection of the distributions of grain size and elements is of great significance for AM. In this study, we investigated the distribution of grain size and elements simultaneously for wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) with an Al alloy using laser opto-ultrasonic dual (LOUD) detection. The average grain size obtained from the acoustic attenuation of ultrasonic signals was consistent with the results of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.981 for linear fitting. The Ti element distribution obtained from optical spectra showed that the enrichment of Ti corresponded to the grain refinement area in the detected area. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra showed that the spectral peaks were moved from Al to AlTi and Al2Ti forms in the Ti-rich areas, which confirmed the LOUD results. The results indicated that LOUD detection holds promise for becoming an effective method of analyzing the mechanical and chemical properties of components simultaneously, which could help explain the complex physical and chemical changes in AM and ultimately improve the manufacturing quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.M.); (Z.H.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xiujuan Hu
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.M.); (Z.H.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Ziqian Sheng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.M.); (Z.H.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Shixiang Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.M.); (Z.H.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yanwu Chu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.M.); (Z.H.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qing Wan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.M.); (Z.H.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Lianbo Guo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (Y.M.); (Z.H.); (Z.S.); (S.M.); (Y.C.); (Q.W.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Ma Y, Hu X, Hu Z, Sheng Z, Ma S, Chu Y, Wan Q, Luo W, Guo L. Simultaneous Compositional and Grain Size Measurements Using Laser Opto-Ultrasonic Dual Detection for Additive Manufacturing. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13102404. [PMID: 32456159 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technique with great potential across multiple industries; however, its manufacturing quality is unstable, leading to an urgent requirement for component properties detection. The distribution of grain size has an important effect on many mechanical properties in AM, while the distribution of added elements, such as titanium (Ti), has a measurable effect on the grain size of an aluminum (Al) alloy. Therefore, the detection of the distributions of grain size and elements is of great significance for AM. In this study, we investigated the distribution of grain size and elements simultaneously for wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) with an Al alloy using laser opto-ultrasonic dual (LOUD) detection. The average grain size obtained from the acoustic attenuation of ultrasonic signals was consistent with the results of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.981 for linear fitting. The Ti element distribution obtained from optical spectra showed that the enrichment of Ti corresponded to the grain refinement area in the detected area. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra showed that the spectral peaks were moved from Al to AlTi and Al2Ti forms in the Ti-rich areas, which confirmed the LOUD results. The results indicated that LOUD detection holds promise for becoming an effective method of analyzing the mechanical and chemical properties of components simultaneously, which could help explain the complex physical and chemical changes in AM and ultimately improve the manufacturing quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiujuan Hu
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ziqian Sheng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shixiang Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanwu Chu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qing Wan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lianbo Guo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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9
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Kong H, Wang L, Zhang H. The variation of grain size distribution in rock granular material in seepage process considering the mechanical-hydrological-chemical coupling effect: an experimental research. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:190590. [PMID: 32218928 PMCID: PMC7029924 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a common solid waste in geotechnical engineering, rock granular material should be properly treated and recycled. Rock granular material often coexists with water when it is used as the filling material in geotechnical engineering. Water flowing in rock granular materials is a complex progress with the mechanical-hydrological-chemical (MHC) coupling effect, i.e. the water scours in the gaps and spaces in the rock granular material structure, produces chemical reactions with rock grains, rock grains squeeze each other under the water pressure and compression leading to re-breakage and producing secondary rock grains, and the fine rock grains are migrated with water and rushed out. In this process, rock grain size distribution (GSD) changes, it affects the physical and mechanical characteristics of the rock granular materials, and even influences the seepage stability of the rock granular materials. To study the variation of GSD in the rock granular material considering the MHC coupling effect after the seepage process, seepage experiments of rock grain samples are carried out and analysed in this paper. The result is expected to have a positive impact on further studies of the properties of the rock granular material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Kong
- College of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Coastal Ultra-Soft Soil, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Safety and High-efficiency Coal Mining, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, People's Republic of China
| | - Luzhen Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Safety and High-efficiency Coal Mining, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, People's Republic of China
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10
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Qu W, Luo M, Guo Z, Hu X, Zhang A, Zhang F, Li D, Zhang Y. Effect of Temperature Gradient on the Grain Size Homogeneity of SEED Produced Semi-Solid Slurries by Phase-Field Simulation. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E3309. [PMID: 31614518 DOI: 10.3390/ma12203309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The distribution homogeneity of grain size affects the fluidity of the semi-solid slurry, which in turn affects the properties of the casting. One key factor affecting grain size uniformity resides in the nucleation number, which has been studied thoroughly, while the other factor is temperature gradient which has not been investigated yet. In this study, the microstructure evolutions under certain temperature gradients are investigated by experiment and simulation using a two-dimensional quantitative phase-field (PF) model. A parallel and adaptive mesh refinement algorithm is adopted to solve the nonlinear phase-field equations. The results indicate that temperature gradient can affect the size distribution of microstructure in the semi-solid slurry prepared by the SEED process. A higher temperature gradient (in the range of 0.230~0.657 °C/mm) along the radial direction is beneficial to the homogeneity of the grain size in a slurry.
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11
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Abstract
We have measured grain size distributions of the results of laboratory decompression explosions of volcanic rock. The resulting distributions can be approximately represented by gamma distributions of weight per cent as a function of [Formula: see text], where d is the grain size in millimetres measured by sieving, with a superimposed long tail associated with the production of fines. We provide a description of the observations based on sequential fragmentation theory, which we develop for the particular case of 'self-similar' fragmentation kernels, and we show that the corresponding evolution equation for the distribution can be explicitly solved, yielding the long-time lognormal distribution associated with Kolmogorov's fragmentation theory. Particular features of the experimental data, notably time evolution, advection, truncation and fines production, are described and predicted within the constraints of a generalized, 'reductive' fragmentation model, and it is shown that the gamma distribution of coarse particles is a natural consequence of an assumed uniform fragmentation kernel. We further show that an explicit model for fines production during fracturing can lead to a second gamma distribution, and that the sum of the two provides a good fit to the observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Fowler
- MACSI, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland; OCIAM, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bettina Scheu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences , LMU München, München, Germany
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12
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Moran AR, Hettiarachchi H. Geotechnical characterization of mined clay from Appalachian Ohio: challenges and implications for the clay mining industry. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011; 8:2640-55. [PMID: 21845150 PMCID: PMC3155321 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8072640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clayey soil found in coal mines in Appalachian Ohio is often sold to landfills for constructing Recompacted Soil Liners (RSL) in landfills. Since clayey soils possess low hydraulic conductivity, the suitability of mined clay for RSL in Ohio is first assessed by determining its clay content. When soil samples are tested in a laboratory, the same engineering properties are typically expected for the soils originated from the same source, provided that the testing techniques applied are standard, but mined clay from Appalachian Ohio has shown drastic differences in particle size distribution depending on the sampling and/or laboratory processing methods. Sometimes more than a 10 percent decrease in the clay content is observed in the samples collected at the stockpiles, compared to those collected through reverse circulation drilling. This discrepancy poses a challenge to geotechnical engineers who work on the prequalification process of RSL material as it can result in misleading estimates of the hydraulic conductivity of the samples. This paper describes a laboratory investigation conducted on mined clay from Appalachian Ohio to determine how and why the standard sampling and/or processing methods can affect the grain-size distributions. The variation in the clay content was determined to be due to heavy concentrations of shale fragments in the clayey soils. It was also concluded that, in order to obtain reliable grain size distributions from the samples collected at a stockpile of mined clay, the material needs to be processed using a soil grinder. Otherwise, the samples should be collected through drilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Moran
- CH2M Hill, 7927 Nemco Way, Suite 120, Brighton, MI 48116, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Hiroshan Hettiarachchi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lawrence Technological University, 21000 West Ten Mile Road, Southfield, MI 48075, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-248-204-2538; Fax: +1-248-204-2568
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