1
|
Kollepara PK, Chisholm RH, Miller JC. Heterogeneity in network structure switches the dominant transmission mode of infectious diseases. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgad227. [PMID: 37533729 PMCID: PMC10393287 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Several recent emerging diseases have exhibited both sexual and nonsexual transmission modes (Ebola, Zika, and mpox). In the recent mpox outbreaks, transmission through sexual contacts appears to be the dominant mode of transmission. Motivated by this, we use an SIR-like model to argue that an initially dominant sexual transmission mode can be overtaken by casual transmission at later stages, even if the basic casual reproduction number is less than one. Our results highlight the risk of intervention designs which are informed only by the early dynamics of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratyush K Kollepara
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd and Kingsbury Dr, Melbourne, 3086 VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Chisholm
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd and Kingsbury Dr, Melbourne, 3086 VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Grattan St, Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tokponnon TF, Ossè R, Padonou GG, Affoukou CD, Sidick A, Sewade W, Fassinou A, Koukpo CZ, Akinro B, Messenger LA, Okê M, Tchévoédé A, Ogouyemi-Hounto A, Gazard DK, Akogbeto M. Entomological Characteristics of Malaria Transmission across Benin: An Essential Element for Improved Deployment of Vector Control Interventions. Insects 2023; 14:52. [PMID: 36661980 PMCID: PMC9864170 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Entomological surveillance in Benin has historically been limited to zones where indoor residual spraying was performed or where long-standing sentinel surveillance sites existed. However, there are significant country-wide gaps in entomological knowledge. The National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) assessed population dynamics of Anopheles vectors and malaria transmission in each of Benin’s 12 departments to create an entomological risk profile. Two communes per department (24/77 communes) were chosen to reflect diverse geographies, ecologies and malaria prevalence. Two villages per commune were selected from which four households (HH) per village were used for human landing catches (HLCs). In each HH, an indoor and outdoor HLC occurred between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m. on two consecutive nights between July−September 2017. Captured Anopheles were identified, and ovaries were dissected to determine parous rate. Heads and thoraces were tested for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites by ELISA. The Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR) was calculated as the product of mosquito bite rate and sporozoite index. Bite rates from An. gambiae s.l., the primary vector species complex, differed considerably between communes; average sporozoite infection index was 3.5%. The EIR ranged from 0.02 infectious bites (ib) per human per night in the departments of Ouémé and Plateau to 1.66 ib/human/night in Collines. Based on transmission risk scales, Avrankou, Sakété and Nikki are areas of low transmission (0 < EIR < 3 ib/human/year), Adjarra, Adja Ouèrè, Zè, Toffo, Bopa, Pehunco, Pèrèrè and Kandi are of medium transmission (3 < EIR < 30 ib/human/year), and the other remaining districts are high transmission (EIR > 30 ib/human/year). The heterogeneous and diverse nature of malaria transmission in Benin was not readily apparent when only assessing entomological surveillance from sentinel sites. Prospectively, the NMCP will use study results to stratify and deploy targeted vector control interventions in districts with high EIRs to better protect populations most at-risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatchémè Filémon Tokponnon
- Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 08 BP 882, Benin
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Centre Béninois de la Recherche Scientifique et de l’Innovation (CBRSI), Agbondjèdo, Étoile Rouge, Cotonou 03 BP 1665, Benin
- Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 2009, Benin
| | - Razaki Ossè
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | | | | | - Aboubakar Sidick
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Wilfried Sewade
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Arsène Fassinou
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Côme Z. Koukpo
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Bruno Akinro
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Louisa A. Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Mariam Okê
- Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 08 BP 882, Benin
| | | | - Aurore Ogouyemi-Hounto
- National Malaria Control Program, Cotonou 01 BP 882, Benin
- Parasitology-Mycologie Research Unit, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin
| | - Dorothée Kinde Gazard
- Parasitology-Mycologie Research Unit, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 188, Benin
| | - Martin Akogbeto
- Cotonou Entomological Research Center, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
During an epidemic outbreak in a human population, susceptibility to infection can be reduced by raising awareness of the disease. In this paper, we investigate the effects of three forms of awareness (i.e., contact, local, and global) on the spread of a disease in a random network. Connectivity-correlated transmission rates are assumed. By using the mean-field theory and numerical simulation, we show that both local and contact awareness can raise the epidemic thresholds while the global awareness cannot, which mirrors the recent results of Wu et al. The obtained results point out that individual behaviors in the presence of an infectious disease has a great influence on the epidemic dynamics. Our method enriches mean-field analysis in epidemic models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Shang
- Institute for Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| |
Collapse
|