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Ma J, Yu M, Huang M, Wu Y, Fu C, Dong L, Zhu Z, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Feng X, Xiang H. Additive Strategy Enhancing In Situ Polymerization Uniformity for High-Voltage Sodium Metal Batteries. Small 2024; 20:e2305649. [PMID: 37752691 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In situ polymerization to prepare quasi-solid electrolyte has attracted wide attentions for its advantage in achieving intimate electrode-electrolyte contact and the high process compatibility with current liquid batteries; however, gases can be generated during polymerization process and remained in the final electrolyte, severely impairing the electrolyte uniformity and electrochemical performance. In this work, an in situ polymerized poly(vinylene carbonate)-based quasi-solid electrolyte for high-voltage sodium metal batteries (SMBs) is demonstrated, which contains a novel multifunctional additive N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). MSTFA as high-efficient plasticizer diminishes residual gases in electrolyte after polymerization; the softer and homogeneous electrolyte enables much faster ionic conduction. The HF/H2 O scavenge effect of MSTFA mitigates the corrosion of free acid to cathode and interfacial passivating layers, enhancing the cycle stability under high voltage. As a result, the 4.4 V Na||Na3 V2 (PO4 )2 F3 cell employing the optimized electrolyte possesses an initial discharge capacity of 112.0 mAh g-1 and a capacity retention of 91.3% after 100 cycles at 0.5C, obviously better than those of its counterparts without MSTFA addition. This work gives a pioneering study on the gas residue phenomenon in in situ polymerized electrolytes, and introduces a novel multifunctional silane additive that effectively enhances electrochemical performance in high-voltage SMBs, showing practical application significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Mengyue Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Chengyu Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Hefei Gotion High-Tech Power Energy Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhang
- Hefei Gotion High-Tech Power Energy Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Hefei Gotion High-Tech Power Energy Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, P. R. China
| | - Xuyong Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Hongfa Xiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
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2
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Ni W. Low-Dimensional Vanadium-Based High-Voltage Cathode Materials for Promising Rechargeable Alkali-Ion Batteries. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:587. [PMID: 38591436 PMCID: PMC10856331 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their rich structural chemistry and unique electrochemical properties, vanadium-based materials, especially the low-dimensional ones, are showing promising applications in energy storage and conversion. In this invited review, low-dimensional vanadium-based materials (including 0D, 1D, and 2D nanostructures of vanadium-containing oxides, polyanions, and mixed-polyanions) and their emerging applications in advanced alkali-metal-ion batteries (e.g., Li-ion, Na-ion, and K-ion batteries) are systematically summarized. Future development trends, challenges, solutions, and perspectives are discussed and proposed. Mechanisms and new insights are also given for the development of advanced vanadium-based materials in high-performance energy storage and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, ANSTEEL Research Institute of Vanadium & Titanium (Iron & Steel), Chengdu 610031, China
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3
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Liu H, Hong N, Bugday N, Yasar S, Altin S, Deng W, Deng W, Zou G, Hou H, Long Z, Ji X. High Voltage Ga-Doped P2-Type Na 2/3 Ni 0.2 Mn 0.8 O 2 Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Small 2023:e2307225. [PMID: 38054760 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Ni/Mn-based oxide cathode materials have drawn great attention due to their high discharge voltage and large capacity, but structural instability at high potential causes rapid capacity decay. How to moderate the capacity loss while maintaining the advantages of high discharge voltage remains challenging. Herein, the replacement of Mn ions by Ga ions is proposed in the P2-Na2/3 Ni0.2 Mn0.8 O2 cathode for improving their cycling performances without sacrificing the high discharge voltage. With the introduction of Ga ions, the relative movement between the transition metal ions is restricted and more Na ions are retained in the lattice at high voltage, leading to an enhanced redox activity of Ni ions, validated by ex situ synchrotron X-ray absorption spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, the P2-O2 phase transition is replaced by a P2-OP4 phase transition with a smaller volume change, reducing the lattice strain in the c-axis direction, as detected by operando/ex situ X-ray diffraction. Consequently, the Na2/3 Ni0.21 Mn0.74 Ga0.05 O2 electrode exhibits a high discharge voltage close to that of the undoped materials, while increasing voltage retention from 79% to 93% after 50 cycles. This work offers a new avenue for designing high-energy density Ni/Mn-based oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ningyun Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Crystal Materials, Institute of Functional Crystal, College of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Nesrin Bugday
- Department of Chemistry, İnönü (Inonu) University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Sedat Yasar
- Department of Chemistry, İnönü (Inonu) University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Serdar Altin
- Department of Chemistry, İnönü (Inonu) University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey
| | - Weina Deng
- Hunan Key of Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Wentao Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Guoqiang Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hongshuai Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhen Long
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Crystal Materials, Institute of Functional Crystal, College of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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4
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Xiang J, Wei Y, Zhong Y, Yang Y, Cheng H, Yuan L, Xu H, Huang Y. Building Practical High-Voltage Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2200912. [PMID: 35332962 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has long been a global imperative to develop high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the ever-growing electric vehicle market. One of the most effective strategies for boosting the energy density of LIBs is to increase the output voltage, which largely depends upon the cathode materials. As the most-promising cathodes for high-voltage LIBs (>4 V vs Li/Li+ ), four major categories of cathodes including lithium-rich layered oxides, nickel-rich layered oxides, spinel oxides, and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still encounter severe challenges to realize the improvement of output voltage while maintaining high capacity, fast rate capability, and long service life. This review focuses on the key links in the development of high-voltage cathode materials from the lab to industrialization. First, the failure mechanisms of the four kinds of materials are clarified, and the optimization strategies, particularly solutions that are easy for large-scale production, are considered. Then, to bridge the gap between lab and industry, the cost management, safety assessment, practical battery-performance evaluation, and sustainability of the battery technologies, are discussed. Finally, tough challenges and promising strategies for the commercialization of high-voltage cathode materials are summarized to promote the large-scale application of LIBs with high energy densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lixia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Henghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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5
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Maiti S, Sclar H, Grinblat J, Talianker M, Elias Y, Wu X, Kondrakov A, Aurbach D. Stabilizing High-Voltage LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 Cathodes for High Energy Rechargeable Li Batteries by Coating With Organic Aromatic Acids and Their Li Salts. Small Methods 2022; 6:e2200674. [PMID: 36074984 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, three types of surface coatings based on adsorption of organic aromatic acids or their Li salts are applied as functional coating substrates to engineer the surface properties of high voltage LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 (LNMO) spinel cathodes. The materials used as coating include 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylic acid (trimesic acid [TMA]), its Li-salt, and 1,4-benzene-dicarboxylic acid (terephthalic acid). The surface coating involves simple ethanol liquid-phase mixing and low-temperature heat treatment under nitrogen flow. In typical comparative studies, TMA-coated (3-5%) LNMO cathodes deliver >90% capacity retention after 400 cycles with significantly improved rate performance in Li-coin cells at 30 °C compared to uncoated material with capacity retention of ≈40%. The cathode coating also prevents the rapid drop in the electrochemical activity of high voltage Li cells at 55 °C. Studies of high voltage full cells containing TMA coated cathodes versus graphite anodes also demonstrate improved electrochemical behavior, including improved cycling performance and capacity retention, increased rate capabilities, lower voltage hysteresis, and very minor direct current internal resistance evolution. In line with the highly positive effects on the electrochemical performance, it is found that these coatings reduce detrimental transition metal cations dissolution and ensure structural stability during prolonged cycling and thermal stability at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Hadar Sclar
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Judith Grinblat
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Michael Talianker
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Yuval Elias
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Xiaohan Wu
- BASF SE, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
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6
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Lee H, Liu X, Chart Y, Tang P, Bae JG, Narayanan S, Lee JH, Potter RJ, Sun Y, Pasta M. LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4 Cathode Microstructure for All-Solid-State Batteries. Nano Lett 2022; 22:7477-7483. [PMID: 36069205 PMCID: PMC9523706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have received attention as a next-generation energy storage technology due to their potential to superior deliver energy density and safety compared to commercial Li-ion batteries. One of the main challenges limiting their practical implementation is the rapid capacity decay caused by the loss of contact between the cathode active material and the solid electrolyte upon cycling. Here, we use the promising high-voltage, low-cost LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) as a model system to demonstrate the importance of the cathode microstructure in SSBs. We design Al2O3-coated LNMO particles with a hollow microstructure aimed at suppressing electrolyte decomposition, minimizing volume change during cycling, and shortening the Li diffusion pathway to achieve maximum cathode utilization. When cycled with a Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte, we demonstrate a capacity retention above 70% after 100 cycles, with an active material loading of 27 mg cm-2 (2.2 mAh cm-2) at a current density of 0.8 mA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon
Jeong Lee
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
- Division
of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- Wuhan
National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yvonne Chart
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
| | - Peng Tang
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Jin-Gyu Bae
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook
National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudarshan Narayanan
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
| | - Ji Hoon Lee
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook
National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard J. Potter
- Department
of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom
| | - Yongming Sun
- Wuhan
National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Mauro Pasta
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
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7
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Chen YH, Hsieh YC, Liu KL, Wichmann L, Thienenkamp JH, Choudhary A, Bedrov D, Winter M, Brunklaus G. Green Polymer Electrolytes Based on Polycaprolactones for Solid-State High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200335. [PMID: 35726135 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have attracted considerable attention for high energy solid-state lithium metal batteries (LMBs). In this work, potentially ecofriendly, solid-state poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based star polymer electrolytes with cross-linked structures (xBt-PCL) are introduced that robustly cycle against LiNi0.6 Mn0.2 Co0.2 O2 (NMC622) composite cathodes, affording long-term stability even at higher current densities. Their superior features allow for sufficient suppression of dendritic lithium deposits, as monitored by 7 Li solid-state NMR. Advantageous electrolyte|electrode interfacial properties derived from cathode impregnation with 1.5 wt% PCL enable decent cell performance until up to 500 cycles at rates of 1C (60 °C), illustrating the high potential of PCL-based SPEs for application in high-voltage LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Helmholtz Institute Münster
- IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Yi-Chen Hsieh
- Helmholtz Institute Münster
- IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kun Ling Liu
- Helmholtz Institute Münster
- IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lennart Wichmann
- Helmholtz Institute Münster
- IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Aditya Choudhary
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 S. Central Campus Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Dmitry Bedrov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 S. Central Campus Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Martin Winter
- Helmholtz Institute Münster
- IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany.,MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gunther Brunklaus
- Helmholtz Institute Münster
- IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
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8
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Zhu Z, Cao S, Ge X, Xi S, Xia H, Zhang W, Lv Z, Wei J, Chen X. Enabling the High-Voltage Operation of Layered Ternary Oxide Cathodes via Thermally Tailored Interphase. Small Methods 2022; 6:e2100920. [PMID: 35243830 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Layered ternary oxides LiNix Mny Coz O2 are promising cathode candidates for high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but they usually suffer from the severe interfacial parasitic reactions at voltages above 4.3 V versus Li+ /Li, which greatly limit their practical capacities. Herein, using LiNi1/3 Mn1/3 Co1/3 O2 (NMC111) as the model system, a novel high-temperature pre-cycling strategy is proposed to realize its stable cycling in 3.0-4.5 V by constructing a robust cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI). Specifically, performing the first five cycles of NMC111 at 55 °C helps to yield a uniform CEI layer enriched with fluorine-containing species, Li2 CO3 and poly(CO3 ), which greatly suppresses the detrimental side reactions during extended cycling at 25 °C, endowing the cell with a capacity retention of 92.3% at 1C after 300 cycles, far surpassing 62.0% for the control sample without the thermally tailored CEI. This work highlights the critical role of temperature on manipulating the interfacial properties of cathode materials, opening a new avenue for developing high-voltage cathodes for Li-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shengkai Cao
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiang Ge
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Huarong Xia
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Lv
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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9
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Fang Z, Luo Y, Liu H, Hong Z, Wu H, Zhao F, Liu P, Li Q, Fan S, Duan W, Wang J. Boosting the Oxidative Potential of Polyethylene Glycol-Based Polymer Electrolyte to 4.36 V by Spatially Restricting Hydroxyl Groups for High-Voltage Flexible Lithium-Ion Battery Applications. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2100736. [PMID: 34114353 PMCID: PMC8373090 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linked polyethylene glycol-based resin (c-PEGR) is constructed by a ring-opening reaction of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) with epoxy groups and polyether amine (PEA) with amino groups. By confining the hydroxyl groups with inferior oxidative stability to the c-PEGR backbone, the oxidation potential of the PEG-based polymer material with reduced reactivity is boosted to 4.36 V. The c-PEGR based gel electrolyte shows excellent flexibility, lithium-ion transport, lithium compatibility, and enhanced oxidation stability, and is successfully applied to a 4.35 V lithium cobaltate (LCO)||lithium (Li) battery system. A quasi-static linear scanning voltammetry (QS-LSV) method is proposed for the first time to accurately measure the oxidation potential and electrochemical stability window of materials with low conductivities such as polymers, which possesses the advantages of high accuracy and short test time. This work provides new insights and research techniques for selecting polymer electrolytes for high-voltage flexible lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Fang
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua‐Foxconn Nanotechnology Research CenterTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yufeng Luo
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua‐Foxconn Nanotechnology Research CenterTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Laboratory of Computational PhysicsInstitute of Applied Physics and Computational MathematicsBeijing100088China
| | - Zixin Hong
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua‐Foxconn Nanotechnology Research CenterTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Hengcai Wu
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua‐Foxconn Nanotechnology Research CenterTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua‐Foxconn Nanotechnology Research CenterTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua‐Foxconn Nanotechnology Research CenterTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Qunqing Li
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua‐Foxconn Nanotechnology Research CenterTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum InformationBeijing100084China
| | - Shoushan Fan
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua‐Foxconn Nanotechnology Research CenterTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Wenhui Duan
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum InformationBeijing100084China
- State Key Laboratory of Low‐Dimensional Quantum PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Institute for Advanced StudyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua‐Foxconn Nanotechnology Research CenterTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum InformationBeijing100084China
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10
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Yuan S, Kong T, Zhang Y, Dong P, Zhang Y, Dong X, Wang Y, Xia Y. Advanced Electrolyte Design for High-Energy-Density Li-Metal Batteries under Practical Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25624-25638. [PMID: 34331727 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Given the limitations inherent in current intercalation-based Li-ion batteries, much research attention has focused on potential successors to Li-ion batteries such as lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries and lithium-oxygen (Li-O2 ) batteries. In order to realize the potential of these batteries, the use of metallic lithium as the anode is essential. However, there are severe safety hazards associated with the growth of Li dendrites, and the formation of "dead Li" during cycles leads to the inevitable loss of active Li, which in the end is undoubtedly detrimental to the actual energy density of Li-metal batteries. For Li-metal batteries under practical conditions, a low negative/positive ratio (N/P ratio), a electrolyte/cathode ratio (E/C ratio) along with a high-voltage cathode is prerequisite. In this Review, we summarize the development of new electrolyte systems for Li-metal batteries under practical conditions, revisit the design criteria of advanced electrolytes for practical Li-metal batteries and provide perspectives on future development of electrolytes for practical Li-metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyi Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P. R. China
| | - Taoyi Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yiyong Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P. R. China
| | - Peng Dong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongyao Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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11
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Wang Q, Gao H, Li J, Liu GB, Jin H. Importance of Crystallographic Sites on Sodium-Ion Extraction from NASICON-Structured Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:14312-14320. [PMID: 33749228 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The V4+/V3+ (3.4 V) redox couple has been well-documented in cathode material Na3V2(PO4)3 for sodium-ion batteries. Recently, partial cation substitution at the vanadium site of Na3V2(PO4)3 has been actively explored to access the V5+/V4+ redox couple to achieve high energy density. However, the V5+/V4+ redox couple in partially substituted Na3V2(PO4)3 has a voltage far below its theoretical voltage in Na3V2(PO4)3, and the access of the V5+/V4+ redox reaction is very limited. In this work, we compare the extraction/insertion behavior of sodium ions from/into two isostructural compounds of Na3VGa(PO4)3 and Na3VAl(PO4)3, found that, by DFT calculations, the lower potential of the V5+/V4+ redox couple in Na3VM(PO4)3 (M = Ga or Al) than that in Na3V2(PO4)3 is because of the extraction/insertion of sodium ions through the V5+/V4+ redox reaction at different crystallographic sites, that is, sodium ions extracting from the Na(2) site in Na3VM(PO4)3 while from the Na(1) site in Na3V2(PO4)3, and further evidenced that the full access of the V5+/V4+ redox reaction is restrained by the excessive diffusion activation energy in Na3VM(PO4)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hongcai Gao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Bin Liu
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Li Y, An Y, Tian Y, Wei C, Xiong S, Feng J. High-Safety and High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by a Nonflammable Ether-Based Electrolyte with Phosphazene as a Cosolvent. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:10141-10148. [PMID: 33595288 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high reactivity between lithium metal and traditional carbonate electrolytes is a great obstacle to realize the long-term cycling ability of lithium metal batteries. Ether-based electrolytes have good stability toward lithium metal anodes. However, the oxidation stability of ether-based electrolytes is generally lower than 4 V, which limits the application of high-voltage (>4 V) cathodes and restricts the energy density. The high flammability of ether is another key issue that hinders the commercialization of ether-based electrolytes. To address these issues, herein, we report a high-voltage, nonflammable ether-based electrolyte with F-, N-, and P-rich hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene (HFPN) as a cosolvent. HFPN can not only act as a highly efficient flame-retarding agent but also form a dense and homogeneous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer rich in LiF and Li3N on the lithium metal anode, which stabilizes the lithium/electrolyte interface and inhibits the formation of lithium dendrites. Moreover, the HFPN-based electrolyte has a wider potential window than 4 V. As a result, with this electrolyte, high-voltage lithium metal batteries exhibit a capacity retention of ∼95% after 100 cycles. This study may provide a new pathway for developing safe, high-energy, and dendrite-free lithium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- SDU & Rice Joint Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Yongling An
- SDU & Rice Joint Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Tian
- SDU & Rice Joint Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Chuanliang Wei
- SDU & Rice Joint Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
| | - Shenglin Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jinkui Feng
- SDU & Rice Joint Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P. R. China
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13
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Li Q, Wang Y, Wang X, Sun X, Zhang JN, Yu X, Li H. Investigations on the Fundamental Process of Cathode Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Evolution of High-Voltage Cathodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:2319-2326. [PMID: 31872999 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer plays an essential role in determining the electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries (LIBs), but the detailed mechanisms of CEI formation and evolution are not yet fully understood. With the pursuit of LIBs possessing a high energy density, fundamental investigations on the CEI have become increasingly important. Herein, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is employed to fingerprint CEI formation and evolution on three of the most prevailing high-voltage cathodes including layered Li1.144Ni0.136Co0.136Mn0.544O2 (LR-NCM), Li2Ru0.5Mn0.5O3 (LRMO), and spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO). The influences of crystal structure, chemical constitution and cut-off voltage on CEI composition are clarified. Among these cathodes, the spinel cathode exhibits the most stable CEI layer throughout the battery cycle. While the layered cathodes based on the 4d transition metal Ru favor CEI formation upon contacting the electrolyte. Most importantly, anionic redox reaction (ARR) activation at high voltages is verified to dominate CEI evolution in subsequent cycles. The distinct CEI behaviors in diverse cathodes can be attributed to a series of entangled processes, including electrolyte/Li salt decomposition, CEI component dissociation and dissociated CEI species redeposition. Based on these findings, rational guidelines are provided for the interface design of high-voltage LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Li
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Tianmu Lake Institute of Advanced Energy Storage Technologies Company Ltd. , Liyang 213300 , China
| | - Xuelong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xiaorui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jie-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center Company Ltd. , Liyang 213300 , China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center Company Ltd. , Liyang 213300 , China
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Liang L, Sun X, Wu C, Hou L, Sun J, Zhang X, Yuan C. Nasicon-Type Surface Functional Modification in Core-Shell LiNi 0.5Mn 0.3Co 0.2O 2@NaTi 2(PO 4) 3 Cathode Enhances Its High-Voltage Cycling Stability and Rate Capacity toward Li-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:5498-5510. [PMID: 29357219 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface modifications are established well as efficient methodologies to enhance comprehensive Li-storage behaviors of the cathodes and play a significant role in cutting edge innovations toward lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we first logically devised a pilot-scale coating strategy to integrate solid-state electrolyte NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) and layered LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC) for smart construction of core-shell NMC@NTP cathodes. The Nasicon-type NTP nanoshell with exceptional ion conductivity effectively suppressed gradual encroachment and/or loss of electroactive NMC, guaranteed stable phase interfaces, and meanwhile rendered small sur-/interfacial electron/ion-diffusion resistance. By benefiting from immanently promoting contributions of the nano-NTP coating, the as-fabricated core-shell NMC@NTP architectures were competitively endowed with superior high-voltage cyclic stabilities and rate capacities within larger electrochemical window from 3.0 to 4.6 V when utilized as advanced cathodes for advanced LIBs. More meaningfully, the appealing electrode design concept proposed here will exert significant impact upon further constructing other high-voltage Ni-based cathodes for high-energy/power LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Liang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Linrui Hou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Changzhou Yuan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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Lee J, Lee Y, Lee J, Lee SM, Choi JH, Kim H, Kwon MS, Kang K, Lee KT, Choi NS. Ultraconcentrated Sodium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-Based Electrolytes for High-Performance Sodium Metal Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:3723-3732. [PMID: 28067499 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present an ultraconcentrated electrolyte composed of 5 M sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in 1,2-dimethoxyethane for Na metal anodes coupled with high-voltage cathodes. Using this electrolyte, a very high Coulombic efficiency of 99.3% at the 120th cycle for Na plating/stripping is obtained in Na/stainless steel (SS) cells with highly reduced corrosivity toward Na metal and high oxidation durability (over 4.9 V versus Na/Na+) without corrosion of the aluminum cathode current collector. Importantly, the use of this ultraconcentrated electrolyte results in substantially improved rate capability in Na/SS cells and excellent cycling performance in Na/Na symmetric cells without the increase of polarization. Moreover, this ultraconcentrated electrolyte exhibits good compatibility with high-voltage Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) and Na0.7(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O2 cathodes charged to high voltages (>4.2 V versus Na/Na+), resulting in outstanding cycling stability (high reversible capacity of 109 mAh g-1 over 300 cycles for the Na/Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) cell) compared with the conventional dilute electrolyte, 1 M NaPF6 in ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (5/5, v/v).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaegi Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yongwon Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lee
- Battery Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute , Changwon 642-120, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hee Choi
- Battery Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute , Changwon 642-120, South Korea
| | - Hyungsub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kisuk Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kyu Tae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soon Choi
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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