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Treigyte V, Chaillou T, Eimantas N, Venckunas T, Brazaitis M. Passive heating-induced changes in muscle contractile function are not further augmented by prolonged exposure in young males experiencing moderate thermal stress. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1356488. [PMID: 38476145 PMCID: PMC10928533 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1356488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated the impact of 1) passive heating (PH) induced by single and intermittent/prolonged hot-water immersion (HWI) and 2) the duration of PH, on muscle contractile function under the unfatigued state, and during the development of muscle fatigue. Methods: Twelve young males volunteered for this study consisting of two phases: single phase (SP) followed by intermittent/prolonged phase (IPP), with both phases including two conditions (i.e., four trials in total) performed randomly: control passive sitting (CON) and HWI (44-45°C; water up to the waist level). SP-HWI included one continuous 45-min bath (from 15 to 60 min). IPP-HWI included an initial 45-min bath (from 15 to 60 min) followed by eight additional 15-min baths interspaced with 15-min breaks at room temperature between 75 and 300 min. Intramuscular (Tmu; measured in the vastus lateralis muscle) and rectal (Trec) temperatures were determined. Neuromuscular testing (performed in the knee extensors and flexors) was performed at baseline and 60 min later during SP, and at baseline, 60, 90, 150 and 300 min after baseline during IPP. A fatiguing protocol (100 electrical stimulations of the knee extensors) was performed after the last neuromuscular testing of each trial. Results: HWI increased Tmu and Trec to 38°C-38.5°C (p < 0.05) during both SP and IPP. Under the unfatigued state, HWI did not affect electrically induced torques at 20 Hz (P20) and 100 Hz (P100). However, it induced a shift towards a faster contractile profile during both SP and IPP, as evidenced by a decreased P20/P100 ratio (p < 0.05) and an improved muscle relaxation (i.e., reduced half-relaxation time and increased rate of torque relaxation; p < 0.05). Despite a reduced voluntary activation (i.e., -2.63% ± 4.19% after SP-HWI and -5.73% ± 4.31% after IPP-HWI; condition effect: p < 0.001), HWI did not impair maximal isokinetic and isometric contraction torques. During the fatiguing protocol, fatigue index and the changes in muscle contractile properties were larger after HWI than CON conditions (p < 0.05). Finally, none of these parameters were significantly affected by the heating duration. Conclusion: PH induces changes in muscle contractile function which are not augmented by prolonged exposure when thermal stress is moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Treigyte
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Sports Science and Innovation Institute, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Roxburgh BH, Campbell HA, Cotter JD, Reymann U, Williams MJA, Gwynne-Jones D, Thomas KN. Acute and adaptive cardiovascular and metabolic effects of passive heat therapy or high-intensity interval training in patients with severe lower-limb osteoarthritis. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15699. [PMID: 37300374 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is painful and difficult to perform for patients with severe lower-limb osteoarthritis; consequently, reduced physical activity contributes to increased cardiometabolic disease risk. The aim of this study was to characterize the acute and adaptive cardiovascular and metabolic effects of two low or no impact therapies in patients with severe lower-limb osteoarthritis: passive heat therapy (Heat) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) utilizing primarily the unaffected limbs, compared to a control intervention of home-based exercise (Home). Participants completed up to 12 weeks of either Heat (20-30 min immersed in 40°C water followed by ~15-min light resistance exercise), HIIT (6-8 × 60-s intervals on a cross-trainer or arm ergometer at ~90-100% peak V ̇ $$ \dot{V} $$ O2 ) or Home (~15-min light resistance exercise); all 3 sessions/week. Reductions in systolic (12 & 10 mm Hg), diastolic (7 & 4 mm Hg), and mean arterial (8 & 6 mm Hg) blood pressure (BP) were observed following one bout of Heat or HIIT exposure, lasting for the duration of the 20-min monitoring period. Across the interventions (i.e., 12 weeks), resting systolic BP and diastolic BP decreased with Heat (-9 & -4 mm Hg; p < 0.001) and HIIT (-7 & -3 mm Hg; p ≤ 0.011), but not Home (0 & 0 mm Hg; p ≥ 0.785). The systolic and diastolic BP responses to an acute exposure of Heat or HIIT in the first intervention session were moderately correlated with adaptive responses across the intervention (r ≥ 0.54, p ≤ 0.005). Neither intervention improved indices of glycemic control (p = 0.310). In summary, both Heat and HIIT induced potent immediate and adaptive hypotensive effects, and the acute response was moderately predictive of the long-term response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon H Roxburgh
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Holly A Campbell
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ulla Reymann
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael J A Williams
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David Gwynne-Jones
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dunedin Hospital, Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kate N Thomas
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Fenemor SP, Driller MW, Gill ND, Anderson B, Casadio JR, Sims ST, Beaven CM. Heating Up to Keep Cool: Benefits and Persistence of a Practical Heat Acclimation Protocol in Elite Female Olympic Team-Sport Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:276-83. [PMID: 36720237 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although recommendations for effective heat acclimation (HA) strategies for many circumstances exist, best-practice HA protocols specific to elite female team-sport athletes are yet to be established. Therefore, the authors aimed to investigate the effectiveness and retention of a passive HA protocol integrated in a female Olympic rugby sevens team training program. METHODS Twelve elite female rugby sevens athletes undertook 10 days of passive HA across 2 training weeks. Tympanic temperature (TTymp), sweat loss, heart rate, and repeated 6-second cycling sprint performance were assessed using a sport-specific heat stress test Pre-HA, after 3 days (Mid-HA), after 10 days (Post-HA), and 15 days post-HA (Decay). RESULTS Compared with Pre-HA, submaximal TTymp was lower Mid-HA and Post-HA (both by -0.2 [0.7] °C; d ≥ 0.71), while resting TTymp was lower Post-HA (by -0.3 [0.2] °C; d = 0.81). There were no differences in TTymp at Decay compared with Pre-HA, nor were there any differences in heart rate or sweat loss at any time points. Mean peak 6-second power output improved Mid-HA and Post-HA (76 [36] W; 75 [34] W, respectively; d ≥ 0.45) compared with Pre-HA. The observed performance improvement persisted at Decay by 65 (45) W (d = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS Ten days of passive HA can elicit some thermoregulatory and performance benefits when integrated into a training program in elite female team-sport athletes. However, such a protocol does not provide a sufficient thermal impulse for thermoregulatory adaptations to be retained after 15 days with no further heat stimulus.
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Ottone VDO, De Paula F, Brozinga PFA, de Matos MA, Duarte TC, Costa KB, Garcia BCC, Silva TJ, Magalhães FDC, Coimbra CC, Esteves EA, Pinto KMDC, Amorim FT, Rocha-Vieira E. Corrigendum: Modulation of leukocyte subsets mobilization in response to exercise by water immersion recovery. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1107414. [PMID: 36569762 PMCID: PMC9768669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.867362.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius de Oliveira Ottone
- 1Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,2Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Fabrício De Paula
- 1Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernandes Aguiar Brozinga
- 1Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Tamiris Campos Duarte
- 4Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Karine Beatriz Costa
- 1Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caroline Chaves Garcia
- 1Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Thyago José Silva
- 2Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,4Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Flavio De Castro Magalhães
- 1Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,5Departament of Physical Education, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- 1Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,6Departament of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elizabethe Adriana Esteves
- 1Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,7Departament of Nutrition, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim
- 9Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- 1Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,2Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,4Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,*Correspondence: Etel Rocha-Vieira,
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Ottone VDO, De Paula F, Brozinga PFA, de Matos MA, Duarte TC, Costa KB, Garcia BCC, Silva TJ, Magalhães FDC, Coimbra CC, Esteves EA, Pinto KMDC, Amorim FT, Rocha-Vieira E. Modulation of Leukocyte Subsets Mobilization in Response to Exercise by Water Immersion Recovery. Front Physiol 2022; 13:867362. [PMID: 36051913 PMCID: PMC9425101 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.867362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effect of different water immersion temperatures on the kinetics of blood markers of skeletal muscle damage and the main leukocyte subpopulations. Methods: Eleven recreationally trained young men participated in four experimental sessions consisting of unilateral eccentric knee flexion and 90 min of treadmill running at 70% of peak oxygen uptake, followed by 15 min of water immersion recovery at 15, 28 or 38°C. In the control condition participants remained seated at room temperature. Four hours after exercise recovery, participants completed a performance test. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise, after immersion, immediately before and after the performance test and 24 h after exercise. The number of leukocyte populations and the percentage of lymphocyte and monocytes subsets, as well as the serum activity of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase were determined. Results: Leukocytosis and increase in blood markers of skeletal muscle damage were observed after the exercise. Magnitude effect analysis indicated that post-exercise hot-water immersion likely reduced the exercise-induced lymphocytosis and monocytosis. Despite reduced monocyte count, recovery by 38°C immersion, as well as 28°C, likely increased the percentage of non-classical monocytes in the blood. The percentage of CD25+ cells in the CD4 T cell subpopulation was possibly lower after immersion in water at 28 and 15°C. No effect of recovery by water immersion was observed for serum levels of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase. Conclusions: Recovery by hot-water immersion likely attenuated the leukocytosis and increased the mobilization of non-classical monocytes induced by a single session of exercise combining resistance and endurance exercises, despite no effect of water immersion on markers of skeletal muscle damage. The monocyte response mediated by hot water immersion may lead to the improvement of the inflammatory response evoked by exercise in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius de Oliveira Ottone
- Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Fabrício De Paula
- Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernandes Aguiar Brozinga
- Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Tamiris Campos Duarte
- Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Karine Beatriz Costa
- Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caroline Chaves Garcia
- Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Thyago José Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Flavio De Castro Magalhães
- Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,Departament of Physical Education, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,Departament of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elizabethe Adriana Esteves
- Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,Departament of Nutrition, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise and Sport Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Exercise Biology and Immunometabolism Laboratory, Centro Integrado de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil,*Correspondence: Etel Rocha-Vieira,
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Heathcote SL, Hassmén P, Zhou S, Stevens CJ. Passive Heating: Reviewing Practical Heat Acclimation Strategies for Endurance Athletes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1851. [PMID: 30618849 PMCID: PMC6306444 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat acclimation protocols—both active and passive—have been employed by athletes in an effort to attenuate the detrimental effects of heat stress on physical capacities and sports performance. Active strategies have been extensively reviewed, but have various practical and economic limitations. The purpose of this review was therefore to provide an overview of the passive strategies that have received less attention, yet may be more practical or economically viable; recommendations for athletes are also provided. With a systematic search of the relevant databases ending in June 2018, 16 articles on passive heat acclimation that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. The review highlighted that passive heat acclimation strategies can successfully induce heat adaptations, evident by reports of improved exercise performance, thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses accompanying such interventions. Based on the review it is apparent that the use of sauna, hot-water immersion and environmental chambers may be used to provide heat stress under passive conditions, for the purpose of acclimation. To maximize the thermoregulatory-adaptive responses, exercise bouts should be employed prior to passive heat stress, rather than passive heating alone, with a minimal delay between exercise and the application of heat stress. Heating bouts should have a minimum duration of 30 min per session and be employed on consecutive days, when possible, with a minimum of 6–7 exposures to induce adaptation. This review identified that information regarding the magnitude of performance changes that can occur, as well as the perceptual responses to passive heating protocols is limited. Future research should investigate the use of passive heat exposures before and/or after repeated heat training sessions, to assess if a further boost to heat adaptation can be achieved with this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Storme L Heathcote
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Athlete Development, Experience & Performance, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Hassmén
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Shi Zhou
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J Stevens
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Athlete Development, Experience & Performance, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
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Wilcox CL, Yanagihara AA. Heated Debates: Hot-Water Immersion or Ice Packs as First Aid for Cnidarian Envenomations? Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:97. [PMID: 27043628 PMCID: PMC4848624 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cnidarian envenomations are an important public health problem, responsible for more deaths than shark attacks annually. For this reason, optimization of first-aid care is essential. According to the published literature, cnidarian venoms and toxins are heat labile at temperatures safe for human application, which supports the use of hot-water immersion of the sting area(s). However, ice packs are often recommended and used by emergency personnel. After conducting a systematic review of the evidence for the use of heat or ice in the treatment of cnidarian envenomations, we conclude that the majority of studies to date support the use of hot-water immersion for pain relief and improved health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie L Wilcox
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Angel A Yanagihara
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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