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Gacesa R, Vich Vila A, Collij V, Mujagic Z, Kurilshikov A, Voskuil M, Festen E, Wijmenga C, Jonkers D, Dijkstra G, Fu J, Zhernakova A, Imhann F, Weersma R. A combination of fecal calprotectin and human beta-defensin 2 facilitates diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1943288. [PMID: 34313538 PMCID: PMC8317932 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1943288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) show a large overlap in clinical presentation, which presents diagnostic challenges. As a consequence, invasive and burdensome endoscopies are often used to distinguish between IBD and IBS. Here, we aimed to develop a noninvasive fecal test that can distinguish between IBD and IBS and reduce the number of endoscopies.We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyze the composition and function of gut microbiota of 169 IBS patients, 447 IBD patients and 1044 population controls and measured fecal Calprotectin (FCal), human beta defensin 2 (HBD2), and chromogranin A (CgA) in these samples. These measurements were used to construct training sets (75% of data) for logistic regression and machine learning models to differentiate IBS from IBD and inactive from active IBD. The results were replicated on test sets (remaining 25% of the data) and microbiome data obtained using 16S sequencing.Fecal HBD2 showed high sensitivity and specificity for differentiating between IBD and IBS (sensitivity = 0.89, specificity = 0.76), while the inclusion of microbiome data with biomarkers (HBD2 and FCal) showed a potential for improvement in predictive power (optimal sensitivity = 0.87, specificity = 0.93). Shotgun sequencing-based models produced comparable results using 16S-sequencing data. HBD2 and FCal were found to have predictive power for IBD disease activity (AUC ≈ 0.7).HBD2 is a novel biomarker for IBD in patients with gastro-intestinal complaints, especially when used in combination with FCal and potentially in combination with gut microbiome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Gacesa
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands,University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Vich Vila
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands,University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - V. Collij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands,University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Z. Mujagic
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Kurilshikov
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M.D. Voskuil
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands,University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E.A.M. Festen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands,University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C. Wijmenga
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D.M.A.E. Jonkers
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G. Dijkstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Fu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands,University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Zhernakova
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F. Imhann
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands,University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands,CONTACT F. Imhann University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R.K. Weersma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Salem A, Almahmoudi R, Hagström J, Stark H, Nordström D, Salo T, Eklund KK. Human β-Defensin 2 Expression in Oral Epithelium: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Oral Lichen Planus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071780. [PMID: 30974892 PMCID: PMC6479702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) is a potent antimicrobial peptide that participates in defense against invading bacteria. We recently showed that bacterial components and histamine, through histamine H4 receptor (H4R), are involved in the pathogenesis of the potentially malignant lesion, oral lichen planus (OLP). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We, therefore, investigated the role of hBD2–histamine crosstalk signaling in promoting OLP pathology. Biopsies from OLP and oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) patients, and healthy controls were used. Two OTSCC cell lines and normal human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) were used. HBD-2 and other targets were mapped by immunostaining and analyzed by ImageJ2 software. The highly sensitive droplet-digital PCR technology and qRT-PCR were utilized to study the clinically derived and in vitro samples, respectively. H4R was challenged with the specific agonist HST-10 and inverse agonist ST-1007. HBD-2 was highly induced in OLP lesions. In contrast, hBD2 expression was attenuated in OTSCC tissues, while very low levels of hBD-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) were observed in OTSCC cells. Together with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), histamine upregulated hBD-2 mRNA expression in HOKs. Activation of H4R seems to modulate the expression of epithelial hBD-2. These findings suggest the involvement of hBD-2 in the pathogenesis of OLP and may, thus, be harnessed for therapeutic interventions in OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Salem
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Rabeia Almahmoudi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland and Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dan Nordström
- Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University and Helsinki Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tuula Salo
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Kari K Eklund
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University and Helsinki Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, and Orton Orthopedic Hospital and Research Institute, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Lafferty MK, Sun L, Christensen-Quick A, Lu W, Garzino-Demo A. Human Beta Defensin 2 Selectively Inhibits HIV-1 in Highly Permissive CCR6⁺CD4⁺ T Cells. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050111. [PMID: 28509877 PMCID: PMC5454423 DOI: 10.3390/v9050111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor type 6 (CCR6)⁺CD4⁺ T cells are preferentially infected and depleted during HIV disease progression, but are preserved in non-progressors. CCR6 is expressed on a heterogeneous population of memory CD4⁺ T cells that are critical to mucosal immunity. Preferential infection of these cells is associated, in part, with high surface expression of CCR5, CXCR4, and α4β7. In addition, CCR6⁺CD4⁺ T cells harbor elevated levels of integrated viral DNA and high levels of proliferation markers. We have previously shown that the CCR6 ligands MIP-3α and human beta defensins inhibit HIV replication. The inhibition required CCR6 and the induction of APOBEC3G. Here, we further characterize the induction of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme (APOBEC3G) by human beta defensin 2. Human beta defensin 2 rapidly induces transcriptional induction of APOBEC3G that involves extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and the transcription factors NFATc2, NFATc1, and IRF4. We demonstrate that human beta defensin 2 selectively protects primary CCR6⁺CD4⁺ T cells infected with HIV-1. The selective protection of CCR6⁺CD4⁺ T cell subsets may be critical in maintaining mucosal immune function and preventing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Lafferty
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Lingling Sun
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Aaron Christensen-Quick
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy.
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Raftery T, Martineau AR, Greiller CL, Ghosh S, McNamara D, Bennett K, Meddings J, O'Sullivan M. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on intestinal permeability, cathelicidin and disease markers in Crohn's disease: Results from a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 3:294-302. [PMID: 26137304 DOI: 10.1177/2050640615572176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D (vitD) supplementation may prolong remission in Crohn's disease (CD); however, the clinical efficacy and mechanisms are unclear. AIM To determine changes in intestinal permeability (IP), antimicrobial peptide (AMP) concentrations and disease markers in CD, in response to vitD supplementation. METHODS In a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study, we assigned 27 CD patients in remission to 2000 IU/day vitD or placebo for 3 mos. We determined IP, plasma cathelicidin (LL-37 in ng/mL), human-beta-defensin-2 (hBD2 in pg/mL), disease activity (Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI)), C-reactive protein (CRP in mg/L), fecal calprotectin (µg/g), Quality of Life (QoL) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D in nmol/L) at 0 and 3 mos. RESULTS At 3 mos., 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly higher in those whom were treated (p < 0.001). Intra-group analysis showed increased LL-37 concentrations (p = 0.050) and maintenance of IP measures in the treated group. In contrast, in the placebo group, the small bowel (p = 0.018) and gastro-duodenal permeability (p = 0.030) increased from baseline. At 3 mos., patients with 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/L had significantly lower CRP (p = 0.019), higher QoL (p = 0.037), higher LL-37 concentrations (p < 0.001) and non-significantly lower CDAI scores (p = 0.082), compared to those with levels <75 nmol/L. CONCLUSION Short-term treatment with 2000 IU/day vitD significantly increased 25(OH)D levels in CD patients in remission and it was associated with increased LL-37 concentrations and maintenance of IP. Achieving 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/l was accompanied by higher circulating LL-37, higher QoL scores and reduced CRP. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01792388).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Raftery
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian R Martineau
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire L Greiller
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deirdre McNamara
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathleen Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jon Meddings
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maria O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Ertugrul AS, Tekin Y, Alpaslan NZ, Bozoglan A, Sahin H, Dikilitas A. Comparison of peri-implant crevicular fluid levels of adrenomedullin and human beta defensins 1 and 2 from mandibular implants with different implant stability quotient levels in nonsmoker patients. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:480-8. [PMID: 23898869 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To achieve satisfactory osseointegration, primary stability and healthy peri-implant tissue must be available. In this study, our objective was to compare the adrenomedullin, human beta-defensin (hBD)-1 and hBD-2 levels in implants with different implant stability quotient (ISQ) values and with different peri-implant tissue health values in the peri-implant crevicular fluid. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty patients with 60 endosseous osseointegrated implants were included in this study. Following the completion of the osseointegration process, these implants were divided into two main groups: a group of 15 implants with peri-implantitis (peri-implantitis: 40 ≤ ISQ ≤ 80 peri-implantitis, n = 15) and a group of 45 implants with healthy peri-implant tissue. The healthy peri-implant tissue group was further divided into three subgroups according to their ISQ values (Healthy-60: 60 ≤ ISQ ≤ 70, healthy peri-implant, n = 15; Healthy-80: 71 ≤ ISQ ≤ 80, healthy peri-implant, n = 15; and Healthy-100: 81 ≤ ISQ ≤ 100, healthy peri-implant, n = 15). The levels of adrenomedullin, hBD-1 and hBD-2 in the peri-implant crevicular fluid were assessed using ELISAs. RESULTS When the peri-implant clinical measurements were compared within groups, they were found to be highest in the peri-implantitis group and lowest in the Healthy-100 group. The adrenomedullin, hBD-1 and hBD-2 levels in the peri-implant crevicular fluid of the peri-implantitis group were found to be significantly higher than those in the Healthy-60, Healthy-80 and Healthy-100 groups. When only the healthy peri-implant tissue groups were evaluated, the adrenomedullin, hBD-1 and hBD-2 levels in the peri-implant crevicular fluid of the Healthy-60 group were found to be significantly higher than those in the Healthy-80 and Healthy-100 groups. The lowest adrenomedullin, hBD-1 and hBD-2 levels were observed in the Healthy-100 group. CONCLUSION In cases of peri-implantitis, higher adrenomedullin, hBD-1 and hBD-2 levels were observed. These results indicate the presence of a tissue response to prevent the creation of a pathological environment in the peri-implant tissue. In groups with healthy peri-implant tissues, the ISQ value decreases as the adrenomedullin, hBD-1 and hBD-2 levels increase. This condition is thought to be caused by increased dental plaque accumulation and bone resorption in addition to increased lateral implant movements and colonization of microorganisms in the microcavities between the implant elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ertugrul
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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