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Parada-Rojas CH, Stahr M, Childs KL, Quesada-Ocampo LM. Effector Repertoire of the Sweetpotato Black Rot Fungal Pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2024; 37:315-326. [PMID: 38353601 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0146-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In 2015, sweetpotato producers in the United States experienced one of the worst outbreaks of black rot recorded in history, with up to 60% losses reported in the field and packing houses and at shipping ports. Host resistance remains the ideal management tool to decrease crop losses. Lack of knowledge of Ceratocystis fimbriata biology represents a critical barrier for the deployment of resistance to black rot in sweetpotato. In this study, we scanned the recent near chromosomal-level assembly for putative secreted effectors in the sweetpotato C. fimbriata isolate AS236 using a custom fungal effector annotation pipeline. We identified a set of 188 putative effectors on the basis of secretion signal and in silico prediction in EffectorP. We conducted a deep RNA time-course sequencing experiment to determine whether C. fimbriata modulates effectors in planta and to define a candidate list of effectors expressed during infection. We examined the expression profile of two C. fimbriata isolates, a pre-epidemic (1990s) isolate and a post-epidemic (2015) isolate. Our in planta expression profiling revealed clusters of co-expressed secreted effector candidates. Based on fold-change differences of putative effectors in both isolates and over the course of infection, we suggested prioritization of 31 effectors for functional characterization. Among this set, we identified several effectors that provide evidence for a marked biotrophic phase in C. fimbriata during infection of sweetpotato storage roots. Our study revealed a catalog of effector proteins that provide insight into C. fimbriata infection mechanisms and represent a core catalog to implement effector-assisted breeding in sweetpotato. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo H Parada-Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A
| | - Madison Stahr
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Lina M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A
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Rocher F, Alouane T, Philippe G, Martin ML, Label P, Langin T, Bonhomme L. Fusarium graminearum Infection Strategy in Wheat Involves a Highly Conserved Genetic Program That Controls the Expression of a Core Effectome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031914. [PMID: 35163834 PMCID: PMC8836836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), is one of the most damaging pathogens in wheat. Because of the complex organization of wheat resistance to FHB, this pathosystem represents a relevant model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant susceptibility and to identify their main drivers, the pathogen’s effectors. Although the F. graminearum catalog of effectors has been well characterized at the genome scale, in planta studies are needed to confirm their effective accumulation in host tissues and to identify their role during the infection process. Taking advantage of the genetic variability from both species, a RNAseq-based profiling of gene expression was performed during an infection time course using an aggressive F. graminearum strain facing five wheat cultivars of contrasting susceptibility as well as using three strains of contrasting aggressiveness infecting a single susceptible host. Genes coding for secreted proteins and exhibiting significant expression changes along infection progress were selected to identify the effector gene candidates. During its interaction with the five wheat cultivars, 476 effector genes were expressed by the aggressive strain, among which 91% were found in all the infected hosts. Considering three different strains infecting a single susceptible host, 761 effector genes were identified, among which 90% were systematically expressed in the three strains. We revealed a robust F. graminearum core effectome of 357 genes expressed in all the hosts and by all the strains that exhibited conserved expression patterns over time. Several wheat compartments were predicted to be targeted by these putative effectors including apoplast, nucleus, chloroplast and mitochondria. Taken together, our results shed light on a highly conserved parasite strategy. They led to the identification of reliable key fungal genes putatively involved in wheat susceptibility to F. graminearum, and provided valuable information about their putative targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rocher
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.R.); (T.A.); (G.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Tarek Alouane
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.R.); (T.A.); (G.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Géraldine Philippe
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.R.); (T.A.); (G.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Marie-Laure Martin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Evry, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France;
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Label
- UMR 547 Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France;
| | - Thierry Langin
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.R.); (T.A.); (G.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.R.); (T.A.); (G.P.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Adeniji AA, Babalola OO. Evaluation of Pseudomonas fulva PS9.1 and Bacillus velezensis NWUMFkBS10.5 as Candidate Plant Growth Promoters during Maize- Fusarium Interaction. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:324. [PMID: 35161305 PMCID: PMC8839840 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on in vitro assessments, molecular and chemical analysis, Pseudomonas fulva PS9.1 and Bacillus velezensis NWUMFkBS10.5 are candidate biocontrol agents for plant disease management including maize fusariosis, a disease caused by members of the Fusarium species. This in vivo study evaluated the bio-protective potential of the aforementioned rhizobacteria strains on maize against the proliferation of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum (Fg). The study results show that the bacterized plants were not susceptible to Fg aggression and the antagonists displayed the capability to proliferate in the presence of other likely competing microflora. The screen-house data also suggest that the presence of resident soil microbiota impacted the activity of antagonists (PS9.1 and NWUMFkBS10.5). This variation was recorded in the soil treatments (sterilized and unsterilized soil). In all the experimental periods, bacterized maize plants with or without Fg inoculation significantly (p = 0.05) grew better in unsterilized soil. Besides, during the experimental periods, all the consortia treatments with or without Fg infection regardless of the soil used demonstrated appreciable performance. The result of this study suggests that the microbial agents can actively colonize the surface of their maize plant host, improve plant growth, and suppress the growth of phytopathogens. Considering their overall performance in this screen-house evaluation, P. fulva PS9.1 and B. velezensis NWUMFkBS10.5 have potential for field applications. All safety issues regarding their use under field conditions and risks associated with their extended-release into the environmental will, however, be assessed prior to further bioformulation, field investigation, and scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetomiwa A. Adeniji
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Olubukola O. Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Castano-Duque L, Gilbert MK, Mack BM, Lebar MD, Carter-Wientjes CH, Sickler CM, Cary JW, Rajasekaran K. Flavonoids Modulate the Accumulation of Toxins From Aspergillus flavus in Maize Kernels. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:761446. [PMID: 34899785 PMCID: PMC8662736 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen capable of producing aflatoxins, potent carcinogenic toxins that accumulate in maize kernels after infection. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of maize resistance to A. flavus growth and aflatoxin accumulation, we performed a high-throughput transcriptomic study in situ using maize kernels infected with A. flavus strain 3357. Three maize lines were evaluated: aflatoxin-contamination resistant line TZAR102, semi-resistant MI82, and susceptible line Va35. A modified genotype-environment association method (GEA) used to detect loci under selection via redundancy analysis (RDA) was used with the transcriptomic data to detect genes significantly influenced by maize line, fungal treatment, and duration of infection. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of genes highly expressed in infected kernels identified molecular pathways associated with defense responses to fungi and other microbes such as production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and lipid bilayer formation. To further identify novel genes of interest, we incorporated genomic and phenotypic field data from a genome wide association analysis with gene expression data, allowing us to detect significantly expressed quantitative trait loci (eQTL). These results identified significant association between flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes and infection by A. flavus. In planta fungal infections showed that the resistant line, TZAR102, has a higher fold increase of the metabolites naringenin and luteolin than the susceptible line, Va35, when comparing untreated and fungal infected plants. These results suggest flavonoids contribute to plant resistance mechanisms against aflatoxin contamination through modulation of toxin accumulation in maize kernels.
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Rizwan HM, Yang Q, Yousef AF, Zhang X, Sharif Y, Kaijie J, Shi M, Li H, Munir N, Yang X, Wei X, Oelmüller R, Cheng C, Chen F. Establishment of a Novel and Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated in Planta Transformation System for Passion Fruit ( Passiflora edulis). Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:2459. [PMID: 34834821 PMCID: PMC8621743 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is an important fruit crop with high economic value. Genetic engineering plays an important role in crop improvement with desired traits and gene functional studies. The lack of a simple, efficient, and stable transformation system for passion fruit has greatly limited gene functional studies. In this study, a simple and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transformation system for passion fruit was established, using Agrobacterium virulent strain EHA105 harboring the binary vectors pCAMBIA1301 and pCAMBIA1302 with GUS and GFP reporter genes. The system requires less time and labor costs than conventional transformation systems, and no additional phytohormones and sterile conditions are required. Regeneration efficiency of 86% and transformation efficiency of 29% were achieved, when the wounds were wrapped with Parafilm and the plants were kept in darkness for 15 days. Approximately 75% of the regenerated plants had a single shoot and 26% multiple shoots. The transformation was confirmed at the DNA and RNA levels as well as by GUS staining and GFP fluorescent measurements. The developed protocol will contribute to the genetic improvement of passion fruit breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
| | - Qiang Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
| | - Ahmed Fathy Yousef
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar (Branch Assiut), Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
| | - Yasir Sharif
- Institute of Oil Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Jia Kaijie
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
| | - Meng Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
| | - Han Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
| | - Nigarish Munir
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
| | - Xuelian Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
| | - Xiaoxia Wei
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.M.R.); (Q.Y.); (A.F.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (H.L.); (N.M.); (X.Y.); (R.O.)
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Abstract
Climate change and population growth are straining agricultural output. To counter these changes and meet the growing demand for food and energy, the monitoring and engineering of crops are becoming increasingly necessary. Nanoparticle-based sensors have emerged in recent years as new tools to advance agricultural practices. As these nanoparticle-based sensors enter and travel through the complex biofluids within plants, biomolecules including proteins, metabolites, lipids, and carbohydrates adsorb onto the nanoparticle surfaces, forming a coating known as the "bio-corona". Understanding these nanoparticle-biomolecule interactions that govern nanosensor function in plants will be essential to successfully develop and translate nanoparticle-based sensors into broader agricultural practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Voke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca L Pinals
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Natalie S Goh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Crhák T, Zachová D, Fojtová M, Sýkorová E. The region upstream of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene is essential for in planta telomerase complementation. Plant Sci 2019; 281:41-51. [PMID: 30824060 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is essential for the maintenance of telomeres, structures located at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes that are crucial for genomic stability. Telomerase has been frequently explored in mammals because of its activity in many types of cancers, but knowledge in plants is rather sketchy despite plants representing useful models due to peculiarities in their telomeres and telomerase biology. We studied in planta complementation of telomerase in Arabidopsis thaliana mutant plants with disrupted expression of the gene encoding the telomerase protein subunit (AtTERT) and significantly shortened telomeres. We found that the upstream region of AtTERT, previously identified as a putative minimal promoter, was essential for reconstitution of telomerase function, as demonstrated by the full or partial recovery of the telomere phenotype in mutants. In contrast, transformation by the full length AtTERT gene construct resulted in more progressive telomere shortening in mutants and even in wild type plants, despite the high level of AtTERT transcript and telomerase activity detected by in vitro assay. Thus, the telomerase protein subunit putative promoter is essential for in planta telomerase reconstitution and restoration of its catalytical activity. Contributions from other factors, including those tissue-specific, for proper telomerase function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Crhák
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, Czech Republic; Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Zachová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslava Fojtová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Sýkorová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Khan MS, Mustafa G, Joyia FA. Enzymes: Plant-based Production and their Applications. Protein Pept Lett 2018; 25:136-147. [PMID: 29359656 DOI: 10.2174/0929866525666180122123722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymes are biocatalysts that play key roles in the production of biomolecules. Transgenic plants can be valuable cost effective resource to produce enzymes with bona fide structure. Further, plants provide inexpensive production platforms for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. OBJECTIVE This review article summarizes the properties and importance of enzymes and describes how foreign proteins/enzymes accumulate in plant cells that can be used for commercial purposes. CONCLUSION The instances illustrated in this review evidently depict that plant enzymes involved in fundamental cellular activities are of great importance regarding plant growth and development. Investigating these enzymes and the metabolic pathways involved in their synthesis will certainly help to improve plant and human health. Furthermore, enzymes of industrial and pharmaceutical importance can be expressed in genetically modified plants to obtain enhanced expression. Considering easiness of obtaining desired expression, GM plants can offer a good alternate for large scale production of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sarwar Khan
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ahmad Joyia
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Abstract
Traditional method of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation through the generation of tissue culture had limited success for Setaria viridis, an emerging C4 monocot model. Here we present an efficient in planta method for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of S. viridis using spike dip. Pre-anthesis developing spikes were dipped into a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1 harboring the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter to standardize and optimize conditions for transient as well as stable transformations. A transformation efficiency of 0.8 ± 0.1% was obtained after dipping of 5-day-old S3 spikes for 20 min in Agrobacterium cultures containing S. viridis spike-dip medium supplemented with 0.025% Silwet L-77 and 200 μm acetosyringone. Reproducibility of this method was demonstrated by generating stable transgenic lines expressing β-glucuronidase plus (GUSplus), green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed) reporter genes driven by either CaMV35S or intron-interrupted maize ubiquitin (Ubi) promoters from three S. viridis genotypes. Expression of these reporter genes in transient assays as well as in T1 stable transformed plants was monitored using histochemical, fluorometric GUS activity and fluorescence microscopy. Molecular analysis of transgenic lines revealed stable integration of transgenes into the genome, and inherited transgenes expressed in the subsequent generations. This approach provides opportunities for the high-throughput transformation and potentially facilitates translational research in a monocot model plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Saha
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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10
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Zale JM, Agarwal S, Loar S, Steber CM. Evidence for stable transformation of wheat by floral dip in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell Rep 2009; 28:903-13. [PMID: 19308413 PMCID: PMC2688021 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hexaploid wheat, one of the world's most important staple crops, remains a challenge for genetic transformation. We are developing a floral transformation protocol for wheat that does not require tissue culture. This paper presents three transformants in the hard red germplasm line Crocus that have been characterized thoroughly at the molecular level over three to six generations. Wheat spikes at the early boot stage, i.e. the early, mid or late uninucleate microspore stages, were immersed in an infiltration medium of strain C58C1 harboring pDs(Hyg)35S, or strain AGL1 harboring pBECKSred. pDs(Hyg)35S contains the NPTII and hph selectable markers, and transformants were detected using paromomycin spray at the whole plant level, NPTII ELISAs, or selection on medium with hygromycin. Strain AGL1, harboring pBECKSred, which contains the maize anthocyanin regulators, Lc and C1, and the NPTII gene, was also used to produce a Crocus transformant. T1 and T2 seeds with red embryos were selected; T1 and T2 plants were screened by sequential tests for paromomycin resistance and NPTII ELISAs. The transformants were low copy number and showed Mendelian segregation in the T2. Stable transmission of the transgenes over several generations has been demonstrated using Southern analysis. Gene expression in advanced progeny was shown using Reverse Transcriptase-PCR and ELISA assays for NPTII protein expression. This protocol has the potential to reduce the time and expense required for wheat transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Zale
- Plant Sciences Department, The University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4561, USA.
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