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Pagabeleguem S, Yoda RL, Somda MB, Toé AI, Bagayogo A, Dao D, Dabiré MA, Yoni M. Assessment of optimal blood exposure time at 37 °C during in vitro tsetse flies feeding for quality production in mass-rearing colonies. J Med Entomol 2024:tjae055. [PMID: 38704584 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Control of African animal trypanosomosis is implemented through an integrated control strategy, with the sterile insect technique (SIT) as one of its components. The SIT requires mass rearing of tsetse fly colonies using an in vitro feeding system. The exposure of blood at 37 °C on heating plates over time can have an impact on the quality of fly productivity. In this study, we investigated the survival and fecundity of adult tsetse flies fed at 37 °C on 8 blood exposure times ranging from 30 min to 4 h with increments of 30 min (treatment 1, flies were fed 30 min after exposure to blood at 37 °C; treatment 2, 1 h and so on until treatment 8 [4 h after]) in order to determine the optimal exposure time. In addition, bacterial growth in blood from each treatment was assessed by agar culture at 37 °C for 72 h. The results showed that the adult female survival rates were similar regardless of the treatment. For males, only those of treatment 1 (30 min) showed a marginal lower survival than those of treatments 7 and 8 fed after 3 h 30 min and 4 h of blood exposure, respectively. Over the 4-h interval of blood exposure at 37 °C, the results showed that the number of pupae produced per initial female and pupal weight tended to increase with exposure time, but the differences were not significant. We discuss the implications of these results on tsetse mass rearing for the SIT program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Département d'Elevage, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural, Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176 Dédougou, Burkina Faso
- Direction Générale de l'Entomologie et de la Lutte contre les Maladies Animales à vecteurs (DGELMA), Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, BP 1087 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rebecca Lebcara Yoda
- Département d'Elevage, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural, Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176 Dédougou, Burkina Faso
- Direction Générale de l'Entomologie et de la Lutte contre les Maladies Animales à vecteurs (DGELMA), Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, BP 1087 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Unité des maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de santé animale tropicale, Institut du Développement Rural, Université Nazi BONI (UNB), BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Ange Irénée Toé
- Direction Générale de l'Entomologie et de la Lutte contre les Maladies Animales à vecteurs (DGELMA), Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, BP 1087 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdramane Bagayogo
- Direction Générale de l'Entomologie et de la Lutte contre les Maladies Animales à vecteurs (DGELMA), Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, BP 1087 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Daouda Dao
- Direction Générale de l'Entomologie et de la Lutte contre les Maladies Animales à vecteurs (DGELMA), Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, BP 1087 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Metuor Amana Dabiré
- Département d'Elevage, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural, Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176 Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Moise Yoni
- Département d'Elevage, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural, Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176 Dédougou, Burkina Faso
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Militzer N, Pinecki Socias S, Nijhof AM. Changes in the Ixodes ricinus microbiome associated with artificial tick feeding. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1050063. [PMID: 36704557 PMCID: PMC9871825 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial tick feeding systems (ATFS) can be used to study tick biology and tick-pathogen interactions. Due to the long feeding duration of hard ticks, antibiotics are commonly added to the in vitro blood meal to prevent the blood from decaying. This may affect the ticks' microbiome, including mutualistic bacteria that play an important role in tick biology. This effect was examined by the consecutive feeding of Ixodes ricinus larvae, nymphs, and adults in vitro with and without the supplementation of gentamicin and in parallel on calves. DNA extracted from unfed females was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The abundance of Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii, Rickettsia helvetica and Spiroplasma spp. was measured by qPCR in unfed larvae, nymphs, and adults. Larvae and nymphs fed on calves performed significantly better compared to both in vitro groups. Adults fed on blood supplemented with gentamicin and B vitamins had a higher detachment proportion and weight compared to the group fed with B vitamins but without gentamicin. The detachment proportion and weights of females did not differ significantly between ticks fed on calves and in vitro with gentamicin, but the fecundity was significantly higher in ticks fed on calves. 16S rRNA sequencing showed a higher microbiome species richness in ticks fed on calves compared to ticks fed in vitro. A shift in microbiome composition, with Ca. Midichloria mitochondrii as dominant species in females fed as juveniles on calves and R. helvetica as the most abundant species in females previously fed in vitro was observed. Females fed in vitro without gentamicin showed significant lower loads of Ca. M. mitochondrii compared to females fed in vitro with gentamicin and ticks fed on calves. Spiroplasma spp. were exclusively detected in female ticks fed on cattle by qPCR, but 16S rRNA sequencing results also showed a low abundance in in vitro females exposed to gentamicin. In conclusion, the employed feeding method and gentamicin supplementation affected the ticks' microbiome composition and fecundity. Since these changes may have an impact on tick biology and vector competence, they should be taken into account in studies employing ATFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Militzer
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophia Pinecki Socias
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ard M. Nijhof
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Ard M. Nijhof, ✉
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Liebig K, Boelke M, Grund D, Schicht S, Bestehorn-Willmann M, Chitimia-Dobler L, Dobler G, Jung K, Becker SC. The Stable Matching Problem in TBEV Enzootic Circulation: How Important Is the Perfect Tick-Virus Match? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010196. [PMID: 33477924 PMCID: PMC7833397 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), like other arthropod-transmitted viruses, depends on specific vectors to complete its enzootic cycle. It has been long known that Ixodes ricinus ticks constitute the main vector for TBEV in Europe. In contrast to the wide distribution of the TBEV vector, the occurrence of TBEV transmission is focal and often restricted to a small parcel of land, whereas surrounding areas with seemingly similar habitat parameters are free of TBEV. Thus, the question arises which factors shape this focal distribution of TBEV in the natural habitat. To shed light on factors driving TBEV-focus formation, we used tick populations from two TBEV-foci in Lower Saxony and two TBEV-foci from Bavaria with their respective virus isolates as a showcase to analyze the impact of specific virus isolate-tick population relationships. Using artificial blood feeding and field-collected nymphal ticks as experimental means, our investigation showed that the probability of getting infected with the synonymous TBEV isolate as compared to the nonsynonymous TBEV isolate was elevated but significantly higher only in one of the four TBEV foci. More obviously, median viral RNA copy numbers were significantly higher in the synonymous virus–tick population pairings. These findings may present a hint for a coevolutionary adaptation of virus and tick populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Liebig
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (K.L.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (S.S.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Mathias Boelke
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (K.L.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (S.S.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Domenic Grund
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (K.L.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (S.S.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Sabine Schicht
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (K.L.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Malena Bestehorn-Willmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; (M.B.-W.); (L.C.-D.); (G.D.)
| | - Lidia Chitimia-Dobler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; (M.B.-W.); (L.C.-D.); (G.D.)
| | - Gerhard Dobler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; (M.B.-W.); (L.C.-D.); (G.D.)
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany;
| | - Stefanie C. Becker
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Germany; (K.L.); (M.B.); (D.G.); (S.S.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30559 Hanover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-9538717
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Lempereur L, Sohier C, Smeets F, Maréchal F, Berkvens D, Madder M, Francis F, Losson B. Dispersal capacity of Haematopota spp. and Stomoxys calcitrans using a mark-release-recapture approach in Belgium. Med Vet Entomol 2018; 32:298-303. [PMID: 29344956 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dispersion potential of mechanical vectors is an important factor in the dissemination of pathogens. A mark-release-recapture experiment was implemented using two groups (unfed and partially fed) of the Tabanidae (Diptera) (Haematopota spp.) and biting Muscidae (Diptera) (Stomoxys calcitrans) most frequently collected in Belgium in order to evaluate their dispersion potential. In total, 2104 specimens of Haematopota spp. were collected directly from horses and 5396 S. calcitrans were collected in a cattle farm using hand-nets. Some of these insects were partially fed in vitro and all were subsequently coloured. Overall, 67 specimens of S. calcitrans (1.2%) and 17 of Haematopota spp. (0.8%) were recaptured directly on horses. Stomoxys calcitrans flew maximum distances of 150 m and 300 m when partially fed and unfed, respectively. Haematopota spp. travelled maximum distances of 100 m and 200 m when partially fed and unfed, respectively. Segregation measures seem essential in order to reduce the risk for pathogen transmission. A distance of 150 m appears to be the minimum required for segregation to avoid the risk for mechanical transmission, but in areas of higher vector density, this should probably be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lempereur
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - C Sohier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - F Smeets
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Functional and Evolutionary Entomology Unit, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - F Maréchal
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - D Berkvens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Madder
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F Francis
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Functional and Evolutionary Entomology Unit, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - B Losson
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Bouwknegt C, van Rijn PA, Schipper JJM, Hölzel D, Boonstra J, Nijhof AM, van Rooij EMA, Jongejan F. Potential role of ticks as vectors of bluetongue virus. Exp Appl Acarol 2010; 52:183-192. [PMID: 20358393 PMCID: PMC2928921 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-010-9359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
When the first outbreak of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV8) was recorded in North-West Europe in August 2006 and renewed outbreaks occurred in the summer of 2007 and again in 2008, the question was raised how the virus survived the winter. Since most adult Culicoides vector midges are assumed not to survive the northern European winter, and transovarial transmission in Culicoides is not recorded, we examined the potential vector role of ixodid and argasid ticks for bluetongue virus. Four species of ixodid ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes hexagonus, Dermacentor reticulatus and Rhipicephalus bursa) and one soft tick species, Ornithodoros savignyi, ingested BTV8-containing blood either through capillary feeding or by feeding on artificial membranes. The virus was taken up by the ticks and was found to pass through the gut barrier and spread via the haemolymph into the salivary glands, ovaries and testes, as demonstrated by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (PCR-test). BTV8 was detected in various tissues of ixodid ticks for up to 21 days post feeding and in Ornithodoros ticks for up to 26 days. It was found after moulting in adult Ixodes hexagonus and was also able to pass through the ovaries into the eggs of an Ornithodoros savignyi tick. This study demonstrates that ticks can become infected with bluetongue virus serotype 8. The transstadial passage in hard ticks and transovarial passage in soft ticks suggest that ticks have potential vectorial capacity for bluetongue virus. Further studies are required to investigate transmission from infected ticks to domestic livestock. This route of transmission could provide an additional clue in the unresolved mystery of the epidemiology of Bluetongue in Europe by considering ticks as a potential overwintering mechanism for bluetongue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bouwknegt
- Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet A. van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline J. M. Schipper
- Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Hölzel
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Boonstra
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ard M. Nijhof
- Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugène M. A. van Rooij
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Central Laboratory Animal Research Facility, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80190, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Jongejan
- Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
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