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Bienz S, Spaggiari G, Calestani D, Trevisi G, Bersani D, Zenobi R, Kumar N. Nanoscale Chemical Analysis of Thin Film Solar Cell Interfaces Using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:14704-14711. [PMID: 38494603 PMCID: PMC10982994 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial regions play a key role in determining the overall power conversion efficiency of thin film solar cells. However, the nanoscale investigation of thin film interfaces using conventional analytical tools is challenging due to a lack of required sensitivity and spatial resolution. Here, we surmount these obstacles using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and apply it to investigate the absorber (Sb2Se3) and buffer (CdS) layers interface in a Sb2Se3-based thin film solar cell. Hyperspectral TERS imaging with 10 nm spatial resolution reveals that the investigated interface between the absorber and buffer layers is far from uniform, as TERS analysis detects an intermixing of chemical compounds instead of a sharp demarcation between the CdS and Sb2Se3 layers. Intriguingly, this interface, comprising both Sb2Se3 and CdS compounds, exhibits an unexpectedly large thickness of 295 ± 70 nm attributable to the roughness of the Sb2Se3 layer. Furthermore, TERS measurements provide compelling evidence of CdS penetration into the Sb2Se3 layer, likely resulting from unwanted reactions on the absorber surface during chemical bath deposition. Notably, the coexistence of ZnO, which serves as the uppermost conducting layer, and CdS within the Sb2Se3-rich region has been experimentally confirmed for the first time. This study underscores TERS as a promising nanoscale technique to investigate thin film inorganic solar cell interfaces, offering novel insights into intricate interface structures and compound intermixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siiri Bienz
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Spaggiari
- Department
of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- Institute
of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Calestani
- Institute
of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trevisi
- Institute
of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Danilo Bersani
- Department
of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Delmas W, Jarzembski A, Bahr M, McDonald A, Hodges W, Lu P, Deitz J, Ziade E, Piontkowski ZT, Yates L. Thermal Transport and Mechanical Stress Mapping of a Compression Bonded GaN/Diamond Interface for Vertical Power Devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:11003-11012. [PMID: 38373710 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Bonding diamond to the back side of gallium nitride (GaN) electronics has been shown to improve thermal management in lateral devices; however, engineering challenges remain with the bonding process and characterizing the bond quality for vertical device architectures. Here, integration of these two materials is achieved by room-temperature compression bonding centimeter-scale GaN and a diamond die via an intermetallic bonding layer of Ti/Au. Recent attempts at GaN/diamond bonding have utilized a modified surface activation bonding (SAB) method, which requires Ar fast atom bombardment immediately followed by bonding within the same tool under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The method presented here does not require a dedicated SAB tool yet still achieves bonding via a room-temperature metal-metal compression process. Imaging of the buried interface and the total bonding area is achieved via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal acoustic scanning microscopy (C-SAM), respectively. The thermal transport quality of the bond is extracted from spatially resolved frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) with the bonded areas boasting a thermal boundary conductance of >100 MW/m2·K. Additionally, Raman maps of GaN near the GaN-diamond interface reveal a low level of compressive stress, <80 MPa, in well-bonded regions. FDTR and Raman were coutilized to map these buried interfaces and revealed some poor thermally bonded areas bordered by high-stress regions, highlighting the importance of spatial sampling for a complete picture of bond quality. Overall, this work demonstrates a novel method for thermal management in vertical GaN devices that maintains low intrinsic stresses while boasting high thermal boundary conductances.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Delmas
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Amun Jarzembski
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Matthew Bahr
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Anthony McDonald
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Wyatt Hodges
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Ping Lu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Julia Deitz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Elbara Ziade
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | | | - Luke Yates
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
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Morino Y, Tsukasaki H, Mori S. Microscopic Degradation Mechanism of Argyrodite-Type Sulfide at the Solid Electrolyte-Cathode Interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:23051-23057. [PMID: 37130265 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial engineering of sulfide-based solid electrolyte/lithium-transition-metal oxide active materials in all-solid-state battery cathodes is vital for cell performance parameters, such as high-rate charge/discharge, long lifetime, and wide temperature range. A typical interfacial engineering method is the surface coating of the cathode active material with a buffer layer, such as LiNbO3. However, cell performance reportedly degrades under harsh environments even with a LiNbO3 coating, such as high temperatures and high cathode potentials. Therefore, we investigated the interfacial degradation mechanism focusing on the solid electrolyte side for half cells employing the cathode mixture of argyrodite-type Li6PS5Cl/LiNbO3-coated LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 exposed at 60 °C and 4.25 and 4.55 V vs Li/Li+ using transmission electron microscopy/electron diffraction (TEM/ED) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The TEM/ED results indicated that the ED pattern of the argyrodite structure disappeared and changed to an amorphous phase as the cells degraded. Moreover, the crystal phases of LiCl and Li2S appeared simultaneously. Finally, XAS analysis confirmed the decrease in the PS4 units of the argyrodite structure and the increase in local P-S-P domains with delithiation from the interfacial solid electrolyte, corresponding to the TEM/ED results. In addition, the formation of P-O bonds was confirmed during degradation at higher cathode potentials, such as 4.55 V vs Li/Li+. These results indicate that the degradation of this interfacial region determines the cell performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Morino
- Consortium of Lithium Ion Battery Technology and Evaluation Center (LIBTEC) 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsukasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeo Mori
- Department of Materials Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Ingole RS, Rajagopal R, Mukhan O, Kim SS, Ryu KS. LiNi 0.6Co 0.2Mn 0.2O 2 Cathode-Solid Electrolyte Interfacial Behavior Characterization Using Novel Method Adopting Microcavity Electrode. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083537. [PMID: 37110777 PMCID: PMC10144035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations of organic liquid electrolytes, current development is towards high performance all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). For high performance ASSLBs, the most crucial is the high ion-conducting solid electrolyte (SE), with a focus on interface analysis between SE and active materials. In the current study, we successfully synthesized the high ion-conductive argyrodite-type (Li6PS5Cl) solid electrolyte, which has 4.8 mS cm-1 conductivity at room temperature. Additionally, the present study suggests the quantitative analysis of interfaces in ASSLBs. The measured initial discharge capacity of a single particle confined in a microcavity electrode was 1.05 nAh for LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622)-Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte materials. The initial cycle result shows the irreversible nature of active material due to the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the surface of the active particle; further second and third cycles demonstrate high reversibility and good stability. Furthermore, the electrochemical kinetic parameters were calculated through the Tafel plot analysis. From the Tafel plot, it is seen that asymmetry increases gradually at high discharge currents and depths, which rise asymmetricity due to the increasing of the conduction barrier. However, the electrochemical parameters confirm the increasing conduction barrier with increased charge transfer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Ingole
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajesh Rajagopal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Doowang-dong, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Orynbassar Mukhan
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Doowang-dong, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44776, Republic of Korea
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Sega M, Hantal G, Fábián B, Jedlovszky P. Pytim: A python package for the interfacial analysis of molecular simulations. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:2118-2125. [PMID: 30306571 PMCID: PMC6221047 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pytim is a versatile python framework for the analysis of interfacial properties in molecular simulations. The code implements several algorithms for the identification of instantaneous interfaces of arbitrary shape, and analysis tools written specifically for the study of interfacial properties, such as intrinsic profiles. The code is written in the python language, and makes use of the numpy and scipy packages to deliver high computational performances. Pytim relies on the MDAnalysis library to analyze the trajectory file formats of popular simulation packages such as gromacs, charmm, namd, lammps or Amber, and can be used to steer OpenMM simulations. Pytim can write information about surfaces and surface atomic layers to vtk, cube, and pdb files for easy visualization. The classes of Pytim can be easily customized and extended to include new interfacial algorithms or analysis tools. The code is available as open source and is free of charge. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Computational Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Sega
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmangasse 5, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - György Hantal
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmangasse 5, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Balázs Fábián
- Institut UTINAM (CNRS UMR 6213), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, Besançon Cedex F-25030, France.,Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4, Budapest H1111, Hungary
| | - Pál Jedlovszky
- Department of Chemistry, Eszterházy Károly University, Leányka utca 6, H-3300, Eger, Hungary
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effect of distilled water, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phosphoric acid and maleic acid on Biodentine regarding surface topography, microhardness and push-out bond strength (POBS). METHODS Fifty-two cylindrical shaped Biodentine specimens were divided into groups: control (distilled water); EDTA (17% EDTA); PA (37% phosphoric acid); and MA (7% maleic acid). Surfaces were evaluated by topographic analysis and Vickers microhardness test. Topographic changes were evaluated qualitatively and microhardness was statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. Forty mandibular molars were used to simulate clinical conditions. The crowns were removed and a perforation was created at the furcal floor. The Biodentine was packed into the root perforations and the roots were divided into four groups (DW, EDTA, PA, MA). Samples were stored and subjected to interfacial analysis. POBS data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. RESULTS Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, MA and PA changed the morphology of the Biodentine surface. PA showed microhardness similar to distilled water (P > 0.05), while MA and EDTA demonstrated reduced values when compared with PA (P < 0.05). PA improved the POBS of Biodentine in comparison with the control. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the topography, microhardness and POBS of Biodentine are associated with irrigant agent used.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ballal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - J N Marques
- Department of Metallurgic and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C N Campos
- Department of Dental Clinic, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C O Lima
- Department of Dental Clinic, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R A Simão
- Department of Metallurgic and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Prado
- Department of Metallurgic and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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