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Merli M, Sardelli L, Baranzini N, Grimaldi A, Jacchetti E, Raimondi MT, Briatico-Vangosa F, Petrini P, Tunesi M. Pectin-based bioinks for 3D models of neural tissue produced by a pH-controlled kinetics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1032542. [PMID: 36619394 PMCID: PMC9815771 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1032542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In the view of 3D-bioprinting with cell models representative of neural cells, we produced inks to mimic the basic viscoelastic properties of brain tissue. Moving from the concept that rheology provides useful information to predict ink printability, this study improves and expands the potential of the previously published 3D-reactive printing approach by introducing pH as a key parameter to be controlled, together with printing time. Methods: The viscoelastic properties, printability, and microstructure of pectin gels crosslinked with CaCO3 were investigated and their composition was optimized (i.e., by including cell culture medium, HEPES buffer, and collagen). Different cell models representative of the major brain cell populations (i.e., neurons, astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes) were considered. Results and Discussion: The outcomes of this study propose a highly controllable method to optimize the printability of internally crosslinked polysaccharides, without the need for additives or post-printing treatments. By introducing pH as a further parameter to be controlled, it is possible to have multiple (pH-dependent) crosslinking kinetics, without varying hydrogel composition. In addition, the results indicate that not only cells survive and proliferate following 3D-bioprinting, but they can also interact and reorganize hydrogel microstructure. Taken together, the results suggest that pectin-based hydrogels could be successfully applied for neural cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Merli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sardelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Briatico-Vangosa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Tunesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Marta Tunesi,
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Sivan SS, Bonstein I, Marmor YN, Pelled G, Gazit Z, Amit M. Encapsulation of Human-Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Small Alginate Beads Using One-Step Emulsification by Internal Gelation: In Vitro, and In Vivo Evaluation in Degenerate Intervertebral Disc Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061179. [PMID: 35745752 PMCID: PMC9228465 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell microencapsulation in gel beads contributes to many biomedical processes and pharmaceutical applications. Small beads (<300 µm) offer distinct advantages, mainly due to improved mass transfer and mechanical strength. Here, we describe, for the first time, the encapsulation of human-bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) in small-sized microspheres, using one-step emulsification by internal gelation. Small (127−257 µm) high-mannuronic-alginate microspheres were prepared at high agitation rates (800−1000 rpm), enabling control over the bead size and shape. The average viability of encapsulated hBM-MSCs after 2 weeks was 81 ± 4.3% for the higher agitation rates. hBM-MSC-loaded microspheres seeded within a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analogue, which was previously proposed as a mechanically equivalent implant for degenerate discs, kept their viability, sphericity, and integrity for at least 6 weeks. A preliminary in vivo study of hBM-MSC-loaded microspheres implanted (via a GAG-analogue hydrogel) in a rat injured intervertebral disc model demonstrated long-lasting viability and biocompatibility for at least 8 weeks post-implantation. The proposed method offers an effective and reproducible way to maintain long-lasting viability in vitro and in vivo. This approach not only utilizes the benefits of a simple, mild, and scalable method, but also allows for the easy control of the bead size and shape by the agitation rate, which, overall, makes it a very attractive platform for regenerative-medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit S. Sivan
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude College of Engineering, P.O. Box 78, Karmiel 2161002, Israel; (I.B.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-990-1855
| | - Iris Bonstein
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude College of Engineering, P.O. Box 78, Karmiel 2161002, Israel; (I.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Yariv N. Marmor
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Braude College of Engineering, P.O. Box 78, Karmiel 2161002, Israel;
| | - Gadi Pelled
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (G.P.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (G.P.); (Z.G.)
| | - Michal Amit
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude College of Engineering, P.O. Box 78, Karmiel 2161002, Israel; (I.B.); (M.A.)
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Remaggi G, Catanzano O, Quaglia F, Elviri L. Alginate Self-Crosslinking Ink for 3D Extrusion-Based Cryoprinting and Application for Epirubicin-HCl Delivery on MCF-7 Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030882. [PMID: 35164146 PMCID: PMC8839018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
3D-printed hydrogels are particularly advantageous as drug-delivery platforms but their loading with water-soluble active compounds remains a challenge requiring the development of innovative inks. Here, we propose a new 3D extrusion-based approach that, by exploiting the internal gelation of the alginate, avoids the post-printing crosslinking process and allows the loading of epirubicin-HCl (EPI). The critical combinations of alginate, calcium carbonate and d-glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) combined with the scaffold production parameters (extrusion time, temperature, and curing time) were evaluated and discussed. The internal gelation in tandem with 3D extrusion allowed the preparation of alginate hydrogels with a complex shape and good handling properties. The dispersion of epirubicin-HCl in the hydrogel matrix confirmed the potential of this self-crosslinking alginate-based ink for the preparation of 3D-printed drug-delivery platforms. Drug release from 3D-printed hydrogels was monitored, and the cytotoxic activity was tested against MCF-7 cells. Finally, the change in the expression pattern of anti-apoptotic, pro-apoptotic, and autophagy protein markers was monitored by liquid-chromatography tandem-mass-spectrometry after exposure of MCF-7 to the EPI-loaded hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Remaggi
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Ovidio Catanzano
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy;
| | - Fabiana Quaglia
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Li Z, Chen X, Bao C, Liu C, Liu C, Li D, Yan H, Lin Q. Fabrication and Evaluation of Alginate/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals-Chitosan-Gelatin Composite Scaffolds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165003. [PMID: 34443588 PMCID: PMC8400783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is common knowledge that pure alginate hydrogel is more likely to have weak mechanical strength, a lack of cell recognition sites, extensive swelling and uncontrolled degradation, and thus be unable to satisfy the demands of the ideal scaffold. To address these problems, we attempted to fabricate alginate/bacterial cellulose nanocrystals-chitosan-gelatin (Alg/BCNs-CS-GT) composite scaffolds using the combined method involving the incorporation of BCNs in the alginate matrix, internal gelation through the hydroxyapatite-d-glucono-δ-lactone (HAP-GDL) complex, and layer-by-layer (LBL) electrostatic assembly of polyelectrolytes. Meanwhile, the effect of various contents of BCNs on the scaffold morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and swelling and degradation behavior was investigated. The experimental results showed that the fabricated Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds exhibited regular 3D morphologies and well-developed pore structures. With the increase in BCNs content, the pore size of Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds was gradually reduced from 200 μm to 70 μm. Furthermore, BCNs were fully embedded in the alginate matrix through the intermolecular hydrogen bond with alginate. Moreover, the addition of BCNs could effectively control the swelling and biodegradation of the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity studies indicated that the porous fiber network of BCNs could fully mimic the extracellular matrix structure, which promoted the adhesion and spreading of MG63 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells on the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds. In addition, these cells could grow in the 3D-porous structure of composite scaffolds, which exhibited good proliferative viability. Based on the effect of BCNs on the cytocompatibility of composite scaffolds, the optimum BCNs content for the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds was 0.2% (w/v). On the basis of good merits, such as regular 3D morphology, well-developed pore structure, controlled swelling and biodegradation behavior, and good cytocompatibility, the Alg/BCNs-CS-GT composite scaffolds may exhibit great potential as the ideal scaffold in the bone tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (Z.L.); (X.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (C.B.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Xiuqiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (Z.L.); (X.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (C.B.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Chaoling Bao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (C.B.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (C.B.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Chunyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (C.B.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Dongze Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (C.B.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Huiqiong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (Z.L.); (X.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (C.B.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (Q.L.); Tel.: +86-0898-6588-4995 (H.Y.); +86-0898-6588-9422 (Q.L.)
| | - Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (Z.L.); (X.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Functional Material of Haikou City, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (C.B.); (C.L.); (C.L.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (Q.L.); Tel.: +86-0898-6588-4995 (H.Y.); +86-0898-6588-9422 (Q.L.)
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Hoesli CA, Kiang RLJ, Raghuram K, Pedroza RG, Markwick KE, Colantuoni AMR, Piret JM. Mammalian Cell Encapsulation in Alginate Beads Using a Simple Stirred Vessel. J Vis Exp 2017:55280. [PMID: 28715390 PMCID: PMC5608521 DOI: 10.3791/55280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell encapsulation in alginate beads has been used for immobilized cell culture in vitro as well as for immunoisolation in vivo. Pancreatic islet encapsulation has been studied extensively as a means to increase islet survival in allogeneic or xenogeneic transplants. Alginate encapsulation is commonly achieved by nozzle extrusion and external gelation. Using this method, cell-containing alginate droplets formed at the tip of nozzles fall into a solution containing divalent cations that cause ionotropic alginate gelation as they diffuse into the droplets. The requirement for droplet formation at the nozzle tip limits the volumetric throughput and alginate concentration that can be achieved. This video describes a scalable emulsification method to encapsulate mammalian cells in 0.5% to 10% alginate with 70% to 90% cell survival. By this alternative method, alginate droplets containing cells and calcium carbonate are emulsified in mineral oil, followed by a decrease in pH leading to internal calcium release and ionotropic alginate gelation. The current method allows the production of alginate beads within 20 min of emulsification. The equipment required for the encapsulation step consists in simple stirred vessels available to most laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger L J Kiang
- Michael Smith Laboratories & Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia
| | - Kamini Raghuram
- Michael Smith Laboratories & Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia
| | - René G Pedroza
- Michael Smith Laboratories & Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia
| | | | | | - James M Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories & Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia
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