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Xuan Y, Petersen B, Liu P. Human and Pig Pluripotent Stem Cells: From Cellular Products to Organogenesis and Beyond. Cells 2023; 12:2075. [PMID: 37626885 PMCID: PMC10453631 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are important for studying development and hold great promise in regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the potential applications of both human and pig PSCs and provide an overview of the current progress and challenges in this field. In addition to exploring the therapeutic uses of PSC-derived cellular products, we also shed light on their significance in the study of interspecies chimeras, which has led to the creation of transplantable human or humanized pig organs. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of pig PSCs as an ideal cell source for genetic engineering, facilitating the development of genetically modified pigs for pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Despite the achievements that have been made, further investigations and refinement of PSC technologies are necessary to unlock their full potential in regenerative medicine and effectively address critical healthcare challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Xuan
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany;
| | - Pentao Liu
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Roodgar M, Suchy FP, Nguyen LH, Bajpai VK, Sinha R, Vilches-Moure JG, Van Bortle K, Bhadury J, Metwally A, Jiang L, Jian R, Chiang R, Oikonomopoulos A, Wu JC, Weissman IL, Mankowski JL, Holmes S, Loh KM, Nakauchi H, VandeVoort CA, Snyder MP. Chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque iPSCs: Improved culture and generation of primate cross-species embryos. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111264. [PMID: 36044843 PMCID: PMC10075238 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As our closest living relatives, non-human primates uniquely enable explorations of human health, disease, development, and evolution. Considerable effort has thus been devoted to generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from multiple non-human primate species. Here, we establish improved culture methods for chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) iPSCs. Such iPSCs spontaneously differentiate in conventional culture conditions, but can be readily propagated by inhibiting endogenous WNT signaling. As a unique functional test of these iPSCs, we injected them into the pre-implantation embryos of another non-human species, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Ectopic expression of gene BCL2 enhances the survival and proliferation of chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque iPSCs within the pre-implantation embryo, although the identity and long-term contribution of the transplanted cells warrants further investigation. In summary, we disclose transcriptomic and proteomic data, cell lines, and cell culture resources that may be broadly enabling for non-human primate iPSCs research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Roodgar
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Fabian P Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lan H Nguyen
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jose G Vilches-Moure
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Van Bortle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joydeep Bhadury
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Metwally
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruiqi Jian
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rosaria Chiang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angelos Oikonomopoulos
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Catherine A VandeVoort
- California National Primate Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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3
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Tan T, Wu J, Si C, Dai S, Zhang Y, Sun N, Zhang E, Shao H, Si W, Yang P, Wang H, Chen Z, Zhu R, Kang Y, Hernandez-Benitez R, Martinez Martinez L, Nuñez Delicado E, Berggren WT, Schwarz M, Ai Z, Li T, Rodriguez Esteban C, Ji W, Niu Y, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Chimeric contribution of human extended pluripotent stem cells to monkey embryos ex vivo. Cell 2021; 184:2020-2032.e14. [PMID: 33861963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies chimera formation with human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represents a necessary alternative to evaluate hPSC pluripotency in vivo and might constitute a promising strategy for various regenerative medicine applications, including the generation of organs and tissues for transplantation. Studies using mouse and pig embryos suggest that hPSCs do not robustly contribute to chimera formation in species evolutionarily distant to humans. We studied the chimeric competency of human extended pluripotent stem cells (hEPSCs) in cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) embryos cultured ex vivo. We demonstrate that hEPSCs survived, proliferated, and generated several peri- and early post-implantation cell lineages inside monkey embryos. We also uncovered signaling events underlying interspecific crosstalk that may help shape the unique developmental trajectories of human and monkey cells within chimeric embryos. These results may help to better understand early human development and primate evolution and develop strategies to improve human chimerism in evolutionarily distant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Chenyang Si
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Shaoxing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Youyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Nianqin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - E Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Honglian Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Pengpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | | | - Llanos Martinez Martinez
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, No 135 12, Guadalupe 30107, Spain
| | - Estrella Nuñez Delicado
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, No 135 12, Guadalupe 30107, Spain
| | - W Travis Berggren
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - May Schwarz
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zongyong Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Tianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | | | - Weizhi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Yuyu Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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Nishimura T, Suchy FP, Bhadury J, Igarashi KJ, Charlesworth CT, Nakauchi H. Generation of Functional Organs Using a Cell-Competitive Niche in Intra- and Inter-species Rodent Chimeras. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:141-149.e3. [PMID: 33373620 PMCID: PMC8025673 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies organ generation via blastocyst complementation has succeeded in rodents, but not yet in evolutionally more distant species. Early developmental arrest hinders the formation of highly chimeric fetuses. We demonstrate that the deletion of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (Igf1r) in mouse embryos creates a permissive "cell-competitive niche" in several organs, significantly augmenting both mouse intraspecies and mouse/rat interspecies donor chimerism that continuously increases from embryonic day 11 onward, sometimes even taking over entire organs within intraspecies chimeras. Since Igf1r deletion allows the evasion of early developmental arrest, interspecies fetuses with high levels of organ chimerism can be generated via blastocyst complementation. This observation should facilitate donor cell contribution to host tissues, resulting in whole-organ generation via blastocyst complementation across wide evolutionary distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Nishimura
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fabian P Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joydeep Bhadury
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kyomi J Igarashi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carsten T Charlesworth
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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5
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Aksoy I, Rognard C, Moulin A, Marcy G, Masfaraud E, Wianny F, Cortay V, Bellemin-Ménard A, Doerflinger N, Dirheimer M, Mayère C, Bourillot PY, Lynch C, Raineteau O, Joly T, Dehay C, Serrano M, Afanassieff M, Savatier P. Apoptosis, G1 Phase Stall, and Premature Differentiation Account for Low Chimeric Competence of Human and Rhesus Monkey Naive Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 16:56-74. [PMID: 33382978 PMCID: PMC7815945 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
After reprogramming to naive pluripotency, human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) still exhibit very low ability to make interspecies chimeras. Whether this is because they are inherently devoid of the attributes of chimeric competency or because naive PSCs cannot colonize embryos from distant species remains to be elucidated. Here, we have used different types of mouse, human, and rhesus monkey naive PSCs and analyzed their ability to colonize rabbit and cynomolgus monkey embryos. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) remained mitotically active and efficiently colonized host embryos. In contrast, primate naive PSCs colonized host embryos with much lower efficiency. Unlike mouse ESCs, they slowed DNA replication after dissociation and, after injection into host embryos, they stalled in the G1 phase and differentiated prematurely, regardless of host species. We conclude that human and non-human primate naive PSCs do not efficiently make chimeras because they are inherently unfit to remain mitotically active during colonization. Mouse ESCs are highly effective in colonizing rabbit and non-human primate embryos Rhesus monkey and human naive PSCs ineffectively colonize rabbit and monkey embryos Most rhesus/human naive PSCs differentiate prematurely upon injection into embryos Rhesus monkey PSCs stall in the G1 phase after transfer into rabbit embryos
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Aksoy
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France.
| | - Cloé Rognard
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Anaïs Moulin
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Guillaume Marcy
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Etienne Masfaraud
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Florence Wianny
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Véronique Cortay
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Angèle Bellemin-Ménard
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Doerflinger
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Manon Dirheimer
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Chloé Mayère
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Bourillot
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Cian Lynch
- Cellular Plasticity and Disease Group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Thierry Joly
- ISARA-Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; VetAgroSup, UPSP ICE, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Colette Dehay
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Cellular Plasticity and Disease Group, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marielle Afanassieff
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Pierre Savatier
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France.
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Babochkina TI, Gerlinskaya LA, Moshkin MP. Generation of donor organs in chimeric animals via blastocyst complementation. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:913-921. [PMID: 35088005 PMCID: PMC8763716 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of organs for transplantation is an important problem in medicine today. The growth of organs
in chimeric animals may be the solution of this. The proposed technology is the interspecific blastocyst complementation method in combination with genomic editing for obtaining “free niches” and pluripotent stem cell
production methods. The CRISPR/Cas9 method allows the so-called “free niches” to be obtained for blastocyst
complementation. The technologies of producing induced pluripotent stem cells give us the opportunity to obtain human donor cells capable of populating a “free niche”. Taken together, these technologies allow interspecific
blastocyst complementation between humans and other animals, which makes it possible in the future to grow
human organs for transplantations inside chimeric animals. However, in practice, in order to achieve successful
interspecific blastocyst complementation, it is necessary to solve a number of problems: to improve methods for
producing “chimeric competent” cells, to overcome specific interspecific barriers, to select compatible cell developmental stages for injection and the corresponding developmental stage of the host embryo, to prevent apoptosis of donor cells and to achieve effective proliferation of the human donor cells in the host animal. Also, it is
very important to analyze the ethical aspects related to developing technologies of chimeric organisms with the
participation of human cells. Today, many researchers are trying to solve these problems and also to establish new
approaches in the creation of interspecific chimeric organisms in order to grow human organs for transplantation.
In the present review we described the historical stages of the development of the blastocyst complementation
method, examined in detail the technologies that underlie modern blastocyst complementation, and analyzed
current progress that gives us the possibility to grow human organs in chimeric animals. We also considered the
barriers and issues preventing the successful implementation of interspecific blastocyst complementation in practice, and discussed the further development of this method
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Babochkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - L A Gerlinskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M P Moshkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Abstract
Gastrulation is a phase in early mammalian development when the three germ layers are generated and body plan is formed. Although well studied in mice, much less is known about gastrulation in humans. Owing to the lack of access to primary human tissue for study and experimental manipulation, as well as legal and ethical constraints surrounding the use of human embryos, a dissection of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie this process in humans has proven elusive. Nonhuman primates, owing to their relatedness to human species, comprise a tantalizing alternative model system for understanding human biology. Two recent studies have established novel systems to study monkey embryos for 20 days, demonstrating landmark events of early primate embryogenesis with possible relevance to human development. Most strikingly, cells grown in the dish closely resembled cells in in vivo embryos, suggesting that embryo development in a dish might actually be equivalent to that which occurs in vivo. In this piece, the author discusses the tremendous potential of these new methods to unveil insights into mechanisms that mediate primate embryo development. Moreover, repurposing the extended monkey embryo culture methods to create human-monkey embryonic chimeras would aid the development of strategies to create human organs inside livestock species. Finally, the ethical and regulatory issues that emerge from reconsideration of extending time limits for human embryo culture beyond 14 days or primitive streak formation are also briefly considered.
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De Los Angeles A, Hyun I, Latham SR, Elsworth JD, Redmond DE. Human-Monkey Chimeras for Modeling Human Disease: Opportunities and Challenges. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 27:1599-1604. [PMID: 30319057 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for a better animal model to simulate human disease has been a "holy grail" of biomedical research for decades. Recent identification of different types of pluripotent stem (PS) cells and advances in chimera research might soon permit the generation of interspecies chimeras from closely related species, such as those between humans and other primates. In this study, we suggest that the creation of human-primate chimeras-specifically, the transfer of human stem cells into (non-ape) primate hosts-could not only surpass the limitations of current monkey models of neurological and psychiatric disease but would also raise important ethical considerations concerning the use of monkeys in invasive research. Questions regarding the scientific value and ethical concerns raised by the prospect of human-monkey chimeras are more urgent in light of recent advances in PS cell research and attempts to generate interspecies chimeras between humans and animals. While some jurisdictions prohibit the introduction of human PS cells into monkey preimplantation embryos, other jurisdictions may permit and even encourage such experiments. Therefore, it is useful to consider blastocyst complementation experiments more closely in light of advances that could make these chimeras possible and to consider the ethical and political issues that are raised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Insoo Hyun
- Department of Bioethics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stephen R Latham
- Yale Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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9
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Fu R, Yu D, Ren J, Li C, Wang J, Feng G, Wang X, Wan H, Li T, Wang L, Zhang Y, Hai T, Li W, Zhou Q. Domesticated cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells allow the generation of neonatal interspecies chimeric pigs. Protein Cell 2020; 11:97-107. [PMID: 31781970 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-00676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocyst complementation by pluripotent stem cell (PSC) injection is believed to be the most promising method to generate xenogeneic organs. However, ethical issues prevent the study of human chimeras in the late embryonic stage of development. Primate embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which have similar pluripotency to human ESCs, are a good model for studying interspecies chimerism and organ generation. However, whether primate ESCs can be used in xenogenous grafts remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the chimeric ability of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) ESCs (cmESCs) in pigs, which are excellent hosts because of their many similarities to humans. We report an optimized culture medium that enhanced the anti-apoptotic ability of cmESCs and improved the development of chimeric embryos, in which domesticated cmESCs (D-ESCs) injected into pig blastocysts differentiated into cells of all three germ layers. In addition, we obtained two neonatal interspecies chimeras, in which we observed tissue-specific D-ESC differentiation. Taken together, the results demonstrate the capability of D-ESCs to integrate and differentiate into functional cells in a porcine model, with a chimeric ratio of 0.001–0.0001 in different neonate tissues. We believe this work will facilitate future developments in xenogeneic organogenesis, bringing us one step closer to producing tissue-specific functional cells and organs in a large animal model through interspecies blastocyst complementation.
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Wu J, Platero-Luengo A, Sakurai M, Sugawara A, Gil MA, Yamauchi T, Suzuki K, Bogliotti YS, Cuello C, Morales Valencia M, Okumura D, Luo J, Vilariño M, Parrilla I, Soto DA, Martinez CA, Hishida T, Sánchez-Bautista S, Martinez-Martinez ML, Wang H, Nohalez A, Aizawa E, Martinez-Redondo P, Ocampo A, Reddy P, Roca J, Maga EA, Esteban CR, Berggren WT, Nuñez Delicado E, Lajara J, Guillen I, Guillen P, Campistol JM, Martinez EA, Ross PJ, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Interspecies Chimerism with Mammalian Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell 2017; 168:473-486.e15. [PMID: 28129541 PMCID: PMC5679265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interspecies blastocyst complementation enables organ-specific enrichment of xenogenic pluripotent stem cell (PSC) derivatives. Here, we establish a versatile blastocyst complementation platform based on CRISPR-Cas9-mediated zygote genome editing and show enrichment of rat PSC-derivatives in several tissues of gene-edited organogenesis-disabled mice. Besides gaining insights into species evolution, embryogenesis, and human disease, interspecies blastocyst complementation might allow human organ generation in animals whose organ size, anatomy, and physiology are closer to humans. To date, however, whether human PSCs (hPSCs) can contribute to chimera formation in non-rodent species remains unknown. We systematically evaluate the chimeric competency of several types of hPSCs using a more diversified clade of mammals, the ungulates. We find that naïve hPSCs robustly engraft in both pig and cattle pre-implantation blastocysts but show limited contribution to post-implantation pig embryos. Instead, an intermediate hPSC type exhibits higher degree of chimerism and is able to generate differentiated progenies in post-implantation pig embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aida Platero-Luengo
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Masahiro Sakurai
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Atsushi Sugawara
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria Antonia Gil
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Takayoshi Yamauchi
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yanina Soledad Bogliotti
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cristina Cuello
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Daiji Okumura
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jingping Luo
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marcela Vilariño
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Inmaculada Parrilla
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Delia Alba Soto
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cristina A Martinez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomoaki Hishida
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Bautista
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 Guadalupe 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Llanos Martinez-Martinez
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 Guadalupe 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Huili Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alicia Nohalez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Emi Aizawa
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Alejandro Ocampo
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pradeep Reddy
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jordi Roca
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elizabeth A Maga
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - W Travis Berggren
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Estrella Nuñez Delicado
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 Guadalupe 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jeronimo Lajara
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 Guadalupe 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Guillen
- Clinica Centro Fundación Pedro Guillén, Clínica CEMTRO, Avenida Ventisquero de la Condesa 42, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Guillen
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 Guadalupe 30107 Murcia, Spain; Clinica Centro Fundación Pedro Guillén, Clínica CEMTRO, Avenida Ventisquero de la Condesa 42, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Campistol
- Hospital Clínico de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio A Martinez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Juan Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Wang Y, Ren J, Song Y, Hai T, Zhou Q, Liu Z. [In vitro development and chimeric efficiency of mouse-porcine interspecies chimeric embryos in different culture systems]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2016; 32:975-985. [PMID: 29019218 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.150433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the advancements of stem cells and regenerative medicine, interspecies chimera has become a hot topic and will pave a new way of providing donor sources in organ transplantation. However, the interspecies chimera is confronted with a number of scientific questions and technical obstacles, including selections of appropriate embryonic stage and appropriate culture medium; those factors will deeply influence the developmental balance between donor cells and receptor embryos. Due to its relatively rapid reproductive cycle and similar organ size to human's, porcine is a very potential donor candidate to study these questions. To compare the development and chimeric efficiency of interspecies embryos, we tested and evaluated three different culture systems, PZM-3 (Porcine zygotic medium), culture medium for iPSCs (N2B27) and 3.5 h of N2B27 before PZM-3 (N2B27(3.5 h)), and two different embryonic stages, 8-cell and blastocyst in mouse-porcine chimeric embryos using parthenogenetically activated porcine embryos and mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPS). The results showed that, PZM-3 was beneficial for both development of chimeric embryos and miPSCs proliferation in porcine embryos in the 8-cell injection group. After early blastocyst injection, the chimeric efficiency did not appear significantly different among the three culture systems but was lower than 8-cell injection. In summary, the results suggest that 8-cell injection and PZM-3 culture medium are more beneficial to the in vitro development and chimeric efficiency of mouse-porcine chimeric embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jilong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuran Song
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
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