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Rampazzo F, Formalewicz MM, Traldi U, Noventa S, Gion C, De Castro M, Brodie C, Tiozzo F, Calace N, Berto D. New method for simultaneous determination of dissolved organic carbon and its stable carbon isotope ratio in liquid samples: environmental applications. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2022; 58:141-158. [PMID: 35306930 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2022.2047040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the development of an all-in-one elemental analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) system modified for simultaneous analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and its stable carbon isotope footprint (δ13CDOC) in aqueous samples. The method involves a quantitative oxidation of DOC in a 200 µL liquid sample to CO2, after sample acidification and stripping by nitrogen. The detection limit of the method for DOC quantification was 0.2 mg C/L with an analytical precision of 12 %. Uncertainty of stable isotope determinations was 2 % at 0.2 mg DOC/L, while decreasing to 0.3 % at 20 mg DOC/L. Quantitative oxidation of DOC in aqueous samples was validated by using ring test water samples and Deep Sea reference seawater. The method performances of isotope analysis were evaluated by analysing different isotopic standard solutions. The applicability of the method was tested through the analysis of different environmental types of water, showing that δ13CDOC ranged from - 23.30 to -31.85 ‰, allowing to characterize samples of different environmental origin. The developed method offers several advantages including rapidity, use of small sample volumes and minimal sample pre-treatment, making it a valuable tool for routine DOC concentration measurements paired with isotopic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Rampazzo
- Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for Biodiversity Conservation, Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Chioggia (VE), Italy
| | - Malgorzata M Formalewicz
- Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for Biodiversity Conservation, Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Chioggia (VE), Italy
| | | | - Seta Noventa
- Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for Biodiversity Conservation, Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Chioggia (VE), Italy
| | - Claudia Gion
- Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for Biodiversity Conservation, Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Chioggia (VE), Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Tiozzo
- Department of Economic, Corporate and Statistical Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Calace
- National Centre for Environmental Characterization, Coastal Protection and Operational Oceanography, Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Berto
- Department for the Monitoring and Protection of the Environment and for Biodiversity Conservation, Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Chioggia (VE), Italy
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2
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Salouros H. Synthetic origin of illicit methylamphetamine in Australia: 2011-2020. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:427-438. [PMID: 34156767 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The National Measurement Institute's Methylamphetamine Profiling Program has evolved over the last 15 years to address analytical challenges faced with changes in illicit methylamphetamine production. The program involves organic and inorganic analysis of methylamphetamine to determine the precursors and synthetic route used in manufacture. This paper discusses changes in the methylamphetamine chemical profile for samples received at this laboratory during January 2011 to December 2020. In particular, changes observed in the methylamphetamine purity, potency, synthetic route, precursor and precursor synthetic origin are discussed. Over 13,180 samples were analysed during this period consisting of samples seized on the streets and the Australian border. This paper shows correlations between methylamphetamine seizures at the Australian border with international clandestine laboratory and precursor seizures trends. As the illicit drug landscape changes so too must our approach to chemical profiling if we are to confidently determine the synthetic origin of methylamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Salouros
- National Measurement Institute, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Pramann A, Noordmann J, Rienitz O. Investigation of mass-scale drift effects in the milli-mass range: Influence on high mass resolution mode multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer isotope ratio measurements. J Mass Spectrom 2021; 56:e4732. [PMID: 34031935 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The consequences, possible origins, and prevention of mass-scale drifts in the high mass resolution mode (HR, M/ΔM ≈ 8000) under constant conditions were investigated and simulated in case of a multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) using silicon enriched in 28 Si as the main element in this survey. A drifting mass scale strongly impairs the precise and accurate determination of isotope ratios, depending especially on the peak/plateau width. For example, 29 Si+ in Si highly enriched in 28 Si has an extremely small mass plateau width of ΔM ≤ 4 × 10-3 u, compare ΔM(56 Fe+ ) ≈ 18 × 10-3 u, which is to our knowledge one of the smallest plateaus routinely investigated in isotope ratio measurements, thus requiring extreme stability. During warm-up of the double-focusing sector field mass spectrometer, a mass drift up to ΔM/Δt ≥ 0.006 u/hr has been observed. Long-term studies on mass scale stability and simulations concerning fluctuations of the magnetic field B, acceleration voltage Uacc and ESA voltage UESA are reported. A change of one of these quantities of 0.01% induces changes of the mass scale of 6 × 10-3 u, 3 × 10-3 u, and 1 × 10-3 u in the case of B, Uacc , and UESA , respectively. After identifying electrical charging/discharging effects in the mass spectrometer affecting the mass scale stability, the instrument was completely dismantled and carefully reinstalled. Additional stability tests using silicon, strontium, and lead finally yielded a mass drift of ΔM/Δt ≤ 0.001 u/8 h in the case of silicon. This enhanced stability guarantees measurements of isotope ratios on smallest plateaus with lowest uncertainty. The importance of a stable mass scale is pointed out and the relevant quantities of a typical magnetic sector field mass spectrometer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Pramann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Janine Noordmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Olaf Rienitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
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Hansen PE. A Spectroscopic Overview of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds of NH…O,S,N Type. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092409. [PMID: 33919132 PMCID: PMC8122615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramolecular NH…O,S,N interactions in non-tautomeric systems are reviewed in a broad range of compounds covering a variety of NH donors and hydrogen bond acceptors. 1H chemical shifts of NH donors are good tools to study intramolecular hydrogen bonding. However in some cases they have to be corrected for ring current effects. Deuterium isotope effects on 13C and 15N chemical shifts and primary isotope effects are usually used to judge the strength of hydrogen bonds. Primary isotope effects are investigated in a new range of magnitudes. Isotope ratios of NH stretching frequencies, νNH/ND, are revisited. Hydrogen bond energies are reviewed and two-bond deuterium isotope effects on 13C chemical shifts are investigated as a possible means of estimating hydrogen bond energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Lansdown K, Jolliffe KA, Salouros H. Investigations into the stable isotope ratios of 1-phenyl-2-propanone. Drug Test Anal 2020; 14:496-504. [PMID: 33185037 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) can be used to determine the precursor and precursor origin of methylamphetamine drug samples. Previous work has shown that methylamphetamine samples can be distinguished as derived from different sources of (pseudo)ephedrine or phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) through the use of IRMS alongside conventional chemical profiling techniques. To date, limited research has been conducted to investigate whether methylamphetamine samples of differing P2P origins can be distinguished through drug profiling. This was investigated by synthesising methylamphetamine in-house in a three-step process. Two 'preprecursors' were used in this study, phenylacetic acid (PAA) and α-phenylacetoacetonitrile (α-PAAN). Using a combination of profiling techniques, it was found that methylamphetamine samples of PAA preprecursor origin and methylamphetamine samples of α-PAAN preprecursor origin can be distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lansdown
- Riverside Corporate Park, National Measurement Institute of Australia, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina A Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Salouros
- Riverside Corporate Park, National Measurement Institute of Australia, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Wiggenhauser M, Bigalke M, Imseng M, Keller A, Archer C, Wilcke W, Frossard E. Zinc isotope fractionation during grain filling of wheat and a comparison of zinc and cadmium isotope ratios in identical soil-plant systems. New Phytol 2018; 219:195-205. [PMID: 29696652 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Remobilization of zinc (Zn) from shoot to grain contributes significantly to Zn grain concentrations and thereby to food quality. On the other hand, strong accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in grain is detrimental for food quality. Zinc concentrations and isotope ratios were measured in wheat shoots (Triticum aestivum) at different growth stages to elucidate Zn pathways and processes in the shoot during grain filling. Zinc mass significantly decreased while heavy Zn isotopes accumulated in straw during grain filling (Δ66 Znfull maturity-flowering = 0.21-0.31‰). Three quarters of the Zn mass in the shoot moved to the grains, which were enriched in light Zn isotopes relative to the straw (Δ66 Zngrain-straw -0.21 to -0.31‰). Light Zn isotopes accumulated in phloem sinks while heavy isotopes were retained in phloem sources likely because of apoplastic retention and compartmentalization. Unlike for Zn, an accumulation of heavy Cd isotopes in grains has previously been shown. The opposing isotope fractionation of Zn and Cd might be caused by distinct affinities of Zn and Cd to oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur ligands. Thus, combined Zn and Cd isotope analysis provides a novel tool to study biochemical processes that separate these elements in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiggenhauser
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Eschikon 33, CH-8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstr. 12, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Imseng
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstr. 12, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Armin Keller
- Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046, Zürich 11, Switzerland
| | - Corey Archer
- Department of Earth Science, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 25, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 6980, D-76049, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Eschikon 33, CH-8315, Lindau, Switzerland
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Brienen RJW, Hietz P, Wanek W, Gloor M. Oxygen isotopes in tree rings record variation in precipitation δ18O and amount effects in the south of Mexico. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 2013; 118:1604-1615. [PMID: 26213660 PMCID: PMC4508921 DOI: 10.1002/2013jg002304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
[1] Natural archives of oxygen isotopes in precipitation may be used to study changes in the hydrological cycle in the tropics, but their interpretation is not straightforward. We studied to which degree tree rings of Mimosa acantholoba from southern Mexico record variation in isotopic composition of precipitation and which climatic processes influence oxygen isotopes in tree rings (δ18Otr). Interannual variation in δ18Otr was highly synchronized between trees and closely related to isotopic composition of rain measured at San Salvador, 710 km to the southwest. Correlations with δ13C, growth, or local climate variables (temperature, cloud cover, vapor pressure deficit (VPD)) were relatively low, indicating weak plant physiological influences. Interannual variation in δ18Otr correlated negatively with local rainfall amount and intensity. Correlations with the amount of precipitation extended along a 1000 km long stretch of the Pacific Central American coast, probably as a result of organized storm systems uniformly affecting rainfall in the region and its isotope signal; episodic heavy precipitation events, of which some are related to cyclones, deposit strongly 18O-depleted rain in the region and seem to have affected the δ18Otr signal. Large-scale controls on the isotope signature include variation in sea surface temperatures of tropical north Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. In conclusion, we show that δ18Otr of M. acantholoba can be used as a proxy for source water δ18O and that interannual variation in δ18Oprec is caused by a regional amount effect. This contrasts with δ18O signatures at continental sites where cumulative rainout processes dominate and thus provide a proxy for precipitation integrated over a much larger scale. Our results confirm that processes influencing climate-isotope relations differ between sites located, e.g., in the western Amazon versus coastal Mexico, and that tree ring isotope records can help in disentangling the processes influencing precipitation δ18O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel J W Brienen
- Earth and Global Change, School of Geography, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMorelia, Mexico
| | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Gloor
- Earth and Global Change, School of Geography, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
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Haldimann M, Alt A, Blanc A, Brunner K, Sager F, Dudler V. Migration of antimony from PET trays into food simulant and food: determination of Arrhenius parameters and comparison of predicted and measured migration data. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:587-98. [PMID: 23286325 PMCID: PMC3613973 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.751631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Migration experiments with small sheets cut out from ovenable PET trays were performed in two-sided contact with 3% acetic acid as food simulant at various temperatures. The fraction of diffusible antimony (Sb) was estimated to be 62% in the PET sample under study. Apparent diffusion coefficients of Sb in PET trays were determined experimentally. Measurement of migration between 20 and 150°C yielded a linear Arrhenius plot over a wide temperature range from which the activation energy (E(a)) of 188 ± 36 kJ mol(-1) and the pre-exponential factor (D(0)) of 3.6 × 10(14) cm(2) s(-1) were determined for diffusing Sb species. E (a) was similar to previously reported values for PET bottles obtained with a different experimental approach. E (a) and D (0) were applied as model parameters in migration modelling software for predicting the Sb transfer in real food. Ready meals intended for preparation in a baking oven were heated in the PET trays under study and the actual Sb migration into the food phase was measured by isotope dilution ICP-MS. It was shown that the predictive modelling reproduces correctly experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haldimann
- Federal Office of Public Health, Chemical Risks Section, Bern, Switzerland.
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Ku H, Schaefer F, Valkiers S, De Bièvre P. A Three-Ratio Scheme for the Measurement of Isotopic Ratios of Silicon. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 1993; 98:225-229. [PMID: 28053469 PMCID: PMC4909180 DOI: 10.6028/jres.098.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/1992] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a scheme of measurement sequences that has been used for the redetermination of the molar mass (atomic weight) of silicon at the Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements (now Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements). This scheme avoids correlations among the measured ratios caused by normalizing all ion current measurements to that of the largest ion current. It also provides additional information for checking on the consistency of these ratios within a cycle of scans. Measurements of isotope abundance ratios of silicon are used as an illustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Ku
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001
| | - Frank Schaefer
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Commission of the European Communities, JRC, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Staf Valkiers
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Commission of the European Communities, JRC, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Paul De Bièvre
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Commission of the European Communities, JRC, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
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