1
|
Eslinger PW, Lowrey JD, Miley HS, Rosenthal WS, Schrom BT. Source type estimation using noble gas samples. J Environ Radioact 2020; 225:106439. [PMID: 33010633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A Bayesian source-term algorithm recently published by Eslinger et al. (2019) extended previous models by including the ability to discriminate between classes of releases such as nuclear explosions, nuclear power plants, or medical isotope production facilities when multiple isotopes are measured. Using 20 release cases from a synthetic data set previously published by Haas et al. (2017), algorithm performance was demonstrated on the transport scale (400-1000 km) associated with the radionuclide samplers in the International Monitoring System. Inclusion of multiple isotopes improves release location and release time estimates over analyses using only a single isotope. The ability to discriminate between classes of releases does not depend on the accuracy of the location or time of release estimates. For some combinations of isotopes, the ability to confidently discriminate between classes of releases requires only a few samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Eslinger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Justin D Lowrey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Harry S Miley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - William S Rosenthal
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Brian T Schrom
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Basov A, Fedulova L, Vasilevskaya E, Dzhimak S. Possible Mechanisms of Biological Effects Observed in Living Systems during 2H/ 1H Isotope Fractionation and Deuterium Interactions with Other Biogenic Isotopes. Molecules 2019; 24:E4101. [PMID: 31766268 PMCID: PMC6891295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the original descriptions of some recent physics mechanisms (based on the thermodynamic, kinetic, and quantum tunnel effects) providing stable 2H/1H isotope fractionation, leading to the accumulation of particular isotopic forms in intra- or intercellular space, including the molecular effects of deuterium interaction with 18O/17O/16O, 15N/14N, 13C/12C, and other stable biogenic isotopes. These effects were observed mainly at the organelle (mitochondria) and cell levels. A new hypothesis for heavy nonradioactive isotope fractionation in living systems via neutron effect realization is discussed. The comparative analysis of some experimental studies results revealed the following observation: "Isotopic shock" is highly probable and is observed mostly when chemical bonds form between atoms with a summary odd number of neutrons (i.e., bonds with a non-compensated neutron, which correspond to the following equation: Nn - Np = 2k + 1, where k ϵ Z, k is the integer, Z is the set of non-negative integers, Nn is number of neutrons, and Np is number of protons of each individual atom, or in pair of isotopes with a chemical bond). Data on the efficacy and metabolic pathways of the therapy also considered 2H-modified drinking and diet for some diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, mitochondrial disorders, diabetes, cerebral hypoxia, Parkinson's disease, and brain cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Basov
- Department of Fundamental and Clinical Biochemistry, Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar 350063, Russia;
- Department of Radiophysics and Nanotechnology, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia
| | - Liliya Fedulova
- The V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 109316, Russia; (L.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Ekaterina Vasilevskaya
- The V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 109316, Russia; (L.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Stepan Dzhimak
- Department of Radiophysics and Nanotechnology, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russia
- The V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 109316, Russia; (L.F.); (E.V.)
- Federal Research Center the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don 344006, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bernard M, Cheng L, Chantelauze C, Song Y, Jeanleboeuf A, Sagot L, Cantalapiedra-Hijar G. Nitrogen partitioning and isotopic discrimination are affected by age and dietary protein content in growing lambs. Animal 2020; 14:942-51. [PMID: 31679553 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731119002647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to separate an age-dependent fall in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE; N balance/N intake) in growing ruminants from a progressively decrease in animal protein requirements over time. This study examined the effect of dietary protein content on N partitioning, digestibility and N isotopic discrimination between the animal and its diet (Δ15Nanimal-diet) evaluated at two different fattening periods (early v. late). Twenty-four male Romane lambs (age: 19 ± 4.0 days; BW: 8.3 ± 1.39 kg) were equally allocated to three dietary CP treatments (15%, 17% and 20% CP on a DM basis). Lambs were reared with their mothers until weaning, thereafter housed in individual pens until slaughter (45 kg BW). During the post-weaning period, lambs were allocated twice (early fattening (30 days post-weaning) and late fattening (60 days post-weaning)) to metabolic cages for digestibility and N balance study. When diet CP content increased, the average daily gain of lambs increased (P < 0.05) while the age at slaughter decreased (P = 0.01), but no effect was observed on feed efficiency (P > 0.10). Diet CP content had limited effect on lamb carcass traits. Higher fibre digestibility was observed at the early v. late fattening period (P < 0.001). The N intake and the urinary N excretion increased when diet CP content increased (P < 0.001) and when shifting from early to late fattening period (P < 0.001). Faecal N excretion (P = 0.14) and N balance (P > 0.10) were not affected by diet CP content. Nitrogen digestibility increased (P < 0.001) as the diet CP content increased and on average it was greater at late v. early fattening period (P = 0.02). The NUE decreased (P = 0.001) as the diet CP content increased and as the lamb became older (P < 0.001). However, the age-dependent fall in NUE observed was lower at high v. low dietary CP content (CP × age interaction; P = 0.04). The Δ15Nanimal-diet was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with N intake (r = 0.59), excretion of faecal N (r = 0.41), urinary N (r = 0.69) and total manure N (r = 0.64), while negatively correlated with NUE (r = -0.57). Overall, the experiment showed NUE was lower in older lambs and when lambs were fed high diet CP content, and that Δ15Nanimal-diet was a useful indicator not only for NUE but also for urinary N excretion, which is a major environmental pollution factor on farm.
Collapse
|
4
|
Campoy JG, Roiloa SR, Santiso X, Retuerto R. Ecophysiological differentiation between two invasive species of Carpobrotus competing under different nutrient conditions. Am J Bot 2019; 106:1454-1465. [PMID: 31658373 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Hybridization between the South African invasive species Carpobrotus edulis and C. acinaciformis in Europe has led to the formation of highly aggressive morphotypes referred to in the scientific literature as the new large "hybrid swarm" C. aff. acinaciformis. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the taxonomic differentiation between taxa coincides with ecophysiological differentiation. With this aim, we tested for differences between both morphotypes in functional traits related to competitive ability and resource-use efficiency. Assuming that the complex hybrid C. aff. acinaciformis is more vigorous, depends more strongly on vegetative reproduction, and invests less in sexual reproduction than C. edulis, we predicted that the hybrid would show higher competitive ability and better physiological performance compared with the species. METHODS We used a comparative ecophysiological approach to assess the extent to which two Carpobrotus morphotypes coexisting in northwestern Spain differ in physiological, reproductive, and growth traits when competing under different soil nutrients in controlled greenhouse conditions. RESULTS C. aff. acinaciformis had a greater relative growth rate and water-use and photochemical efficiencies compared to C. edulis. However, C. edulis appeared to be more responsive to incremental change in soil nutrients than C. aff. acinaciformis. They also differed in the amount of resources invested in reproduction. CONCLUSIONS The study findings demonstrate that the taxonomic differentiation between taxa corresponds to ecophysiological differentiation, warranting a detailed examination of all existing trades-offs to predict the long-term outcomes of the interaction between these taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefina G Campoy
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sergio R Roiloa
- BioCost Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Xabier Santiso
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Retuerto
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hopcroft PO, Valdes PJ, Kaplan JO. Bayesian Analysis of the Glacial-Interglacial Methane Increase Constrained by Stable Isotopes and Earth System Modeling. Geophys Res Lett 2018; 45:3653-3663. [PMID: 29937607 PMCID: PMC6001704 DOI: 10.1002/2018gl077382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The observed rise in atmospheric methane (CH4) from 375 ppbv during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM: 21,000 years ago) to 680 ppbv during the late preindustrial era is not well understood. Atmospheric chemistry considerations implicate an increase in CH4 sources, but process-based estimates fail to reproduce the required amplitude. CH4 stable isotopes provide complementary information that can help constrain the underlying causes of the increase. We combine Earth System model simulations of the late preindustrial and LGM CH4 cycles, including process-based estimates of the isotopic discrimination of vegetation, in a box model of atmospheric CH4 and its isotopes. Using a Bayesian approach, we show how model-based constraints and ice core observations may be combined in a consistent probabilistic framework. The resultant posterior distributions point to a strong reduction in wetland and other biogenic CH4 emissions during the LGM, with a modest increase in the geological source, or potentially natural or anthropogenic fires, accounting for the observed enrichment of δ13CH4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter O. Hopcroft
- Bristol Research Initiative for the Dynamic Global Environment, School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Cabot InstituteUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Now at the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
| | - Paul J. Valdes
- Bristol Research Initiative for the Dynamic Global Environment, School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Cabot InstituteUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jed O. Kaplan
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human HistoryJenaGermany
- ARVE Research SARLPullySwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bellasio C, Griffiths H. Acclimation of C4 metabolism to low light in mature maize leaves could limit energetic losses during progressive shading in a crop canopy. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:3725-36. [PMID: 24591058 PMCID: PMC4085954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
C4 plants have a biochemical carbon-concentrating mechanism that increases CO2 concentration around Rubisco in the bundle sheath. Under low light, the activity of the carbon-concentrating mechanism generally decreases, associated with an increase in leakiness (ϕ), the ratio of CO2 retrodiffusing from the bundle sheath relative to C4 carboxylation. This increase in ϕ had been theoretically associated with a decrease in biochemical operating efficiency (expressed as ATP cost of gross assimilation, ATP/GA) under low light and, because a proportion of canopy photosynthesis is carried out by shaded leaves, potential productivity losses at field scale. Maize plants were grown under light regimes representing the cycle that leaves undergo in the canopy, whereby younger leaves initially developed under high light and were then re-acclimated to low light (600 to 100 μE·m(-2)·s(-1) photosynthetically active radiation) for 3 weeks. Following re-acclimation, leaves reduced rates of light-respiration and reached a status of lower ϕ, effectively optimizing the limited ATP resources available under low photosynthetically active radiation. Direct estimates of respiration in the light, and ATP production rate, allowed an empirical estimate of ATP production rate relative to gross assimilation to be derived. These values were compared to modelled ATP/GA which was predicted using leakiness as the sole proxy for ATP/GA, and, using a novel comprehensive biochemical model, showing that irrespective of whether leaves are acclimated to very low or high light intensity, the biochemical efficiency of the C4 cycle does not decrease at low photosynthetically active radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bellasio
- Physiological Ecology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Physiological Ecology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hobson KA, Quirk TW. Effect of age and ration on diet-tissue isotopic (Δ13C, Δ15N) discrimination in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2014; 50:300-306. [PMID: 24506487 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2014.867852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An important prerequisite for the effective use of stable isotopes in animal ecology is the accurate assessment of isotopic discrimination factors linking animals to their diets for a multitude of tissue types. Surprisingly, these values are poorly known in general and especially for mammalian carnivores and omnivores in particular. Also largely unknown are the factors that influence diet-tissue isotopic discrimination such as nutritional quality and age. We raised adult and juvenile striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in captivity on a constant omnivore diet (Mazuri Omnivore A 5635). Adults (n=6) and juveniles (n=3) were kept for 7 months and young (n=7) to the age of 50 days. We then examined individuals for stable carbon (δ(13)C) and nitrogen (δ(15)N) isotope values of hair, nails, lipid, liver, muscle, bone collagen and the plasma, and cellular fractions of blood. Discrimination values differed among age groups and were significantly higher for young compared with their mothers, likely due to the effects of weaning. Δ(15)N isotopic discrimination factors ranged from 3.14 (nails) to 5.6‰ (plasma) in adults and 4.3 (nails) to 5.8‰ (liver) for young. For Δ(13)C, values ranged from-3.3 (fat) to 3.0‰ (collagen) in adults and from-3.3 (fat) to 2.0‰ (collagen) in young. Our data provide an important tool for predicting diets and source of feeding for medium-sized mammalian omnivorous adults integrated over short (e.g. liver, plasma) through long (e.g. collagen) periods and underline the potential effects of age on isotopic values in omnivore diets.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Studies using carbon isotope differences between C3 and C4 photosynthesis to calculate terrestrial productivity or soil carbon turnover assume that intramolecular isotopic patterns and isotopic shifts between specific plant components are similar in C3 and C4 plants. To test these assumptions, we calculated isotopic differences in studies measuring components from C3 or C4 photosynthesis. Relative to source sugars in fermentation, C3 -derived ethanol had less 13 C and C3 -derived CO2 had more 13 C than C4 -derived ethanol and CO2 . Both results agreed with intramolecular isotopic signatures in C3 and C4 glucose. Isotopic shifts between plant compounds (e.g. lignin and cellulose) or tissues (e.g. leaves and roots) also differed in C3 and C4 plants. Woody C3 plants allocated more carbon to 13 C-depleted compounds such as lignin or lipids than herbaceous C3 or C4 plants. This allocation influenced 13 C patterns among compounds and tissues. Photorespiration and isotopic fractionation at metabolic branch points, coupled to different allocation patterns during metabolism for C3 vs C4 plants, probably influence position-specific and compound-specific isotopic differences. Differing 13 C content of mobile and immobile compounds (e.g. sugars vs lignin) may then create isotopic differences among plant pools and along transport pathways. We conclude that a few basic mechanisms can explain intramolecular, compound-specific and bulk isotopic differences between C3 and C4 plants. Understanding these mechanisms will improve our ability to link bulk and compound-specific isotopic patterns to metabolic pathways in C3 and C4 plants. Contents Summary 371 I. Introduction 372 II. Methods and terminology 373 III. Results 373 IV. Discussion 376 V. Conclusions 382 Acknowledgements 382 References 382.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Hobbie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany; Present address: Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3525, USA
| | - Roland A Werner
- Present address: Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften ETH Zentrum, LFW C48.1, Universitätsstrasse Z, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|