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Wolabu TW, Mahmood K, Chen F, Torres-Jerez I, Udvardi M, Tadege M, Cong L, Wang Z, Wen J. Mutating alfalfa COUMARATE 3-HYDROXYLASE using multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 leads to reduced lignin deposition and improved forage quality. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1363182. [PMID: 38504900 PMCID: PMC10948404 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1363182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) forage quality is adversely affected by lignin deposition in cell walls at advanced maturity stages. Reducing lignin content through RNA interference or antisense approaches has been shown to improve alfalfa forage quality and digestibility. We employed a multiplex CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-editing system to reduce lignin content and alter lignin composition in alfalfa by targeting the COUMARATE 3-HYDROXYLASE (MsC3H) gene, which encodes a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis. Four guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the first exon of MsC3H were designed and clustered into a tRNA-gRNA polycistronic system and introduced into tetraploid alfalfa via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Out of 130 transgenic lines, at least 73 lines were confirmed to contain gene-editing events in one or more alleles of MsC3H. Fifty-five lines were selected for lignin content/composition analysis. Amongst these lines, three independent tetra-allelic homozygous lines (Msc3h-013, Msc3h-121, and Msc3h-158) with different mutation events in MsC3H were characterized in detail. Homozygous mutation of MsC3H in these three lines significantly reduced the lignin content and altered lignin composition in stems. Moreover, these lines had significantly lower levels of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber as well as higher levels of total digestible nutrients, relative feed values, and in vitro true dry matter digestibility. Taken together, these results showed that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of MsC3H successfully reduced shoot lignin content, improved digestibility, and nutritional values without sacrificing plant growth and biomass yield. These lines could be used in alfalfa breeding programs to generate elite transgene-free alfalfa cultivars with reduced lignin and improved forage quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezera W. Wolabu
- Institute for Agricultural Bioscience, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Kashif Mahmood
- Institute for Agricultural Bioscience, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Ivone Torres-Jerez
- Institute for Agricultural Bioscience, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Michael Udvardi
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Million Tadege
- Institute for Agricultural Bioscience, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Lili Cong
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zengyu Wang
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute for Agricultural Bioscience, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States
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Renström A, Choudhary S, Gandla ML, Jönsson LJ, Hedenström M, Jämtgård S, Tuominen H. The effect of nitrogen source and levels on hybrid aspen tree physiology and wood formation. Physiol Plant 2024; 176:e14219. [PMID: 38380723 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen can be taken up by trees in the form of nitrate, ammonium and amino acids, but the influence of the different forms on tree growth and development is poorly understood in angiosperm species like Populus. We studied the effects of both organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen on growth and wood formation of hybrid aspen trees in experimental conditions that allowed growth under four distinct steady-state nitrogen levels. Increased nitrogen availability had a positive influence on biomass accumulation and the radial dimensions of both xylem vessels and fibers, and a negative influence on wood density. An optimal level of nitrogen availability was identified where increases in biomass accumulation outweighed decreases in wood density. None of these responses depended on the source of nitrogen except for shoot biomass accumulation, which was stimulated more by treatments complemented with nitrate than by ammonium alone or the organic source arginine. The most striking difference between the nitrogen sources was the effect on lignin composition, whereby the abundance of H-type lignin increased only in the presence of nitrate. The differential effect of nitrate is possibly related to the well-known role of nitrate as a signaling compound. RNA-sequencing revealed that while the lignin-biosynthetic genes did not significantly (FDR <0.01) respond to added NO3 - , the expression of several laccases, catalysing lignin polymerization, was dependent on N-availability. These results reveal a unique role of nitrate in wood formation and contribute to the knowledge basis for decision-making in utilizing hybrid aspen as a bioresource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Renström
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shruti Choudhary
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Jämtgård
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Chen M, Li Y, Lu F, Luterbacher JS, Ralph J. Lignin Hydrogenolysis: Phenolic Monomers from Lignin and Associated Phenolates across Plant Clades. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:10001-10017. [PMID: 37448721 PMCID: PMC10337261 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The chemical complexity of lignin remains a major challenge for lignin valorization into commodity and fine chemicals. A knowledge of the lignin features that favor its valorization and which plants produce such lignins can be used in plant selection or to engineer them to produce lignins that are more ideally suited for conversion. Sixteen biomass samples were compositionally surveyed by NMR and analytical degradative methods, and the yields of phenolic monomers following hydrogenolytic depolymerization were assessed to elucidate the key determinants controlling the depolymerization. Hardwoods, including those incorporating monolignol p-hydroxybenzoates into their syringyl/guaiacyl copolymeric lignins, produced high monomer yields by hydrogenolysis, whereas grasses incorporating monolignol p-coumarates and ferulates gave lower yields, on a lignin basis. Softwoods, with their more condensed guaiacyl lignins, gave the lowest yields. Lignins with a high syringyl unit content released elevated monomer levels, with a high-syringyl polar transgenic being particularly striking. Herein, we distinguish phenolic monomers resulting from the core lignin vs those from pendent phenolate esters associated with the biomass cell wall, acylating either polysaccharides or lignins. The basis for these observations is rationalized as a means to select or engineer biomass for optimal conversion to worthy phenolic monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Chen
- Department
of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Yanding Li
- Department
of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Fachuang Lu
- Department
of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Jeremy S. Luterbacher
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - John Ralph
- Department
of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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4
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Behr M, Pokorna E, Dobrev PI, Motyka V, Guignard C, Lutts S, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. Impact of jasmonic acid on lignification in the hemp hypocotyl. Plant Signal Behav 2019; 14:1592641. [PMID: 30900496 PMCID: PMC6546144 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1592641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are crucial molecules regulating plant development and responses to environmental challenges, including abiotic stresses, microbial and insect attacks. Most notably, phytohormones play important roles in the biosynthesis of lignocellulosics. Jasmonates are involved in secondary growth and secondary metabolism, such as phenylpropanoids and lignin biosyntheses. At the physiological and molecular levels, the actions of phytohormones depend on subtle concentration changes, as well as antagonistic equilibria between two or more of these molecules. In this article, we investigate the consequences of jasmonic acid (JA) spraying on young hemp hypocotyls. First, we show that JA application results in changes in the monomeric composition of lignin. Second, we highlight that, five days after application, JA leads to an increase in salicylic acid (SA) content in hemp hypocotyls. These results are discussed in the light of the known antagonism between JA and SA at both the physiological and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Eva Pokorna
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czechia
| | - Václav Motyka
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czechia
| | - Cédric Guignard
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Gallego-Giraldo L, Posé S, Pattathil S, Peralta AG, Hahn MG, Ayre BG, Sunuwar J, Hernandez J, Patel M, Shah J, Rao X, Knox JP, Dixon RA. Elicitors and defense gene induction in plants with altered lignin compositions. New Phytol 2018; 219:1235-1251. [PMID: 29949660 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in the lignin content in transgenic plants induces the ectopic expression of defense genes, but the importance of altered lignin composition in such phenomena remains unclear. Two Arabidopsis lines with similar lignin contents, but strikingly different lignin compositions, exhibited different quantitative and qualitative transcriptional responses. Plants with lignin composed primarily of guaiacyl units overexpressed genes responsive to oomycete and bacterial pathogen attack, whereas plants with lignin composed primarily of syringyl units expressed a far greater number of defense genes, including some associated with cis-jasmone-mediated responses to aphids; these plants exhibited altered responsiveness to bacterial and aphid inoculation. Several of the defense genes were differentially induced by water-soluble extracts from cell walls of plants of the two lines. Glycome profiling, fractionation and enzymatic digestion studies indicated that the different lignin compositions led to differential extractability of a range of heterogeneous oligosaccharide epitopes, with elicitor activity originating from different cell wall polymers. Alteration of lignin composition affects interactions with plant cell wall matrix polysaccharides to alter the sequestration of multiple latent defense signal molecules with an impact on biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gallego-Giraldo
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Sara Posé
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Angelo Gabriel Peralta
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Janak Sunuwar
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Jonathan Hernandez
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Monika Patel
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - J Paul Knox
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Center for Biotechnology Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
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6
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He Y, Mouthier TMB, Kabel MA, Dijkstra J, Hendriks WH, Struik PC, Cone JW. Lignin composition is more important than content for maize stem cell wall degradation. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:384-390. [PMID: 28833149 PMCID: PMC5725715 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the chemical and molecular properties - in particular the (acid detergent) lignin (ADL) content and composition expressed as the ratio between syringyl and guaiacyl compounds (S:G ratio) - of maize stems and in vitro gas production was studied in order to determine which is more important in the degradability of maize stem cell walls in the rumen of ruminants. Different internodes from two contrasting maize cultivars (Ambrosini and Aastar) were harvested during the growing season. RESULTS The ADL content decreased with greater internode number within the stem, whereas the ADL content fluctuated during the season for both cultivars. The S:G ratio was lower in younger tissue (greater internode number or earlier harvest date) in both cultivars. For the gas produced between 3 and 20 h, representing the fermentation of cell walls in rumen fluid, a stronger correlation (R2 = 0.80) was found with the S:G ratio than with the ADL content (R2 = 0.68). The relationship between ADL content or S:G ratio and 72-h gas production, representing total organic matter degradation, was weaker than that with gas produced between 3 and 20 h. CONCLUSION The S:G ratio plays a more dominant role than ADL content in maize stem cell wall degradation. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Thibaut MB Mouthier
- Food ChemistryWageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Food ChemistryWageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & Research, 6700 AK Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningenthe Netherlands
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Schäfer J, Urbat F, Rund K, Bunzel M. A stable-isotope dilution GC-MS approach for the analysis of DFRC (derivatization followed by reductive cleavage) monomers from low-lignin plant materials. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:2668-2673. [PMID: 25727138 DOI: 10.1021/jf506221p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) method is a well-established tool to characterize the lignin composition of plant materials. However, the application of the original procedure, especially the chromatographic determination of the DFRC monomers, is problematic for low-lignin foods. To overcome these problems a modified sample cleanup and a stable-isotope dilution approach were developed and validated. To quantitate the diacetylated DFRC monomers, their corresponding hexadeuterated analogs were synthesized and used as internal standards. By using the selected-ion monitoring mode, matrix-associated interferences can be minimized resulting in higher selectivity and sensitivity. The modified method was applied to four low-lignin samples. Lignin from carrot fibers was classified as guaiacyl-rich whereas the lignins from radish, pear, and asparagus fibers where classified as balanced lignins (guaiacyl/syringyl ratio=1-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schäfer
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Urbat
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katharina Rund
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Chylla RA, Van Acker R, Kim H, Azapira A, Mukerjee P, Markley JL, Storme V, Boerjan W, Ralph J. Plant cell wall profiling by fast maximum likelihood reconstruction (FMLR) and region-of-interest (ROI) segmentation of solution-state 2D 1H-13C NMR spectra. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013; 6:45. [PMID: 23622232 PMCID: PMC3681564 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in the detailed lignin and polysaccharide composition of plant cell walls has surged within the past decade partly as a result of biotechnology research aimed at converting biomass to biofuels. High-resolution, solution-state 2D 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectroscopy has proven to be an effective tool for rapid and reproducible fingerprinting of the numerous polysaccharides and lignin components in unfractionated plant cell wall materials, and is therefore a powerful tool for cell wall profiling based on our ability to simultaneously identify and comparatively quantify numerous components within spectra generated in a relatively short time. However, assigning peaks in new spectra, integrating them to provide relative component distributions, and producing color-assigned spectra, are all current bottlenecks to the routine use of such NMR profiling methods. RESULTS We have assembled a high-throughput software platform for plant cell wall profiling that uses spectral deconvolution by Fast Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction (FMLR) to construct a mathematical model of the signals present in a set of related NMR spectra. Combined with a simple region of interest (ROI) table that maps spectral regions to NMR chemical shift assignments of chemical entities, the reconstructions can provide rapid and reproducible fingerprinting of numerous polysaccharide and lignin components in unfractionated cell wall material, including derivation of lignin monomer unit (S:G:H) ratios or the so-called SGH profile. Evidence is presented that ROI-based amplitudes derived from FMLR provide a robust feature set for subsequent multivariate analysis. The utility of this approach is demonstrated on a large transgenic study of Arabidopsis requiring concerted analysis of 91 ROIs (including both assigned and unassigned regions) in the lignin and polysaccharide regions of almost 100 related 2D 1H-13C HSQC spectra. CONCLUSIONS We show that when a suitable number of replicates are obtained per sample group, the correlated patterns of enriched and depleted cell wall components can be reliably and objectively detected even prior to multivariate analysis. The analysis methodology has been implemented in a publicly-available, cross-platform (Windows/Mac/Linux), web-enabled software application that enables researchers to view and publish detailed annotated spectra in addition to summary reports in simple spreadsheet data formats. The analysis methodology is not limited to studies of plant cell walls but is amenable to any NMR study where ROI segmentation techniques generate meaningful results.Please see Research Article: http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/6/1/46/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Chylla
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Hoon Kim
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ali Azapira
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Purba Mukerjee
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - John L Markley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Véronique Storme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Technologiepark 927, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - John Ralph
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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9
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Chen F, Tobimatsu Y, Jackson L, Nakashima J, Ralph J, Dixon RA. Novel seed coat lignins in the Cactaceae: structure, distribution and implications for the evolution of lignin diversity. Plant J 2013; 73:201-11. [PMID: 22957702 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have recently described a hitherto unsuspected catechyl lignin polymer (C-lignin) in the seed coats of Vanilla orchid and in cacti of one genus, Melocactus (Chen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012, 109, 1772-1777.). We have now determined the lignin types in the seed coats of 130 different cactus species. Lignin in the vegetative tissues of cacti is of the normal guaiacyl/syringyl (G/S) type, but members of most genera within the subfamily Cactoidae possess seed coat lignin of the novel C-type only, which we show is a homopolymer formed by endwise β-O-4-coupling of caffeyl alcohol monomers onto the growing polymer resulting in benzodioxane units. However, the species examined within the genera Coryphantha, Cumarinia, Escobaria and Mammillaria (Cactoideae) mostly had normal G/S lignin in their seeds, as did all six species in the subfamily Opuntioidae that were examined. Seed coat lignin composition is still evolving in the Cactaceae, as seeds of one Mammillaria species (M. lasiacantha) possess only C-lignin, three Escobaria species (E. dasyacantha, E. lloydii and E. zilziana) contain an unusual lignin composed of 5-hydroxyguaiacyl units, the first report of such a polymer that occurs naturally in plants, and seeds of some species contain no lignin at all. We discuss the implications of these findings for the mechanisms that underlie the biosynthesis of these newly discovered lignin types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- DOE Bioenergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Enzyme Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Lisa Jackson
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, Enzyme Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Bioenergy Initiative, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- DOE Bioenergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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