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Moris W, Verbeek J, Bakers FC, Rombout-Sestrienkova E, Innocenti F, Masclee AAM, Koek GH, van Deursen CTBM. Hyperferritinemia and liver iron content determined with MRI: Reintroduction of the liver iron index. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2023; 47:102224. [PMID: 37813276 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperferritinemia is found in around 12 % of the general population. Analyzing the cause can be difficult. In case of doubt about the presence of major iron overload most guidelines advice to perform a MRI as a reliable non-invasive marker to measure liver iron concentration (LIC). In general, a LIC of ≥ 36 µmol/g dw is considered the be elevated however in hyperferritinemia associated with, for example, obesity or alcohol (over)consumption the LIC can be ≥ 36 µmol/g dw in abscence of major iron overload. So, unfortunately a clear cut-off value to differentiate iron overload from normal iron content is lacking. Previously the liver iron index (LII) (LIC measured in liver biopsy (LIC-b)/age (years)), was introduced to differentiate between patients with major (LII ≥ 2) and minor or no iron overload (LII < 2). Based on the good correlation between the LIC-b and LIC determined with MRI (LIC-MRI), our goal was to investigate whether a LII_MRI ≥ 2 is a good indicator of major iron overload, reflected by a significantly higher amount of iron needed to be mobilized to reach iron depletion. METHODS We compared the amount of mobilized iron to reach depletion and inflammation-related characteristics in two groups: LII-MRI ≥ 2 versus LII-MRI <2 in 92 hyperferritinemia patients who underwent HFE genotyping and MRI-LIC determination. RESULTS Significantly more iron needed to be mobilized to reach iron depletion in the LII ≥ 2 group (mean 4741, SD ± 4135 mg) versus the LII-MRI <2 group (mean 1340, SD ± 533 mg), P < 0.001. Furthermore, hyperferritinemia in LII-MRI < 2 patients was more often related to components of the metabolic syndrome while hyperferritinemia in LII-MRI ≥ 2 patients was more often related to HFE mutations. ROC curve analysis showed good performance of LII =2 as cut-off value. However the calculations showed that the optimal cut-off for the LII = 3.4. CONCLUSION The LII-MRI with a cut-off value of 2 is an effective method to differentiate major from minor iron overload in patients with hyperferritinemia. But the LII-MRI = 3.4 seems a more promising diagnostic test for major iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Moris
- Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology and Clinical Geriatrics, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jef Verbeek
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frans C Bakers
- Department of radiology and nuclear medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Rombout-Sestrienkova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Innocenti
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ger H Koek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM) University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cees Th B M van Deursen
- Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology and Clinical Geriatrics, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Xu F, Peng Y, Xie H, Liang B, Yang G, Zhao F, Liu Y, Peng P. A multicenter study on the quantification of liver iron concentration in thalassemia patients by means of the MRI T 2* technique. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1180614. [PMID: 37275360 PMCID: PMC10235725 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1180614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the feasibility and accuracy of quantifying liver iron concentration (LIC) in patients with thalassemia (TM) using 1.5T and 3T T2* MRI. Methods 1.5T MRI T2* values were measured in 391 TM patients from three medical centers: the T2* values of the test group were combined with the LIC (LICF) provided by FerriScan to construct the curve equation. In addition, the liver 3T MRI liver T2* data of 55 TM patients were measured as the 3T group: the curve equation of 3T T2* value and LICF was constructed. Results Based on the test group LICF (0.6-43 mg/g dw) and the corresponding 1.5T T2* value, the equation was LICF = 37.393T2*∧(-1.22) (R2 = 0.971; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between LICe - 1.5T and LICF in each validation group (Z = -1.269, -0.977, -1.197; P = 0.204, 0.328, 0.231). There was significant consistency (Kendall's W = 0.991, 0.985, 0.980; all P < 0.001) and high correlation (rs = 0.983, 0.971, 0.960; all P < 0.001) between the two methods. There was no significant difference between the clinical grading results of LICe - 1.5T and LICF in each validation group (χ2 = 3.0, 4.0, 2.0; P = 0.083, 0.135, 0.157), and there was significant consistency between the clinical grading results (Kappa's K = 0.943, 0.891, 0.953; P < 0.001). There was no statistical correlation between the LICF (≥14 mg/g dw) and the 3T T2* value of severe iron overload (P = 0.085). The LICF (2-14 mg/g dw) in mild and moderate iron overload was significantly correlated with the corresponding T2* value (rs = -0.940; P < 0.001). The curve equation constructed from LICF and corresponding 3T T2* values in this range is LICF = 18.463T2*∧(-1.142) (R2 = 0.889; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between LICF and LICe - 3T in the mild to moderate range (Z = -0.523; P = 0.601), and there was a significant correlation (rs = 0.940; P < 0.001) and significant consistency (Kendall's W = 0.970; P = 0.008) between them. LICe - 3T had high diagnostic efficiency in the diagnosis of severe, moderate, and mild liver iron overload (specificity = 1.000, 0.909; sensitivity = 0.972, 1.000). Conclusion The liver iron concentration can be accurately quantified based on the 1.5T T2* value of the liver and the specific LIC-T2* curve equation. 3T T2* technology can accurately quantify mild-to-moderate LIC, but it is not recommended to use 3T T2* technology to quantify higher iron concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuzhao Peng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hanhong Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bumin Liang
- School of International Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Gaohui Yang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fanyu Zhao
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Qadah T. Deferasirox versus deferoxamine in managing iron overload in patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221143290. [PMID: 36562113 PMCID: PMC9793042 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221143290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the efficacy of deferasirox (DFX) by comparison with deferoxamine (DFO) in managing iron overload in patients with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). METHODS Online databases were systematically searched for studies published from January 2007 to July 2022 that had investigated the efficacy of DFX compared with DFO in managing iron overload in patients with SCA. RESULTS Of the 316 articles identified, three randomized clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of liver tissue iron concentration (LIC) showed that iron overload was not significantly higher in the DFX group compared with DFO group (WMD, -1.61 mg Fe/g dw (95% CI -4.42 to 1.21). However, iron overload as measured by serum ferritin was significantly lower in DFO compared with DFX group (WMD, 278.13 µg/l (95% CI 36.69 to 519.57). Although meta-analysis was not performed on myocardial iron concentration due to incomplete data, the original report found no significant difference between DFX and DFO. CONCLUSION While limited by the number of studies included in this meta-analysis, overall, the results tend to show that DFX was as effective as DFO in managing iron overload in patients with SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Qadah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied
Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Haematology Research Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Centre,
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Talal Qadah, Department of Medical
Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz
University, P.O. Box: 80324. Postcode: 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Venkatakrishna SSB, Otero HJ, Ghosh A, Khrichenko D, Serai SD. Rate of Change of Liver Iron Content by MR Imaging Methods: A Comparison Study. Tomography 2022; 8:2508-2521. [PMID: 36287808 PMCID: PMC9608976 DOI: 10.3390/tomography8050209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can accurately quantify liver iron concentration (LIC), eliminating the need for an invasive liver biopsy. Currently, the most widely used relaxometry methods for iron quantification are R2 and R2*, which are based on T2 and T2* acquisition sequences, respectively. We compared the rate of change of LIC as measured by the R2-based, FDA-approved commercially available third-party software with the rate of change of LIC measured by in-house analysis using R2*-relaxometry-based MR imaging in patients undergoing follow-up MRI scans for liver iron estimation. Methods: We retrospectively included patients who had undergone serial MRIs for liver iron estimation. The MR studies were performed on a 1.5T scanner; standard multi-slice, multi-echo T2- and T2*-based sequences were acquired, and LIC was estimated. The comparison between the rate of change of LIC by R2 and R2* values was performed via correlation coefficients and Bland−Altman difference plots. Results: One hundred and eighty-nine MR abdomen studies for liver iron evaluation from 81 patients (male: 38; female: 43) were included in the study. Fifty-nine patients had two serial scans, eighteen patients had three serial scans, three patients had four serial scans, and one patient had five serial scans. The average time interval between the first and last scans for each patient was 13.3 months. The average rates of change of LIC via R2 and R2* methods were −0.0043 ± 0.0214 and −0.0047 ± 0.012 mg/g per month, respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of change of LIC observed between the two methods. Linearity between the rate of change of LIC measured by R2 (LIC R2) and R2* (LIC R2*) was strong, showing a correlation coefficient of r = 0.72, p < 0.01. A Bland−Altman plot between the rate of change of the two methods showed that the majority of the plotted variables were between two standard deviations. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the rate of change of LIC detected between the R2 method and the R2* method that uses a gradient echo (GRE) sequence acquired with breath-hold. Since R2* is relatively faster and less prone to motion artifacts, R2*-derived LIC is recommended for iron homeostasis follow-up in patients with liver iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hansel J. Otero
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adarsh Ghosh
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dmitry Khrichenko
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Suraj D. Serai
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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Munikoty V, Sodhi KS, Bhatia A, Bhatia P, Verma Attri S, Rohit MK, Trehan A, Khandelwal N, Bansal D. Estimation of iron overload with T2*MRI in children treated for hematological malignancies. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:315-325. [PMID: 35833695 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2022.2098436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron overload may contribute to long-term complications in childhood cancer survivors. There are limited reports of assessment of tissue iron overload in childhood leukemia by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A cross-sectional, observational study in children treated for hematological malignancy was undertaken. Patients ≥6 months from the end of therapy who had received ≥5 red-cell transfusions were included. Iron overload was estimated by serum ferritin (SF) and T2*MRI. Forty-five survivors were enrolled among 431 treated for hematological malignancies. The median age at diagnosis was 7-years. A median of 8 red-cell units was transfused. The median duration from the end of treatment was 15 months. An elevated SF (>1,000 ng/ml), elevated liver iron concentration (LIC) and myocardial iron concentration (MIC) were observed in 5 (11.1%), 20 (45.4%), and 2 (4.5%) patients, respectively. All survivors with SF >1,000 ng/ml had elevated LIC. The LIC correlated with SF (p < 0.001). MIC lacked correlation with SF or LIC. Factors including the number of red-cell units transfused and duration from the last transfusion were associated with elevated SF (p = 0.001, 0.002) and elevated LIC (p = 0.012, 0.005) in multiple linear regression. SF >595 ng/ml predicted elevated LIC with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 91.6% (AUC 91.2%). A cutoff >9 units of red cell transfusions had poor sensitivity and specificity of 70% and 75% (AUC 76.6%) to predict abnormal LIC. SF >600 ng/ml is a robust tool to predict iron overload, and T2*MRI should be considered in childhood cancer survivors with SF exceeding 600 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Munikoty
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kushaljit Singh Sodhi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anmol Bhatia
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prateek Bhatia
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Savita Verma Attri
- Pediatric Biochemistry Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj K Rohit
- Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amita Trehan
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Niranjan Khandelwal
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Simchick G, Zhao R, Hamilton G, Reeder SB, Hernando D. Spectroscopy-based multi-parametric quantification in subjects with liver iron overload at 1.5T and 3T. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:597-613. [PMID: 34554595 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the precision profile (repeatability and reproducibility) of quantitative STEAM-MRS and to determine the relationships between multiple MR biomarkers of chronic liver disease in subjects with iron overload at both 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3T. METHODS MRS data were acquired in patients with known or suspected liver iron overload. Two STEAM-MRS sequences (multi-TE and multi-TE-TR) were acquired at both 1.5T and 3T (same day), including test-retest acquisition. Each acquisition enabled estimation of R1, R2, and FWHM (each separately for water and fat); and proton density fat fraction. The test-retest repeatability and reproducibility across acquisition modes (multi-TE vs. multi-TE-TR) of the estimates were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients, linear regression, and Bland-Altman analyses. Multi-parametric relationships between parameters at each field strength, across field strengths, and with liver iron concentration were also evaluated using linear and nonlinear regression. RESULTS Fifty-six (n = 56) subjects (10 to 73 years, 37 males/19 females) were successfully recruited. Both STEAM-MRS sequences demonstrated good-to-excellent precision (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.81) for the quantification of R1water , R2water , FWHMwater , and proton density fat fraction at both 1.5T and 3T. Additionally, several moderate (R2 = 0.50 to 0.69) to high (R2 ≥ 0.70) correlations were observed between biomarkers, across field strengths, and with liver iron concentration. CONCLUSIONS Over a broad range of liver iron concentration, STEAM-MRS enables rapid and precise measurement of multiple biomarkers of chronic liver disease. By evaluating the multi-parametric relationships between biomarkers, this work may advance the comprehensive MRS-based assessment of chronic liver disease and may help establish biomarkers of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Simchick
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gavin Hamilton
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Scott B Reeder
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Wilson SR, Sears M, Williams E, Drapekin J, Sivakumar I, Padrino S, Desai PC, Hager W, Manwani D, Clay LJ, Field JJ, Kanter J, Cohen AJ, Saif Ur Rehman S, Lanzkron S, Little JA. Gaps in the diagnosis and management of iron overload in sickle cell disease: a 'real-world' report from the GRNDaD registry. Br J Haematol 2021; 195:e157-e160. [PMID: 34423416 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Sears
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jesse Drapekin
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ishwarya Sivakumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan Padrino
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Payal C Desai
- Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ward Hager
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Deepa Manwani
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Marrow and Blood Cell Transplantation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Leila J Clay
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Joshua J Field
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Julie Kanter
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Sana Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sophie Lanzkron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jane A Little
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Teawtrakul N, Sirijerachai C, Chansung K, Jetsrisuparb A. The serum ferritin levels and liver iron concentrations in patients with alpha -thalassemia : is there a good correlation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:473-477. [PMID: 34238133 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.1943829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver iron overload is common in patients with thalassemia. In patients with beta-thalassemia, the correlation between serum ferritin and liver iron concentration is well established. The correlation between serum ferritin levels and liver iron concentrations in patients with alpha-thalassemia remains limited. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in patients with alpha-thalassemia aged ≥ 18 years old at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Liver iron concentration (LIC) was evaluated by the MRI-T2* technique. Linear logistic regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between serum ferritin levels and liver iron concentrations. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-one of the MRI-T2* measurements from 65 patients with alpha-thalassemia were evaluated. Patients with non-deletional alpha-thalassemia had higher LIC compared to patients with deletional alpha-thalassemia. The serum ferritin levels were relatively low at the same levels of LIC in patients with non-deletional alpha-thalassemia compared to deletional alpha-thalassemia. CONCLUSIONS The correlation of serum ferritin levels and LIC was modest and different among alpha-thalassemia genotypes. A different serum ferritin threshold is needed to guide iron chelation therapy in patients with alpha-thalassemia. Evaluation of liver iron concentration is necessary for patients with alpha-thalassemia, especially in patients with non-deletional alpha-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattiya Teawtrakul
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chittima Sirijerachai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Chansung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Arunee Jetsrisuparb
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pedriatrics, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Al-Mashdali A, Alyafei T, Yassin M. The Superiority of T2*MRI Over Serum Ferritin in the Evaluation of Secondary Iron Overload in a Chronic Kidney Disease Patient: A Case Report. J Blood Med 2021; 12:665-670. [PMID: 34345192 PMCID: PMC8324975 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s319591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary iron overload is increasingly encountered in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients because of the frequent use of parenteral iron products, especially in hemodialysis patients. Serum ferritin has been commonly used to monitor iron overload in these patients; however, other conditions can be associated with the high serum ferritin, like infections and inflammatory conditions. Currently, T2*MRI of the heart and liver is the preferred investigation for evaluating liver iron concentration (LIC) and cardiac iron concentration, which reflect the state of iron overload. Few studies observe a positive correlation between serum iron and LIC in CKD patients and postulate that serum ferritin exceeding 290 mcg/L should indicate significant iron overload and necessitates further MRI evaluation. However, here, we present a patient with a history of ESRD for which she underwent renal transplantation twice referred to our clinic due to persistent elevation in serum ferritin level (>1000 mcg/L) for several years. T2*MRI of the heart and liver revealed the absence of iron overload. Our objective of this case is to demonstrate the accuracy of T2*MRI over serum ferritin in evaluating iron overload and questioning the positive correlation between serum ferritin and LIC in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahiya Alyafei
- Department of Clinical Imaging, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Yassin
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Department of Oncology, Hematology and BMT Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Abou Zahr R, Burkhardt BEU, Ehsan L, Potersnak A, Greil G, Dillenbeck J, Rogers Z, Hussain T. Real-World Experience Measurement of Liver Iron Concentration by R2 vs. R2 Star MRI in Hemoglobinopathies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E768. [PMID: 33003498 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-invasive determination of liver iron concentration (LIC) is a valuable tool that guides iron chelation therapy in transfusion-dependent patients. Multiple methods have been utilized to measure LIC by MRI. The purpose of this study was to compare free breathing R2* (1/T2*) to whole-liver Ferriscan R2 method for estimation of LIC in a pediatric and young adult population who predominantly have hemoglobinopathies. Methods: Clinical liver and cardiac MRI scans from April 2016 to May 2018 on a Phillips 1.5 T scanner were reviewed. Free breathing T2 and T2* weighted images were acquired on each patient. For T2, multi-slice spin echo sequences were obtained. For T2*, a single mid-liver slice fast gradient echo was performed starting at 0.6 ms with 1.2 ms increments with signal averaging. R2 measurements were performed by Ferriscan analysis. R2* measurements were performed by quantitative T2* map analysis. Results: 107 patients underwent liver scans with the following diagnoses: 76 sickle cell anemia, 20 Thalassemia, 9 malignancies and 2 Blackfan Diamond anemia. Mean age was 12.5 ± 4.5 years. Average scan time for R2 sequences was 10 min, while R2* sequence time was 20 s. R2* estimation of LIC correlated closely with R2 with a correlation coefficient of 0.94. Agreement was strongest for LIC < 15 mg Fe/g dry weight. Overall bias from Bland–Altman plot was 0.66 with a standard deviation of 2.8 and 95% limits of agreement −4.8 to 6.1. Conclusion: LIC estimation by R2* correlates well with R2-Ferriscan in the pediatric age group. Due to the very short scan time of R2*, it allows imaging without sedation or anesthesia. Cardiac involvement was uncommon in this cohort.
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11
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Ali M, Okar L, Iqbal P, Yassin MA. Iatrogenic Iron Overload in a Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease: Is There a Correlation Between Serum Ferritin and Liver Iron Concentration Determined by MRI T2*? Cureus 2020; 12:e8914. [PMID: 32742880 PMCID: PMC7389957 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary iron overload in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to iatrogenic iron replacement is an emerging medical challenge. There are limited options to manage secondary iron overload in patients with CKD as most iron chelators are contraindicated due to low creatinine clearance. In addition to that, accuracy of serum ferritin in monitoring is questionable since it is affected by different variables including inflammation and liver disease. Moreover, correlation of serum ferritin with liver iron concentration (LIC) and heart iron concentration is not well studied in CKD patients. There is no established cut-off value in the current guidelines, and this warrants further investigation with more accurate methods. There are few studies that evaluated the relationship between serum ferritin and LIC determined by different MRI protocols. Limited data in the literature concluded that a positive correlation exists between serum ferritin and LIC determined by MRI T2* and that serum ferritin more than 290 mcg/L is equivalent to severe iron overload on MRI T2*. However, we had a different observation of a patient with CKD on a prolonged course of iron replacement who was monitored with serum ferritin, and despite having a serum ferritin level of more than 1,000 mcg/L, LIC determined by MRI T2* was 5.3 mg/g of liver dry tissue, which is equivalent to mild iron overload. This observation opens the door for further studies to examine the correlation between serum ferritin and LIC determined by MRI and to establish a safe cut-off value of serum ferritin so that further investigation would be indicated in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali
- Internal Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | - Lina Okar
- Family Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | - Phool Iqbal
- Internal Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, QAT
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12
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Chaosuwannakit N, Makarawate P. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of myocardial and liver iron overload in a thalassaemia endemic population: a report from Northeastern Thailand. Pol J Radiol 2019; 84:e262-8. [PMID: 31481999 DOI: 10.5114/pjr.2019.86094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with chronic haemolytic anaemia, such as in thalassaemia, require repeated blood transfusions, which leads to iron overload and cellular damage, especially in the heart and liver. Classically, serum ferritin and liver biopsy have been used to monitor patient response to chelation therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proven to be effective in detecting and quantifying iron in the heart and liver. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the accuracy of the MRI T2* procedure in the assessment of liver iron concentration and myocardial iron overload. Material and methods In 210 cases of monthly transfused patients, hepatic and myocardial iron overload was measured by multi-breath-hold MRI T2* and compared to serum ferritin (a traditional marker of iron overload). Results No significant correlation was observed between serum ferritin level and cardiac T2* MRI (p = 0.68, r = 0.06). However, a significant correlation was observed between serum ferritin and liver iron concentration evaluated by MRI (p = 0.04, r = 0.68). Conclusion Routine evaluation of liver and heart iron content using MRI T2* is suggested to better evaluate the haemosiderosis status in thalassaemic patients.
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13
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Pirasteh A, Yuan Q, Hernando D, Reeder SB, Pedrosa I, Yokoo T. Inter-method reproducibility of biexponential R 2 MR relaxometry for estimation of liver iron concentration. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:2691-2701. [PMID: 29770484 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the reproducibility of biexponential R2 -relaxometry MRI for estimation of liver iron concentration (LIC) between proprietary and nonproprietary analysis methods. METHODS This single-center retrospective study, approved by investigational review board and compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, included 40 liver MRI exams in 38 subjects with suspected or known iron overload. From spin-echo images of the liver, acquired at 5 different echo times (TE = 6-18 ms), biexponential R2 maps were calculated using 1 proprietary (FerriScan, Resonance Health Ltd., Claremont WA, Australia) and 3 nonproprietary (simulated annealing, nonlinear least squares, dictionary search) analysis methods. Each subject's average liver R2 value was converted to LIC using a previously validated calibration curve. Inter-method reproducibility for liver R2 and LIC were assessed for linearity using linear regression analysis and absolute agreement using intraclass correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. For point estimates, 95% confidence intervals were calculated; P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Linearity between the proprietary and nonproprietary methods was excellent across the observed range for R2 (20-312 s-1 ) and LIC (0.4-52.2 mg/g), with all coefficients of determination (R2 ) ≥ 0.95. No statistically significant bias was found (slope estimates ∼ 1; intercept estimates ∼ 0; P values > 0.05). Agreement between the 4 methods was excellent for both liver R2 and LIC (intraclass correlations ≥ 0.97). Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement in % difference between the proprietary and nonproprietary methods were ≤ 9% and ≤ 16% for R2 and LIC, respectively. CONCLUSION Biexponential R2 -relaxometry MRI for LIC estimation is reproducible between proprietary and nonproprietary analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pirasteh
- Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qing Yuan
- Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Diego Hernando
- Radiology, Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Scott B Reeder
- Radiology, Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ivan Pedrosa
- Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Takeshi Yokoo
- Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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14
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Simchick G, Liu Z, Nagy T, Xiong M, Zhao Q. Assessment of MR-based R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping for the quantification of liver iron concentration in a mouse model at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:2081-2093. [PMID: 29575047 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of quantifying liver iron concentration (LIC) using R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) at a high field strength of 7 Tesla (T). METHODS Five different concentrations of Fe-dextran were injected into 12 mice to produce various degrees of liver iron overload. After mice were sacrificed, blood and liver samples were harvested. Ferritin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were performed to quantify serum ferritin concentration and LIC. Multiecho gradient echo MRI was conducted to estimate R2* and the magnetic susceptibility of each liver sample through complex nonlinear least squares fitting and a morphology enabled dipole inversion method, respectively. RESULTS Average estimates of serum ferritin concentration, LIC, R2*, and susceptibility all show good linear correlations with injected Fe-dextran concentration; however, the standard deviations in the estimates of R2* and susceptibility increase with injected Fe-dextran concentration. Both R2* and susceptibility measurements also show good linear correlations with LIC (R2 = 0.78 and R2 = 0.91, respectively), and a susceptibility-to-LIC conversion factor of 0.829 ppm/(mg/g wet) is derived. CONCLUSION The feasibility of quantifying LIC using MR-based R2* and QSM at a high field strength of 7T is demonstrated. Susceptibility quantification, which is an intrinsic property of tissues and benefits from being field-strength independent, is more robust than R2* quantification in this ex vivo study. A susceptibility-to-LIC conversion factor is presented that agrees relatively well with previously published QSM derived results obtained at 1.5T and 3T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Simchick
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Zhi Liu
- Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - May Xiong
- Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Qun Zhao
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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15
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Li J, Lin H, Liu T, Zhang Z, Prince MR, Gillen K, Yan X, Song Q, Hua T, Zhao X, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Li G, Tang G, Yang G, Brittenham GM, Wang Y. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) minimizes interference from cellular pathology in R2* estimation of liver iron concentration. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 48:1069-1079. [PMID: 29566449 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A challenge for R2 and R2* methods in measuring liver iron concentration (LIC) is that fibrosis, fat, and other hepatic cellular pathology contribute to R2 and R2* and interfere with LIC estimation. PURPOSE To examine the interfering effects of fibrosis, fat, and other lesions on R2* LIC estimation and to use quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to reduce these distortions. STUDY TYPE Prospective. PHANTOMS, SUBJECTS Water phantoms with various concentrations of gadolinium (Gd), collagen (Cl, modeling fibrosis), and fat; nine healthy controls with no known hepatic disease, nine patients with known or suspected hepatic iron overload, and nine patients with focal liver lesions. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE The phantoms and human subjects were imaged using a 3D multiecho gradient-echo on clinical 1.5T and 3T MRI systems. ASSESSMENT QSM and R2* images were postprocessed from the same gradient-echo data. Fat contributions to susceptibility and R2* were corrected in signal models for LIC estimation. STATISTICAL TESTS Polynomial regression analyses were performed to examine relations among susceptibility, R2* and true [Gd] and [Cl] in phantoms, and among susceptibility and R2* in patient livers. RESULTS In phantoms, R2* had a strong nonlinear dependency on [Cl], [fat], and [Gd], while susceptibility was linearly dependent (R2 > 0.98). In patients, R2* was highly sensitive to liver pathological changes, including fat, fibrosis, and tumors, while QSM was relatively insensitive to these abnormalities (P = 0.015). With moderate iron overload, liver susceptibility and R2* were not linearly correlated over a common R2* range [0, 100] sec-1 (P = 0.35). DATA CONCLUSION R2* estimation of LIC is prone to substantial nonlinear interference from fat, fibrosis, and other lesions. QSM processing of the same gradient echo MRI data can effectively minimize the effects of cellular pathology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:1069-1079.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Lin
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhuwei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Martin R Prince
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kelly Gillen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xu Yan
- MR Collaboration NE Asia, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Hua
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiance Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaiying Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gary M Brittenham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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16
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Bou-Fakhredin R, Bazarbachi AH, Chaya B, Sleiman J, Cappellini MD, Taher AT. Iron Overload and Chelation Therapy in Non-Transfusion Dependent Thalassemia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122778. [PMID: 29261151 PMCID: PMC5751376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron overload (IOL) due to increased intestinal iron absorption constitutes a major clinical problem in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT), which is a cumulative process with advancing age. Current models for iron metabolism in patients with NTDT suggest that suppression of serum hepcidin leads to an increase in iron absorption and subsequent release of iron from the reticuloendothelial system, leading to depletion of macrophage iron, relatively low levels of serum ferritin, and liver iron loading. The consequences of IOL in patients with NTDT are multiple and multifactorial. Accurate and reliable methods of diagnosis and monitoring of body iron levels are essential, and the method of choice for measuring iron accumulation will depend on the patient's needs and on the available facilities. Iron chelation therapy (ICT) remains the backbone of NTDT management and is one of the most effective and practical ways of decreasing morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review is to describe the mechanism of IOL in NTDT, and the clinical complications that can develop as a result, in addition to the current and future therapeutic options available for the management of IOL in NTDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Bou-Fakhredin
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Abdul-Hamid Bazarbachi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Bachar Chaya
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Joseph Sleiman
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Department of Medicine, Ca'Granda Foundation IRCCS, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Science and Community, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Ali T Taher
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
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17
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Karimi M, Amirmoezi F, Haghpanah S, Ostad S, Lotfi M, Sefidbakht S, Rezaian S. Correlation of serum ferritin levels with hepatic MRI T2 and liver iron concentration in nontransfusion beta-thalassemia intermediate patients: A contemporary issue. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 34:292-297. [PMID: 29190176 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2017.1400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-thalassemia intermediate is a genetic disease that is milder than beta-thalassemia major. The T2* magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique is currently the gold standard for iron load detection. However, it is expensive and needs an expert radiologist to report findings. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine an optimal cut-off value of ferritin in proportion to T2 MRI of liver and measurement of liver iron concentration for early detection of hepatic iron overload in Beta-thalassemia intermediate patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 108 patients with Beta-thalassemia intermediate who referred to tertiary hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Serum ferritin, hepatic T2 MRI, and liver iron concentration were assessed. Receiver operator characteristic was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of cut-off value. RESULTS Serum ferritin levels showed a statistically significant negative correlation with T2 hepatic MRI (r = -0.290, p value =.003) and positive correlation with liver iron concentration (r = 0.426, p value <.001) in the patients with Beta-thalassemia intermediate. According to the receiver operator characteristic, the best cut-off value for ferritin to show early diagnosis of liver iron overload was 412 ng/mL. Calculated sensitivities and specificities were 0.78 and 0.82 for T2 MRI and 0.76 and 0.86 for liver iron concentration, respectively. CONCLUSION Serum ferritin levels of around 450 ng/mL might be considered as a cut-off point to evaluate hepatic iron overload before using expensive, not readily available T2 MRI. This level of serum ferritin could be considered for starting iron chelation therapy in patients with Beta-thalassemia intermediate in areas where T2 MRI is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Karimi
- a Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amirmoezi
- a Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Sezaneh Haghpanah
- a Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Seyedpouria Ostad
- b Radiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mehrzad Lotfi
- c Department of Radiology , Medical imaging research center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Sepideh Sefidbakht
- c Department of Radiology , Medical imaging research center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Shahed Rezaian
- b Radiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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18
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Porter JB, Elalfy M, Taher A, Aydinok Y, Lee SH, Sutcharitchan P, El-Ali A, Han J, El-Beshlawy A. Limitations of serum ferritin to predict liver iron concentration responses to deferasirox therapy in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassaemia. Eur J Haematol 2017; 98:280-288. [PMID: 27859648 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In transfusion-dependent anaemias, while absolute serum ferritin levels broadly correlate with liver iron concentration (LIC), relationships between trends in these variables are unclear. These relationships are important because serum ferritin changes are often used to adjust or switch chelation regimens when liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unavailable. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS This post hoc analysis of the EPIC study compared serum ferritin and LIC in 317 patients with transfusion-dependent thalassaemia before and after 1 yr of deferasirox. RESULTS Serum ferritin responses (decreases) occurred in 73% of patients, 80% of whom also have decreased LIC. However, 52% of patients without a serum ferritin response did decrease LIC and by >1 mg Fe/g dw (median 3.9) in 77% of cases. Absolute serum ferritin and LIC values correlated significantly only when serum ferritin was <4000 ng/mL (r = 0.59; P < 0.0001) and not at higher levels (≥4000 ng/mL; r = 0.19). Serum ferritin response was accompanied by decreased LIC in 89% and 70% of cases when serum ferritin was <4000 or ≥4000 ng/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS As serum ferritin non-response was associated with LIC decrease in over half of patients, use of liver MRI may be particularly useful for differentiating true from apparent non-responders to deferasirox based on serum ferritin trends alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Porter
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mohsen Elalfy
- Thalassemia Center, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali Taher
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yesim Aydinok
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ege University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Szu-Hee Lee
- Department of Haematology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pranee Sutcharitchan
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jackie Han
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Amal El-Beshlawy
- Hematology Department, Pediatric Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Abstract
Hypertransfusion regimens for thalassemic patients revolutionized the management of severe thalassemia; transforming a disease which previously led to early infant death into a chronic condition. The devastating effect of the accrued iron from chronic blood transfusions necessitates a more finely tuned approach to limit the complications of the disease, as well as its treatment. A comprehensive approach including carefully tailored transfusion protocol, continuous monitoring and assessment of total body iron levels, and iron chelation are currently the mainstay in treating iron overload. There are also indications for ancillary treatments, such as splenectomy and fetal hemoglobin induction. The main cause of death in iron overload continues to be related to cardiac complications. However, since the widespread use of iron chelation started in the 1970s, there has been a general improvement in survival in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bayanzay
- Department of Hematology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lama Alzoebie
- Department of Hematology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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20
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Castiella A, Zapata E, Zubiaurre L, Iribarren A, Alústiza JM, Otazua P, Salvador E, Emparanza JI. Liver iron concentration is not raised in patients with dysmetabolic hyperferritinemia. Ann Hepatol 2016; 15:540-544. [PMID: 28869748 DOI: 10.5604/16652681.1202947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background &amp;amp;amp; aims. Hyperferritinemia (HF) is frequently present in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). MS associated with HF is named dysmetabolic hyperferritinemia (DH). There are some publications that propose that DH is associated with a raised liveriron concentration (LIC). We studied the LIC in patients referred for HF to a secondary hospital to determine if there are differences between patients with or without MS. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 132 consecutive patients with HF from January to December 2010. The MS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria (2005). LIC was determined by Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS The number of patients for which there was enough data to determine MS was 97, out of which 54 had MS and 43 had no MS (NMS). In 54/97 patients, MRI for LIC determination was performed. From the MS group, 44 were men (27 underwent MRI) and 10 women (9 MRI). The mean LIC was 27.83 ± 20.90 ?mol/g for the MS group. In the NMS group, 36 were men (13 MRI), and 7 women (5 MRI). In 18 patients from the NMS group, LIC was determined by MRI. The mean LIC was 33.16 ± 19.61 ?mol/g in the NMS group. We compared the mean values of LIC from both groups (MS vs. NMS) and no significant differences were found (p = 0.067). CONCLUSION Patients with DH present a mean LIC within normal values and their values do not differ from those of patients with HF but without MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Zapata
- Gastroenterology Service, Mendaro Hospital, Mendaro, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pedro Otazua
- Gastroenterology Service, Mondragon Hospital, Mondragon, Spain
| | | | - José I Emparanza
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, CASPe, CIBER-ESP, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia, Spain
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21
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Ang AL, Le TT, Tan RS. HbH Constant Spring disease has lower serum ferritin relative to liver iron concentration (LIC): importance of LIC measurement and potential impact on serum ferritin thresholds for iron chelation. Br J Haematol 2016; 176:986-988. [PMID: 26991009 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Leen Ang
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Thua Thao Le
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Ru San Tan
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre, Singapore
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Taher AT, Porter JB, Viprakasit V, Kattamis A, Chuncharunee S, Sutcharitchan P, Siritanaratkul N, Origa R, Karakas Z, Habr D, Zhu Z, Cappellini MD. Defining serum ferritin thresholds to predict clinically relevant liver iron concentrations for guiding deferasirox therapy when MRI is unavailable in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassaemia. Br J Haematol 2014; 168:284-90. [PMID: 25212456 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver iron concentration (LIC) assessment by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the gold standard to diagnose iron overload and guide iron chelation therapy in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassaemia (NTDT). However, limited access to MRI technology and expertise worldwide makes it practical to also use serum ferritin assessments. The THALASSA (assessment of Exjade(®) in non-transfusion-dependent THALASSemiA patients) study assessed the efficacy and safety of deferasirox in iron-overloaded NTDT patients and provided a large data set to allow exploration of the relationship between LIC and serum ferritin. Using data from screened patients and those treated with deferasirox for up to 2 years, we identified clinically relevant serum ferritin thresholds (for when MRI is unavailable) for the initiation of chelation therapy (>800 μg/l), as well as thresholds to guide chelator dose interruption (<300 μg/l) and dose escalation (>2000 μg/l). (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00873041).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali T Taher
- American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Sharma SD, Hernando D, Horng DE, Reeder SB. Quantitative susceptibility mapping in the abdomen as an imaging biomarker of hepatic iron overload. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:673-83. [PMID: 25199788 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to develop and demonstrate feasibility and initial clinical validation of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in the abdomen as an imaging biomarker of hepatic iron overload. THEORY AND METHODS In general, QSM is faced with the challenges of background field removal and dipole inversion. Respiratory motion, the presence of fat, and severe iron overload further complicate QSM in the abdomen. We propose a technique for QSM in the abdomen that addresses these challenges. Data were acquired from 10 subjects without hepatic iron overload and 33 subjects with known or suspected iron overload. The proposed technique was used to estimate the susceptibility map in the abdomen, from which hepatic iron overload was measured. As a reference, spin-echo data were acquired for R2-based LIC estimation. Liver R2* was measured for correlation with liver susceptibility estimates. RESULTS Correlation between susceptibility and R2-based LIC estimation was R(2) = 0.76 at 1.5 Tesla (T) and R(2) = 0.83 at 3T. Furthermore, high correlation between liver susceptibility and liver R2* (R(2) = 0.94 at 1.5T; R(2) = 0.93 at 3T) was observed. CONCLUSION We have developed and demonstrated initial validation of QSM in the abdomen as an imaging biomarker of hepatic iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir D Sharma
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Debra E Horng
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott B Reeder
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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