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Notti D, Cina A, Manzino A, Colombo A, Bendea IH, Mollo P, Giordan D. Low-Cost GNSS Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Slope Instabilities Applied to Madonna Del Sasso Sanctuary (NW Italy). Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20010289. [PMID: 31947969 PMCID: PMC6983159 DOI: 10.3390/s20010289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of low-cost GNSS sensors allowed monitoring in a continuous way movement related to natural processes like landslides with increasing accuracy and limited efforts. In this work, we present the first results of an experimental low-cost GNSS continuous monitoring applied to an unstable slope affecting the Madonna del Sasso Sanctuary (NW Italy). The courtyard of Sanctuary is built on two unstable blocks delimited by a high cliff. Previous studies and non-continuous monitoring showed that blocks suffer a seasonal cycle of thermal expansion and a long-term trend to downslope a few millimeters (2/3) per year. The presence of a continuous monitoring solution could be an essential help to better understand the kinematics of unstable slope. Continuous monitoring could help to forecast a possible paroxysm phase that could end with a failure of the unstable area. The first year of experimental measurements shows a millimetric accuracy of low-cost GNSS, and the long-term trend is in agreement with other monitoring data. We also propose a methodological approach that considers the use of semi-automatized procedures for the identification of anomalous trends and a risk communication strategy. Pro and cons of the proposed methodology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Notti
- Italian National Research Council, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection (CNR-IRPI), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alberto Cina
- Politecnico di Torino—DIATI, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Ambrogio Manzino
- Politecnico di Torino—DIATI, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Alessio Colombo
- Dipartimento Tematico Geologia e Dissesto, ARPA Piemonte-Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale, Via Pio VII, 9, 10135 Torino, Italy;
| | - Iosif Horea Bendea
- Politecnico di Torino—DIATI, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.); (I.H.B.)
| | - Paolo Mollo
- CSP Innovazione nelle ICT s.c.a r.l., Strada del Lionetto 6, 10146 Torino, Italy;
| | - Daniele Giordan
- Italian National Research Council, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection (CNR-IRPI), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy;
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Schwarzbach P, Michler A, Tauscher P, Michler O. An Empirical Study on V2X Enhanced Low-Cost GNSS Cooperative Positioning in Urban Environments. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E5201. [PMID: 31783645 DOI: 10.3390/s19235201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High-precision and lane selective position estimation is of fundamental importance for prospective advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving functions, as well as for traffic information and management processes in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). User and vehicle positioning is usually based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which, as stand-alone positioning, does not meet the necessary requirements in terms of accuracy. Furthermore, the rise of connected driving offers various possibilities to enhance GNSS positioning by applying cooperative positioning (CP) methods. Utilizing only low-cost sensors, especially in urban environments, GNSS CP faces several demanding challenges. Therefore, this contribution presents an empirical study on how Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies can aid GNSS position estimation in urban environments, with the focus being solely on positioning performance instead of multi-sensor data fusion. The performance of CP utilizing common positioning approaches as well as CP integration in state-of-the-art Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) is displayed and discussed. Additionally, a measurement campaign, providing a representational foundation for validating multiple CP methods using only consumer level and low-cost GNSS receivers, as well as commercially available IEEE 802.11p V2X communication modules in a typical urban environment is presented. Evaluating the algorithm’s performance, it is shown that CP approaches are less accurate compared to single positioning in the given environment. In order to investigate error influences, a skyview modelling seeking to identify non-line-of-sight (NLoS) effects using a 3D building model was performed. We found the position estimates to be less accurate in areas which are affected by NLoS effects such as multipath reception. Due to covariance propagation, the accuracy of CP approaches is decreased, calling for strategies for multipath detection and mitigation. In summary, this contribution will provide insights on integration, implementation strategies and accuracy performances, as well as drawbacks for local area, low-cost GNSS CP in urban environments.
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Albéri M, Baldoncini M, Bottardi C, Chiarelli E, Fiorentini G, Raptis KGC, Realini E, Reguzzoni M, Rossi L, Sampietro D, Strati V, Mantovani F. Accuracy of Flight Altitude Measured with Low-Cost GNSS, Radar and Barometer Sensors: Implications for Airborne Radiometric Surveys. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17081889. [PMID: 28813023 PMCID: PMC5579878 DOI: 10.3390/s17081889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flight height is a fundamental parameter for correcting the gamma signal produced by terrestrial radionuclides measured during airborne surveys. The frontiers of radiometric measurements with UAV require light and accurate altimeters flying at some 10 m from the ground. We equipped an aircraft with seven altimetric sensors (three low-cost GNSS receivers, one inertial measurement unit, one radar altimeter and two barometers) and analyzed ~3 h of data collected over the sea in the (35–2194) m altitude range. At low altitudes (H < 70 m) radar and barometric altimeters provide the best performances, while GNSS data are used only for barometer calibration as they are affected by a large noise due to the multipath from the sea. The ~1 m median standard deviation at 50 m altitude affects the estimation of the ground radioisotope abundances with an uncertainty less than 1.3%. The GNSS double-difference post-processing enhanced significantly the data quality for H > 80 m in terms of both altitude median standard deviation and agreement between the reconstructed and measured GPS antennas distances. Flying at 100 m the estimated uncertainty on the ground total activity due to the uncertainty on the flight height is of the order of 2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Albéri
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
- Ferrara Section of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Marica Baldoncini
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
- Ferrara Section of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bottardi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
- Ferrara Section of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Enrico Chiarelli
- Legnaro National Laboratory, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via dell'Università 2, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy.
| | - Giovanni Fiorentini
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
- Ferrara Section of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | - Eugenio Realini
- Geomatics Research & Development (GReD) srl, Via Cavour 2, 22074 Lomazzo (Como), Italy.
| | - Mirko Reguzzoni
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Polytechnic of Milan, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Rossi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Polytechnic of Milan, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Daniele Sampietro
- Geomatics Research & Development (GReD) srl, Via Cavour 2, 22074 Lomazzo (Como), Italy.
| | - Virginia Strati
- Legnaro National Laboratory, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via dell'Università 2, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy.
| | - Fabio Mantovani
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
- Ferrara Section of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
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