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Patrician A, Spajić B, Gasho C, Caldwell HG, Dawkins T, Stembridge M, Lovering AT, Coombs GB, Howe CA, Barak O, Drviš I, Dujić Ž, Ainslie PN. Temporal changes in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency when breath-hold diving below residual volume. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1120-1133. [PMID: 33559974 DOI: 10.1113/ep089176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? How does deep breath-hold diving impact cardiopulmonary function, both acutely and over the subsequent 2.5 hours post-dive? What is the main finding and its importance? Breath-hold diving, to depths below residual volume, is associated with acute impairments in pulmonary gas exchange, which typically resolve within 2.5 hours. These data provide new insight into the behaviour of the lungs and pulmonary vasculature following deep diving. ABSTRACT Breath-hold diving involves highly integrative and extreme physiological responses to both exercise and asphyxia during progressive elevations in hydrostatic pressure. Over two diving training camps (Study 1 and 2), 25 breath-hold divers (recreational to world-champion) performed 66 dives to 57 ± 20 m (range: 18-117 m). Using the deepest dive from each diver, temporal changes in cardiopulmonary function were assessed using non-invasive pulmonary gas exchange (indexed via the O2 deficit), ultrasound B-line scores, lung compliance and pulmonary haemodynamics at baseline and following the dive. Hydrostatically induced lung compression was quantified in Study 2, using spirometry and lung volume measurement, enabling each dive to be categorized by its residual volume (RV)-equivalent depth. From both studies, pulmonary gas exchange inefficiency - defined as an increase in O2 deficit - was related to the depth of the dive (r2 = 0.345; P < 0.001), with dives associated with lung squeeze symptoms exhibiting the greatest deficits. In Study 1, although B-lines doubled from baseline (P = 0.027), cardiac output and pulmonary artery systolic pressure were unchanged post-dive. In Study 2, dives with lung compression to ≤RV had higher O2 deficits at 9 min, compared to dives that did not exceed RV (24 ± 25 vs. 5 ± 8 mmHg; P = 0.021). The physiological significance of a small increase in estimated lung compliance post-dive (via decreased and increased/unaltered airway resistance and reactance, respectively) remains equivocal. Following deep dives, the current study highlights an integrated link between hydrostatically induced lung compression and transient impairments in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Patrician
- Center for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Boris Spajić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Christopher Gasho
- Center for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah G Caldwell
- Center for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Tony Dawkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew T Lovering
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Geoff B Coombs
- Center for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Connor A Howe
- Center for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Otto Barak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivan Drviš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Dujić
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Center for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Patrician A, Gasho C, Spajić B, Caldwell HG, Baković-Kramaric D, Barak O, Drviš I, Dujić Ž, Ainslie PN. Case Studies in Physiology: Breath-hold diving beyond 100 meters-cardiopulmonary responses in world-champion divers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1345-1350. [PMID: 33600279 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00877.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this case study, we evaluate the unique physiological profiles of two world-champion breath-hold divers. At close to current world-record depths, the extreme physiological responses to both exercise and asphyxia during progressive elevations in hydrostatic pressure are profound. As such, these professional athletes must be capable of managing such stress, to maintain performing at the forefront human capacity. In both divers, pulmonary function before and after deep dives to 102 m and 117 m in the open sea was assessed using noninvasive pulmonary gas exchange (indexed via the O2 deficit, which is analogous to the traditional alveolar to arterial oxygen difference), ultrasound B-line scores, airway resistance, and airway reactance. Hydrostatic-induced lung compression was also quantified via spirometry. Both divers successfully performed their dives. Pulmonary gas exchange efficiency was impaired in both divers at 10 min but had mostly restored within a few hours. Mild hemoptysis was transiently evident immediately following the 117-m dive, whereas both divers experienced nitrogen narcosis. Although B-lines were only elevated in one diver postdive, reductions in airway resistance and reactance occurred in both divers, suggesting that the compressive strain on the structural characteristics of the airways can persist for up to 3.5 h. Marked echocardiographic dyssynchrony was evident in one diver after 10 m of descent, which persisted until resolving at ∼77 m during ascent. In summary, despite the enormous hydrostatic and physiological stress to diving beyond 100 m on a single breath, these data provide valuable insight into the extraordinary capacity of those at the pinnacle of apneic performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that world-champion breath-hold divers demonstrate incredible tolerability to extreme levels of hydrostatic-induced lung compression. Immediately following dives to >100 m, there were acute impairments in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, mild accummulation of extravascular lung fluid, noticable intrathoracic discomfort, and evident nitrogen narcosis, however, within a few hours, these had all mostly resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Patrician
- Center for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Gasho
- Center for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Boris Spajić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hannah G Caldwell
- Center for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Otto Barak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivan Drviš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Dujić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Center for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Wu YB, Wu B, Li Y, Hu XF, Si DL. [Development of Lung Compression Degree Measurement Software of Pneumothorax and Its Application in Forensic Medicine]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018; 34:260-263. [PMID: 30051664 DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a measurement software of lung compression degree to calculate the lung compression ratio in pneumothorax patients accurately and quickly, and then provide an objective assessment of damage degree in forensic clinical identification. METHODS A volume calculation software was established according to the working principle of the CT instrument. CT data of 15 pneumothorax patients were selected as research objects. The lung compression ratio of pneumothorax patient was calculated by the lung compression volume calculation software of the CT instrument. Meanwhile, the lung compression ratio was also calculated by the developed volume calculation software. The lung compression ratio and operation time calculated by the two methods were analyzed statistically. Scatter plot graphs were draw based on related data, and the developed volume calculation software was verified. RESULTS The difference between the lung compression ratios calculated by the two methods was not statistically significant, but showed a linear correlation (P<0.05). The operation time of the developed volume calculation software was obviously shorter. CONCLUSIONS The volume calculation software developed in this study can calculate the lung compression degree of pneumothorax more conveniently and rapidly with easy accessibility, which shows an application value in the forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Wu
- Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang Public Security Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - B Wu
- Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang Public Security Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Y Li
- Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang Public Security Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - X F Hu
- Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang Public Security Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - D L Si
- Department of CT/MRI, Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
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Thompson M, Wills S, Byard RW. Forensic Features of Lethal Late-Presenting Diaphragmatic Hernias. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1261-5. [PMID: 27329694 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diaphragmatic defects are a relatively common and benign finding in adults which may be congenital or secondarily acquired. The case files at Forensic Sciences South Australia were reviewed over a 10-year period from July 2005 to June 2015 for all adult (>17 years) cases in which diaphragmatic hernias were identified at postmortem examination that had either caused or contributed to death. Five cases were found: age range 49-90 years (average 67.2 years); male:female ratio 2:3. Herniated organs included the stomach (N = 3), small (N = 3) and large intestines (N = 2). Mechanisms of death involved lung compression with respiratory failure and/or mediastinal shift, and vascular compromise with gastric or intestinal infarction and/or perforation. Diaphragmatic hernias may not be identified until the time of autopsy and may be quite complex entities to evaluate due to a lack of clinical history and to difficulties in determining their origin and possible contributions to mechanisms of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Thompson
- Anatomical Pathology, SA Pathology, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Forensic Science SA, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Stephen Wills
- Forensic Science SA, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Roger W Byard
- Forensic Science SA, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. .,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Naoum C, Kritharides L, Ing A, Falk GL, Yiannikas J. Changes in lung volumes and gas trapping in patients with large hiatal hernia. Clin Respir J 2015; 11:139-150. [PMID: 25919863 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies assessing hiatal hernia (HH)-related effects on lung volumes derived by body plethysmography are limited. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hernia size on lung volumes (including assessment by body plethysmography) and the relationship to functional capacity, as well as the impact of corrective surgery. METHODS Seventy-three patients (70 ± 10 years; 54 female) with large HH [mean ± standard deviation, intra-thoracic stomach (ITS) (%): 63 ± 20%; type III in 65/73] had respiratory function data (spirometry, 73/73; body plethysmography, 64/73; diffusing capacity, 71/73) and underwent HH surgery. Respiratory function was analysed in relation to hernia size (groups I, II and III: ≤50, 50%-75% and ≥75% ITS, respectively) and functional capacity. Post-operative changes were quantified in a subgroup. RESULTS Total lung capacity (TLC) and vital capacity (VC) correlated inversely with hernia size (TLC: 97 ± 11%, 96 ± 13%, 88 ± 10% predicted in groups I, II and III, respectively, P = 0.01; VC: 110 ± 17%, 111 ± 14%, 98 ± 14% predicted, P = 0.02); however, mean values were normal and only 14% had abnormal lung volumes. Surgery increased TLC (93 ± 11% vs 97 ± 10% predicted) and VC (105 ± 15% vs 116 ± 18%), and decreased residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC) ratio (39 ± 7% vs 37 ± 6%) (P < 0.01 for all). Respiratory changes were modest relative to the marked functional class improvement. Among parameters that improved following HH surgery, decreased TLC and forced expiratory volume in 1 s and increased RV/TLC ratio correlated with poorer functional class pre-operatively. CONCLUSIONS Increasing HH size correlates with reduced TLC and VC. Surgery improves lung volumes and gas trapping; however, the changes are mild and within the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Naoum
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leonard Kritharides
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alvin Ing
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory L Falk
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Yiannikas
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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