1
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Shettell N, Lee KS, Oon FE, Maksimova E, Hufnagel C, Wei S, Dumke R. Geophysical survey based on hybrid gravimetry using relative measurements and an atomic gravimeter as an absolute reference. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6511. [PMID: 38499704 PMCID: PMC10948839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Gravimetry is a versatile metrological approach in geophysics to accurately map subterranean mass and density anomalies. There is a broad diversification regarding the working principle of gravimeters, wherein atomic gravimeters are one of the most technologically progressive class of gravimeters which can monitor gravity at an absolute scale with a high-repetition without exhibiting drift. Despite the apparent utility for geophysical surveys, atomic gravimeters are (currently) laboratory-bound devices due to the vexatious task of transportation. Here, we demonstrated the utility of an atomic gravimeter on-site during a gravity survey, where the issue of immobility was circumvented with a relative spring gravimeter. The atomic gravimeter served as a means to map the relative data from the spring gravimeter to an absolute measurement with an effective precision of 7.7 μ Gal. Absolute measurements provide a robust and feasible method to define and control gravity data taken at different sites, or a later date, which is critical to analyze underground geological units, in particular when it is combined with other geophysical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Shettell
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Kai Sheng Lee
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Fong En Oon
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Elizaveta Maksimova
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Christoph Hufnagel
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shengji Wei
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Rainer Dumke
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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2
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Ok F, Bahrami A, Caloz C. Electron scattering at a potential temporal step discontinuity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5559. [PMID: 38448456 PMCID: PMC10917777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
We solve the problem of electron scattering at a potential temporal step discontinuity. For this purpose, instead of the Schrödinger equation, we use the Dirac equation, for access to back-scattering and relativistic solutions. We show that back-scattering, which is associated with gauge symmetry breaking, requires a vector potential, whereas a scalar potential induces only Aharonov-Bohm type energy transitions. We derive the scattering probabilities, which are found to be of later-forward and later-backward nature, with the later-backward wave being a relativistic effect, and compare the results with those for the spatial step and classical electromagnetic counterparts of the problem. Given the unrealizability of an infinitely sharp temporal discontinuity-which is of the same nature as its spatial counterpart!-we also provide solutions for a smooth potential step and demonstrate that the same physics as for the infinitely sharp case is obtained when the duration of the potential transition is sufficiently smaller than the de Broglie period of the electron (or deeply sub-period).
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Ok
- Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Amir Bahrami
- Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Christophe Caloz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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3
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Goldstein S, Tumulka R, Zanghì N. On the spin dependence of detection times and the nonmeasurability of arrival times. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3775. [PMID: 38355849 PMCID: PMC10866986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
According to a well-known principle of quantum physics, the statistics of the outcomes of any quantum experiment are governed by a Positive-Operator-Valued Measure (POVM). In particular, for experiments designed to measure a specific physical quantity, like the time of a particle's first arrival at a surface, this principle establishes that if the probability distribution of that quantity does not arise from a POVM, no such experiment exists. Such is the case with the arrival time distributions proposed by Das and Dürr, due to the nature of their spin dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Goldstein
- Departments of Mathematics and Physics, Rutgers University, Hill Center, 110 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8019, USA
| | - Roderich Tumulka
- Fachbereich Mathematik, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nino Zanghì
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Sezione di Genova), Genoa, Italy
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4
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Ayatollah Rafsanjani A, Kazemi M, Hosseinzadeh V, Golshani M. Non-local temporal interference. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3615. [PMID: 38351272 PMCID: PMC10864281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Although position and time have different mathematical roles in quantum mechanics, with one being an operator and the other being a parameter, there is a space-time duality in quantum phenomena-a lot of quantum phenomena that were first observed in the spatial domain were later observed in the temporal domain as well. In this context, we propose a modified version of the double-double-slit experiment using entangled atom pairs to observe a non-local interference in the arrival time distribution, which is analogous to the non-local interference observed in the arrival position distribution. However, computing the arrival time distribution in quantum mechanics is a challenging open problem, and so to overcome this problem we employ a Bohmian treatment. Based on this approach, we numerically demonstrate that there is a complementary relationship between the one-particle and two-particle interference visibilities in the arrival time distribution, which is analogous to the complementary relationship observed in the position distribution. These results can be used to test the Bohmian arrival time distribution in a strict manner, i.e., where the semiclassical approximation breaks down. Moreover, our approach to investigating this experiment can be applied to a wide range of phenomena, and it seems that the predicted non-local temporal interference and associated complementary relationship are universal behaviors of entangled quantum systems that may manifest in various phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ayatollah Rafsanjani
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Vahid Hosseinzadeh
- School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Golshani
- School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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5
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Gaida JH, Lourenço-Martins H, Yalunin SV, Feist A, Sivis M, Hohage T, García de Abajo FJ, Ropers C. Lorentz microscopy of optical fields. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6545. [PMID: 37848420 PMCID: PMC10582189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In electron microscopy, detailed insights into nanoscale optical properties of materials are gained by spontaneous inelastic scattering leading to electron-energy loss and cathodoluminescence. Stimulated scattering in the presence of external sample excitation allows for mode- and polarization-selective photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM). This process imprints a spatial phase profile inherited from the optical fields onto the wave function of the probing electrons. Here, we introduce Lorentz-PINEM for the full-field, non-invasive imaging of complex optical near fields at high spatial resolution. We use energy-filtered defocus phase-contrast imaging and iterative phase retrieval to reconstruct the phase distribution of interfering surface-bound modes on a plasmonic nanotip. Our approach is universally applicable to retrieve the spatially varying phase of nanoscale fields and topological modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Gaida
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hugo Lourenço-Martins
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergey V Yalunin
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Feist
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Murat Sivis
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hohage
- Institute of Numerical and Applied Mathematics, University of Göttingen, 37083, Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claus Ropers
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- 4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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6
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Li T, Hu H. Floquet non-Abelian topological insulator and multifold bulk-edge correspondence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6418. [PMID: 37828030 PMCID: PMC10570273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Topological phases characterized by non-Abelian charges are beyond the scope of the paradigmatic tenfold way and have gained increasing attention recently. Here we investigate topological insulators with multiple tangled gaps in Floquet settings and identify uncharted Floquet non-Abelian topological insulators without any static or Abelian analog. We demonstrate that the bulk-edge correspondence is multifold and follows the multiplication rule of the quaternion group Q8. The same quaternion charge corresponds to several distinct edge-state configurations that are fully determined by phase-band singularities of the time evolution. In the anomalous non-Abelian phase, edge states appear in all bandgaps despite trivial quaternion charge. Furthermore, we uncover an exotic swap effect-the emergence of interface modes with swapped driving, which is a signature of the non-Abelian dynamics and absent in Floquet Abelian systems. Our work, for the first time, presents Floquet topological insulators characterized by non-Abelian charges and opens up exciting possibilities for exploring the rich and uncharted territory of non-equilibrium topological phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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7
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Wagner R, Kersten W, Lemmel H, Sponar S, Hasegawa Y. Quantum causality emerging in a delayed-choice quantum Cheshire Cat experiment with neutrons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3865. [PMID: 36890148 PMCID: PMC9995660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an experiment with neutrons in a silicon perfect crystal interferometer, that realizes a quantum Cheshire Cat in a delayed choice setting. In our setup the quantum Cheshire Cat is established by spatially separating the particle and its property (i.e. the neutron and its spin) into the two different paths of the interferometer. The condition for a delayed choice setting is achieved by postponing the choice of path assignment for the quantum Cheshire Cat, i.e. which path is taken by the particle and which by its property, until the point in time when the neutron wave function has already split and entered the interferometer. The results of the experiment suggest not only the fact that the neutrons and its spin are separated and take different paths in the interferometer, but also quantum-mechanical causality is implied, insomuch that the behavior of a quantum system is affected by the choice of the selection at a later point in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wagner
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020, Vienna, Austria. .,Institut Laue Langevin, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Wenzel Kersten
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hartmut Lemmel
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020, Vienna, Austria.,Institut Laue Langevin, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Sponar
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuji Hasegawa
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
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8
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Mikaeili H, Dalafi A, Ghanaatshoar M, Askari B. Optomechanically induced gain using a trapped interacting Bose-Einstein condensate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3659. [PMID: 36871065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the realization of the phenomenon of optomechanically induced gain in a hybrid optomechanical system consisting of an interacting Bose-Einstein condensate trapped inside the optical lattice of a cavity which is generated by an external coupling laser tuned to the red sideband of the cavity. It is shown that the system behaves as an optical transistor while the cavity is exposed to a weak input optical signal which can be amplified considerably in the cavity output if the system is in the unresolved sideband regime. Interestingly, the system has the capability to switch from the resolved to unresolved sideband regime by controlling the s-wave scattering frequency of atomic collisions. We show that the system gain can be enhanced considerably by controlling the s-wave scattering frequency as well as the coupling laser intensity while the system remains in the stable regime. Based on our obtained results, the input signal can be amplified more than 100 million percent in the system output which is much larger than those already reported in the previously proposed similar schemes.
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9
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Alba-Arroyo JE, Caballero-Benitez SF, Jáuregui R. Weber number and the outcome of binary collisions between quantum droplets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18467. [PMID: 36323755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical analysis of binary collisions of quantum droplets under feasible experimental conditions is reported. Droplets formed from degenerate dilute Bose gases made up from binary mixtures of ultracold atoms are considered. Reliable expressions for the surface tension of the droplets are introduced based on a study of low energy excitations of their ground state within the random phase approximation. Their relevance is evaluated considering an estimation of the expected excitation energy having in mind the Thouless variational theorem. The surface tension expressions allow calculating the Weber number of the droplets involved in the collisions. Several regimes on the outcomes of the binary frontal collisions that range from the coalescence of the quantum droplets to their disintegration into smaller droplets are identified. Atoms losses of the droplets derived from self-evaporation and three-body scattering are quantified for both homo- and hetero-nuclear mixtures. Their control is mandatory for the observation of some interesting effects arising from droplets collisions.
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10
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Stray B, Lamb A, Kaushik A, Vovrosh J, Rodgers A, Winch J, Hayati F, Boddice D, Stabrawa A, Niggebaum A, Langlois M, Lien YH, Lellouch S, Roshanmanesh S, Ridley K, de Villiers G, Brown G, Cross T, Tuckwell G, Faramarzi A, Metje N, Bongs K, Holynski M. Quantum sensing for gravity cartography. Nature 2022; 602:590-594. [PMID: 35197616 PMCID: PMC8866129 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The sensing of gravity has emerged as a tool in geophysics applications such as engineering and climate research1-3, including the monitoring of temporal variations in aquifers4 and geodesy5. However, it is impractical to use gravity cartography to resolve metre-scale underground features because of the long measurement times needed for the removal of vibrational noise6. Here we overcome this limitation by realizing a practical quantum gravity gradient sensor. Our design suppresses the effects of micro-seismic and laser noise, thermal and magnetic field variations, and instrument tilt. The instrument achieves a statistical uncertainty of 20 E (1 E = 10-9 s-2) and is used to perform a 0.5-metre-spatial-resolution survey across an 8.5-metre-long line, detecting a 2-metre tunnel with a signal-to-noise ratio of 8. Using a Bayesian inference method, we determine the centre to ±0.19 metres horizontally and the centre depth as (1.89 -0.59/+2.3) metres. The removal of vibrational noise enables improvements in instrument performance to directly translate into reduced measurement time in mapping. The sensor parameters are compatible with applications in mapping aquifers and evaluating impacts on the water table7, archaeology8-11, determination of soil properties12 and water content13, and reducing the risk of unforeseen ground conditions in the construction of critical energy, transport and utilities infrastructure14, providing a new window into the underground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Stray
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Lamb
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aisha Kaushik
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jamie Vovrosh
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anthony Rodgers
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Winch
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Farzad Hayati
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel Boddice
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Artur Stabrawa
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexander Niggebaum
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mehdi Langlois
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yu-Hung Lien
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Lellouch
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Kevin Ridley
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Geoffrey de Villiers
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - George Tuckwell
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- RSK, Hemel Hempstead, UK
| | - Asaad Faramarzi
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicole Metje
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kai Bongs
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael Holynski
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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11
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Greve GP, Luo C, Wu B, Thompson JK. Publisher Correction: Entanglement-enhanced matter-wave interferometry in a high-finesse cavity. Nature 2022; 612:E23. [PMID: 36474076 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Henke JW, Raja AS, Feist A, Huang G, Arend G, Yang Y, Kappert FJ, Wang RN, Möller M, Pan J, Liu J, Kfir O, Ropers C, Kippenberg TJ. Integrated photonics enables continuous-beam electron phase modulation. Nature 2021; 600:653-658. [PMID: 34937900 PMCID: PMC8695378 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Integrated photonics facilitates extensive control over fundamental light-matter interactions in manifold quantum systems including atoms1, trapped ions2,3, quantum dots4 and defect centres5. Ultrafast electron microscopy has recently made free-electron beams the subject of laser-based quantum manipulation and characterization6-11, enabling the observation of free-electron quantum walks12-14, attosecond electron pulses10,15-17 and holographic electromagnetic imaging18. Chip-based photonics19,20 promises unique applications in nanoscale quantum control and sensing but remains to be realized in electron microscopy. Here we merge integrated photonics with electron microscopy, demonstrating coherent phase modulation of a continuous electron beam using a silicon nitride microresonator. The high-finesse (Q0 ≈ 106) cavity enhancement and a waveguide designed for phase matching lead to efficient electron-light scattering at extremely low, continuous-wave optical powers. Specifically, we fully deplete the initial electron state at a cavity-coupled power of only 5.35 microwatts and generate >500 electron energy sidebands for several milliwatts. Moreover, we probe unidirectional intracavity fields with microelectronvolt resolution in electron-energy-gain spectroscopy21. The fibre-coupled photonic structures feature single-optical-mode electron-light interaction with full control over the input and output light. This approach establishes a versatile and highly efficient framework for enhanced electron beam control in the context of laser phase plates22, beam modulators and continuous-wave attosecond pulse trains23, resonantly enhanced spectroscopy24-26 and dielectric laser acceleration19,20,27. Our work introduces a universal platform for exploring free-electron quantum optics28-31, with potential future developments in strong coupling, local quantum probing and electron-photon entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Wilke Henke
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arslan Sajid Raja
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin Feist
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Germaine Arend
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yujia Yang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Jasmin Kappert
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Möller
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiahe Pan
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Ropers
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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13
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Wong LJ, Rivera N, Murdia C, Christensen T, Joannopoulos JD, Soljačić M, Kaminer I. Control of quantum electrodynamical processes by shaping electron wavepackets. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1700. [PMID: 33731697 PMCID: PMC7969958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fundamental quantum electrodynamical (QED) processes, such as spontaneous emission and electron-photon scattering, encompass phenomena that underlie much of modern science and technology. Conventionally, calculations in QED and other field theories treat incoming particles as single-momentum states, omitting the possibility that coherent superposition states, i.e., shaped wavepackets, can alter fundamental scattering processes. Here, we show that free electron waveshaping can be used to design interferences between two or more pathways in a QED process, enabling precise control over the rate of that process. As an example, we show that free electron waveshaping modifies both spatial and spectral characteristics of bremsstrahlung emission, leading for instance to enhancements in directionality and monochromaticity. The ability to tailor general QED processes opens up additional avenues of control in phenomena ranging from optical excitation (e.g., plasmon and phonon emission) in electron microscopy to free electron lasing in the quantum regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chitraang Murdia
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Christensen
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John D Joannopoulos
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marin Soljačić
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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14
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White DH, Haase TA, Brown DJ, Hoogerland MD, Najafabadi MS, Helm JL, Gies C, Schumayer D, Hutchinson DAW. Observation of two-dimensional Anderson localisation of ultracold atoms. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4942. [PMID: 33009375 PMCID: PMC7532155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anderson localisation -the inhibition of wave propagation in disordered media- is a surprising interference phenomenon which is particularly intriguing in two-dimensional (2D) systems. While an ideal, non-interacting 2D system of infinite size is always localised, the localisation length-scale may be too large to be unambiguously observed in an experiment. In this sense, 2D is a marginal dimension between one-dimension, where all states are strongly localised, and three-dimensions, where a well-defined phase transition between localisation and delocalisation exists as the energy is increased. Here, we report the results of an experiment measuring the 2D transport of ultracold atoms between two reservoirs, which are connected by a channel containing pointlike disorder. The design overcomes many of the technical challenges that have hampered observation of localisation in previous works. We experimentally observe exponential localisation in a 2D ultracold atom system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H White
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas A Haase
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dylan J Brown
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Light-Matter Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Tancha, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Maarten D Hoogerland
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Mojdeh S Najafabadi
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John L Helm
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Gies
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schumayer
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David A W Hutchinson
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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15
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Diniz PC, Oliveira EAB, Lima ARP, Henn EAL. Ground state and collective excitations of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate in a bubble trap. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4831. [PMID: 32179828 PMCID: PMC7075965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider the ground state and the collective excitations of dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates in a bubble trap, i.e., a shell-shaped spherically symmetric confining potential. By means of an appropriate Gaussian ansatz, we determine the ground-state properties in the case where the particles interact by means of both the isotropic and short-range contact and the anisotropic and long-range dipole-dipole potential in the thin-shell limit. Moreover, with the ground state at hand, we employ the sum-rule approach to study the monopole, the two-, the three-dimensional quadrupole as well as the dipole modes. We find situations in which neither the virial nor Kohn's theorem can be applied. On top of that, we demonstrate the existence of anisotropic particle density profiles, which are absent in the case with repulsive contact interaction only. These significant deviations from what one would typically expect are then traced back to both the anisotropic nature of the dipolar interaction and the novel topology introduced by the bubble trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro C Diniz
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A B Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Aristeu R P Lima
- Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Acarape-Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Emanuel A L Henn
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Sabulsky DO, Junca J, Lefèvre G, Zou X, Bertoldi A, Battelier B, Prevedelli M, Stern G, Santoire J, Beaufils Q, Geiger R, Landragin A, Desruelle B, Bouyer P, Canuel B. A fibered laser system for the MIGA large scale atom interferometer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3268. [PMID: 32094360 PMCID: PMC7040012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the realization and characterization of a compact, autonomous fiber laser system that produces the optical frequencies required for laser cooling, trapping, manipulation, and detection of 87Rb atoms - a typical atomic species for emerging quantum technologies. This device, a customized laser system from the Muquans company, is designed for use in the challenging operating environment of the Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit (LSBB) in France, where a new large scale atom interferometer is being constructed underground - the MIGA antenna. The mobile bench comprises four frequency-agile C-band Telecom diode lasers that are frequency doubled to 780 nm after passing through high-power fiber amplifiers. The first laser is frequency stabilized on a saturated absorption signal via lock-in amplification, which serves as an optical frequency reference for the other three lasers via optical phase-locked loops. Power and polarization stability are maintained through a series of custom, flexible micro-optic splitter/combiners that contain polarization optics, acousto-optic modulators, and shutters. Here, we show how the laser system is designed, showcasing qualities such as reliability, stability, remote control, and flexibility, while maintaining the qualities of laboratory equipment. We characterize the laser system by measuring the power, polarization, and frequency stability. We conclude with a demonstration using a cold atom source from the MIGA project and show that this laser system fulfills all requirements for the realization of the antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Sabulsky
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - J Junca
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - G Lefèvre
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - X Zou
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - A Bertoldi
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - B Battelier
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - M Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Stern
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - J Santoire
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Q Beaufils
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France
| | - R Geiger
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France
| | - A Landragin
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France
| | - B Desruelle
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - P Bouyer
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - B Canuel
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France.
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