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Rodrigues M, Ordoñez-Trejo EJ, Rasori A, Varotto S, Ruperti B, Bonghi C. Dissecting postharvest chilling injuries in pome and stone fruit through integrated omics. Front Plant Sci 2024; 14:1272986. [PMID: 38235207 PMCID: PMC10791837 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1272986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Lowering the storage temperature is an effective method to extend the postharvest and shelf life of fruits. Nevertheless, this technique often leads to physiological disorders, commonly known as chilling injuries. Apples and pears are susceptible to chilling injuries, among which superficial scald is the most economically relevant. Superficial scald is due to necrotic lesions of the first layers of hypodermis manifested through skin browning. In peaches and nectarines, chilling injuries are characterized by internal symptoms, such as mealiness. Fruits with these aesthetic or compositional/structural defects are not suitable for fresh consumption. Genetic variation is a key factor in determining fruit susceptibility to chilling injuries; however, physiological, or technical aspects such as harvest maturity and storage conditions also play a role. Multi-omics approaches have been used to provide an integrated explanation of chilling injury development. Metabolomics in pome fruits specifically targets the identification of ethylene, phenols, lipids, and oxidation products. Genomics and transcriptomics have revealed interesting connections with metabolomic datasets, pinpointing specific genes linked to cold stress, wax synthesis, farnesene metabolism, and the metabolic pathways of ascorbate and glutathione. When applied to Prunus species, these cutting-edge approaches have uncovered that the development of mealiness symptoms is linked to ethylene signaling, cell wall synthesis, lipid metabolism, cold stress genes, and increased DNA methylation levels. Emphasizing the findings from multi-omics studies, this review reports how the integration of omics datasets can provide new insights into understanding of chilling injury development. This new information is essential for successfully creating more resilient fruit varieties and developing novel postharvest strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Benedetto Ruperti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Lurie S. Proteomic and metabolomic studies on chilling injury in peach and nectarine. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:958312. [PMID: 36267944 PMCID: PMC9577496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.958312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peaches and nectarines are temperate climate stone fruits, which should be stored at 0°C to prevent the ripening of these climacteric fruits. However, if stored for too long or if stored at a higher temperature (4 or 5°C), they develop chilling injury. Chilling injury damage includes (1) dry, mealy, wooly (lack of juice) fruits, (2) hard-textured fruits with no juice (leatheriness), (3) flesh browning, and (4) flesh bleeding or internal reddening. There are genetic components to these disorders in that early season fruits are generally more resistant than late season fruits, and white-fleshed fruits are more susceptible to internal browning than yellow-fleshed fruits. A recent review covered the recent research in genomic and transcriptomic studies, and this review examines findings from proteomic and metabolomics studies. Proteomic studies found that the ethylene synthesis proteins are decreased in cold compromised fruits, and this affects the processes initiated by ethylene including cell wall and volatile changes. Enzymes in metabolic pathways were both higher and lower in abundance in CI fruits, an indication of an imbalance in energy production. Stress proteins increased in both fruits with or without CI, but were higher in damaged fruits. Metabolomics showed the role of levels of sugars, sucrose, raffinose, galactinol, and glucose-6-phosphate in protection against chilling injury, along with other membrane stabilizers such as polyamines. Amino acid changes were inconsistent among the studies. Lipid species changes during storage could be correlated with sensitivity or resistance to CI, but more studies are needed.
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Zhao Y, Song C, Qi S, Lin Q, Duan Y. Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid induce the accumulation of sucrose and increase resistance to chilling injury in peach fruit. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:4250-4255. [PMID: 33423299 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) can both enhance resistance of chilling injury (CI) in cold-storage peach fruit, but the regulatory mechanisms involved and whether there is a coordinated regulation between them is unclear. In this study, postharvest peach fruit were treated with an aqueous SA solution for 15 min or an aqueous JA solution for 30 s before storage at 4 °C for 35 days. RESULTS SA and JA treatments both delayed and reduced development of internal browning (a symptom of CI) and induced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and sucrose. The SA and JA also reduced catalase and peroxidase activities, which are involved in hydrogen peroxide generation. The SA and JA treatments significantly regulated the transcript abundance of genes related to sucrose biosynthesis and degradation consistent with the observed increase in sucrose content. CONCLUSION These results intimate that JA and SA may be involved in coordinating the alleviation of CI via increased accumulation of sucrose. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Song
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuning Qi
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuquan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lillo-Carmona V, Espinoza A, Rothkegel K, Rubilar M, Nilo-Poyanco R, Pedreschi R, Campos-Vargas R, Meneses C. Identification of Metabolite and Lipid Profiles in a Segregating Peach Population Associated with Mealiness in Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10040154. [PMID: 32316167 PMCID: PMC7240955 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peach is the third most important temperate fruit crop considering fruit production and harvested area in the world. Exporting peaches represents a challenge due to the long-distance nature of export markets. This requires fruit to be placed in cold storage for a long time, which can induce a physiological disorder known as chilling injury (CI). The main symptom of CI is mealiness, which is perceived as non-juicy fruit by consumers. The purpose of this work was to identify and compare the metabolite and lipid profiles between two siblings from contrasting populations for juice content, at harvest and after 30 days at 0 °C. A total of 119 metabolites and 189 lipids were identified, which showed significant differences in abundance, mainly in amino acids, sugars and lipids. Metabolites displaying significant changes from the E1 to E3 stages corresponded to lipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), and sugars such as fructose 1 and 1-fructose-6 phosphate. These metabolites might be used as early stage biomarkers associated with mealiness at harvest and after cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lillo-Carmona
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (V.L.-C.); (A.E.); (K.R.); (M.R.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Alonso Espinoza
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (V.L.-C.); (A.E.); (K.R.); (M.R.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Karin Rothkegel
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (V.L.-C.); (A.E.); (K.R.); (M.R.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Miguel Rubilar
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (V.L.-C.); (A.E.); (K.R.); (M.R.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Ricardo Nilo-Poyanco
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile;
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (V.L.-C.); (A.E.); (K.R.); (M.R.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (V.L.-C.); (A.E.); (K.R.); (M.R.); (R.C.-V.)
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad Andrés Bello, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago 87370415, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Del Pozo T, Miranda S, Latorre M, Olivares F, Pavez L, Gutiérrez R, Maldonado J, Hinrichsen P, Defilippi BG, Orellana A, González M. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling in a Segregating Peach Population with Contrasting Juiciness Phenotypes. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:1598-1607. [PMID: 30632375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cold storage of fruit is one of the methods most commonly employed to extend the postharvest lifespan of peaches ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). However, fruit quality in this species is affected negatively by mealiness, a physiological disorder triggered by chilling injury after long periods of exposure to low temperatures during storage and manifested mainly as a lack of juiciness, which ultimately modifies the organoleptic properties of peach fruit. The aim of this study was to identify molecular components and metabolic processes underlying mealiness in susceptible and nonsusceptible segregants. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR profiling were applied to individuals with contrasting juiciness phenotypes in a segregating F2 population. Our results suggest that mealiness is a multiscale phenomenon, because juicy and mealy fruit display distinctive reprogramming processes affecting translational machinery and lipid, sugar, and oxidative metabolism. The candidate genes identified may be useful tools for further crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talía Del Pozo
- Centro Tecnológico de Recursos Vegetales, Faculty of Sciences , Universidad Mayor , Santiago, Chile, Camino La Pirámide 5750 , Huechuraba , Santiago , Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica , Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile , Av. El Líbano 5524 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Simón Miranda
- Centro Tecnológico de Recursos Vegetales, Faculty of Sciences , Universidad Mayor , Santiago, Chile, Camino La Pirámide 5750 , Huechuraba , Santiago , Chile
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Vegetal , INTA, Universidad de Chile , Av. El Líbano 5524 , Macul , Santiago , Chile
| | - Mauricio Latorre
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica , Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile , Av. El Líbano 5524 , Santiago , Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Av. Blanco Encalada 2085 , Santiago , Chile
- Instituto de Ingeniería , Universidad de O'Higgins , Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 611 , Rancagua , Chile
- Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling , Universidad de Chile , Av. Almirante Beauchef 851, Seventh Floor , Santiago , Chile
| | - Felipe Olivares
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica , Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile , Av. El Líbano 5524 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Leonardo Pavez
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales , Universidad de Las Américas , Av. Manuel Montt 948 , Santiago , Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas , Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins , General Gana 1702 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Jonathan Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica , Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile , Av. El Líbano 5524 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Patricio Hinrichsen
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología , Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias , INIA La Platina, Santa Rosa 11610 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Bruno G Defilippi
- Unidad de Poscosecha , Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias , INIA La Platina, Santa Rosa 11610 , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ariel Orellana
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Av. Blanco Encalada 2085 , Santiago , Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida , Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica , Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile , Av. El Líbano 5524 , Santiago , Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Av. Blanco Encalada 2085 , Santiago , Chile
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Cao S, Bian K, Shi L, Chung HH, Chen W, Yang Z. Role of Melatonin in Cell-Wall Disassembly and Chilling Tolerance in Cold-Stored Peach Fruit. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:5663-5670. [PMID: 29781612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin reportedly increases chilling tolerance in postharvest peach fruit during cold storage, but information on its effects on cell-wall disassembly in chilling-injured peaches is limited. In this study, we investigated the role of cell-wall depolymerization in chilling-tolerance induction in melatonin-treated peaches. Treatment with 100 μM melatonin alleviated chilling symptoms (mealiness) characterized by a decrease in fruit firmness and increase in juice extractability in treated peaches during storage. The loss of neutral sugars, such as arabinose and galactose, in both the 1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (CDTA)- and Na2CO3-soluble fractions was observed at 7 days in treated peaches, but the contents increased after 28 days of storage. Atomic-force-microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed that the polysaccharide widths in the CDTA- and Na2CO3-soluble fractions in the treated fruit were mainly distributed in a shorter range, as compared with those in the control fruit. In addition, the expression profiles of a series of cell-wall-related genes showed that melatonin treatment maintained the balance between transcripts of PpPME and PpPG, which accompany the up-regulation of several other genes involved in cell-wall disassembly. Taken together, our results suggested that the reduced mealiness by melatonin was probably associated with its positive regulation of numerous cell-wall-modifying enzymes and proteins; thus, the depolymerization of the cell-wall polysaccharides in the peaches treated with melatonin was maintained, and the treated fruit could soften gradually during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Cao
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Wanli University , Ningbo 315100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Bian
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Wanli University , Ningbo 315100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liyu Shi
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Wanli University , Ningbo 315100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hsiao-Hang Chung
- Department of Horticulture , National Ilan University , Yilan 26047 , Taiwan
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Wanli University , Ningbo 315100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Wanli University , Ningbo 315100 , People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Background: The morphological identification is an effective and simple quality evaluation method in Chinese drugs, and the traits of mealiness and color were widely used in the commercial market of Chinese drugs. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the correlation between mealiness of herbal drugs and its quality; licorice was selected as an example. Materials and Methods: The mealiness of licorice was graded by its weight; meanwhile, the content of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection method; the content of polysaccharides, soluble sugars, pectin, total starch, amylose, and amylopectin was measured by colorimetric method; and the number and diameter of starch granule were observed by microscope. Results: The results showed that the mealiness of licorice which collected from wild and cultivated plants is positively correlated with the content of glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, the ratio of amylose to total starch, and the number of starch granules whose diameter was over 5 μm. However, the mealiness is negatively correlated with the total starch. Further, the formation mechanism of starch granule was discussed. Conclusion: It is for the first time to report the positive correlation between the mealiness and the starch granule size, the ratio of amylose to total starch, which can provide rationality for the quality evaluation using the character of mealiness in herbal medicine. SUMMARY It is a convenient method to justify the quality of herbal medicine. To explore the correlation between mealiness of herbal drugs and its quality, licorice was selected as an example. The result indicated that the effective constituent is correlated with mealiness of licorice.
Abbreviations Used: TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Liu
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Weilong Hou
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
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Presinszká M, Štiasna K, Vyhnánek T, Trojan V, Mrkvicová E, Hřivna L, Havel L. Identification of Alleles of Puroindoline Genes and Their Effect on Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Grain Texture. Food Technol Biotechnol 2016; 54:103-107. [PMID: 27904399 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.54.01.16.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain hardness is one of the most important quality characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It is a significant property of wheat grains and relates to milling quality and end product quality. Grain hardness is caused by the presence of puroindoline genes (Pina and Pinb). A collection of 25 genotypes of wheat with unusual grain colour (blue aleurone, purple and white pericarp, yellow endosperm) was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diversity within Pina and Pinb (alleles: Pina-D1a, Pina-D1b, Pinb-D1a, Pinb- -D1b, Pinb-D1c and Pinb-D1d). The endosperm structure was determined by a non-destructive method using light transflectance meter and grain hardness by a texture analyser. Genotype Novosibirskaya 67 and isogenic ANK lines revealed hitherto unknown alleles at the locus for the annealing of primers of Pinb-D1. Allele Pinb-D1c was found to be absent from each genotype. The mealy endosperm ranged from 0 to 100% and grain hardness from 15.10 to 26.87 N per sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Presinszká
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1,
CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Štiasna
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1,
CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vyhnánek
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1,
CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Trojan
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1,
CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mrkvicová
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Hřivna
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Havel
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1,
CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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Sanhueza D, Vizoso P, Balic I, Campos-Vargas R, Meneses C. Transcriptomic analysis of fruit stored under cold conditions using controlled atmosphere in Prunus persica cv. "Red Pearl". Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:788. [PMID: 26483806 PMCID: PMC4586424 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cold storage (CS) can induce a physiological disorder known as chilling injury (CI) in nectarine fruits. The main symptom is mealiness that is perceived as non-juicy fruit by consumers. Postharvest treatments such as controlled atmosphere (CA; a high CO2 concentration and low O2) have been used under cold conditions to avoid this disorder. With the objective of exploring the mechanisms involved in the CA effect on mealiness prevention, we analyzed transcriptomic changes under six conditions of "Red Pearl" nectarines by RNA-Seq. Our analysis included just harvested nectarines, juicy non-stored fruits, fruits affected for CI after CS and fruits stored in a combination of CA plus CS without CI phenotype. Nectarines stored in cold conditions combined with CA treatment resulted in less mealiness; we obtained 21.6% of juice content compared with just CS fruits (7.7%; mealy flesh). RNA-Seq data analyses were carried out to study the gene expression for different conditions assayed. During ripening, we detected that nectarines exposed to CA treatment expressed a similar number of genes compared with fruits that were not exposed to cold conditions. Firm fruits have more differentially expressed genes than soft fruits, which suggest that most important changes occur during CS. On the other hand, gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment mainly in metabolic and cellular processes. Differentially expressed genes analysis showed that low O2 concentrations combined with cold conditions slows the metabolic processes more than just the cold storage, resulting mainly in the suppression of primary metabolism and cold stress response. This is a significant step toward unraveling the molecular mechanism that explains the effectiveness of CA as a tool to prevent CI development on fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Sanhueza
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome RegulationSantiago, Chile
| | - Paula Vizoso
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome RegulationSantiago, Chile
| | - Iván Balic
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Claudio Meneses, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 217, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
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