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Narushin VG, Volkova NA, Vetokh AN, Dzhagaev AY, Volkova LA, Griffin DK, Romanov MN, Zinovieva NA. Metabolic Rate and Egg Production in Japanese Quails Can Be Predicted by Assessing Growth Parameters of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:258. [PMID: 38254427 PMCID: PMC10812541 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to assess the female metabolic rate and test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the egg productivity of Japanese quails from eight breeds and their morphometric, or growth, parameters. Parameters measured were body weight (B), volume (V), and surface area (S), as well as the metabolism level expressed by the ratio S/V. The collected egg performance traits were as follows: the number of eggs produced (N), the average egg weight (W), and the total egg mass (M) (i.e., N multiplied by W). To measure the S and V values, a novel technique was developed that takes into account the similarity of the quail's body to an ellipsoid. An analysis of the relationships between productivity indicators allowed us to introduce a new index called the metabolic index, B·S/V, based on all three main growth parameters in quails. Using the values of this index, we were then able to judge indirectly the level of quails' egg productivity. We went on to assess the N, W, and M values, not only depending on the size of the bird's growth parameters but also according to the degree of their changes during quail growth. These changes were expressed as the slope angles of trend lines describing the growth process data. This approach produced more accurate results for predicting the egg productivity in terms of W and M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy G. Narushin
- Research Institute for Environment Treatment, 69035 Zaporizhya, Ukraine;
- Vita-Market Ltd., 69035 Zaporizhya, Ukraine
| | - Natalia A. Volkova
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (A.N.V.); (A.Y.D.); (L.A.V.); (N.A.Z.)
| | - Anastasia N. Vetokh
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (A.N.V.); (A.Y.D.); (L.A.V.); (N.A.Z.)
| | - Alan Yu. Dzhagaev
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (A.N.V.); (A.Y.D.); (L.A.V.); (N.A.Z.)
| | - Ludmila A. Volkova
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (A.N.V.); (A.Y.D.); (L.A.V.); (N.A.Z.)
| | | | - Michael N. Romanov
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (A.N.V.); (A.Y.D.); (L.A.V.); (N.A.Z.)
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK;
| | - Natalia A. Zinovieva
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (A.N.V.); (A.Y.D.); (L.A.V.); (N.A.Z.)
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Zhang C, Jing H, Li Y, Li X, Xie G, Liang J. Observational study on obesity: Insights from middle-aged and elderly college staff in Beijing. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36792. [PMID: 38206751 PMCID: PMC10754573 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity poses a serious global public health challenge, particularly among middle-aged, and elderly college staff. This study aims to explore the associated factors of obesity by analyzing the metabolic indicators of 1756 university staff from Minzu University of China, Beijing. Venous blood samples were collected, and blood metabolic indicators were analyzed. The results indicate that middle-aged faculty members are more susceptible to obesity compared to their younger counterparts. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that BMI values increase with age (B = 0.074, P < .001), uric acid (B = 0.008, P < .001), alanine transaminase (B = 0.043, P < .001), low-density lipoprotein (B = 1.941, P < .001), triglycerides (B = 0.544, P < .001), total cholesterol (TC, B = -1.582, P < .001), and other factors, while decreasing with the increase of high-density lipoprotein (B = -1.493, P < .001). In light of these findings, it is recommended that middle-aged and elderly college staff undergo regular blood indicator checks and enhance weight management to mitigate the risk of obesity and promote their overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People’s Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Jing
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People’s Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People’s Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People’s Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guojun Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People’s Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaquan Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People’s Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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Lamanna R, Baviello G, Catellani M. Spatially Correlated Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Profiles as a Tool for Precision Agriculture. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:4745-4754. [PMID: 36892971 PMCID: PMC10037328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) profiling, sample georeferentiaton, and geostatistics are applied to evaluate the spatial variability of metabolic expression of durum wheat in fields managed by precision agriculture. Durum wheat at three different vegetation stages, grown in two different places of the Basilicata region, in Italy, is analyzed by NMR. The spatial variability, within each field, of metabolites, quantified by NMR, is evidenced by appropriate geostatistic tools through the definition of a suitable metabolic index. Metabolic maps are compared to highlight the effects of soil and farming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Lamanna
- Italian
National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic
Development (ENEA), Biotechnology and
Agro-Industry Division, Trisaia Research Center, SS 106 Jonica Km 419.5, 75025 Rotondella, Matera, Italy
| | - Gerardo Baviello
- Italian
National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic
Development (ENEA), Biotechnology and
Agro-Industry Division, Trisaia Research Center, SS 106 Jonica Km 419.5, 75025 Rotondella, Matera, Italy
| | - Marcello Catellani
- Italian
National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic
Development (ENEA), Biotechnology and Agro-Industry
Division, Casaccia Research Center, Via Aguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
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Deutsch C, Penn JL, Verberk WCEP, Inomura K, Endress MG, Payne JL. Impact of warming on aquatic body sizes explained by metabolic scaling from microbes to macrofauna. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201345119. [PMID: 35787059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201345119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Warming of the ocean is predicted to cause a reduction in the body sizes of marine animal species, but the biological basis for this prediction remains debated. We present a generalized mechanistic model of oxygen supply and demand that successfully reproduces the magnitude, variation, and temperature and body size dependence of body size responses to temperature change in laboratory experiments, supporting oxygen limitation as their underlying cause. When applied to accelerating future climate change scenarios, our results imply that the “temperature-size rule” will cause widely varying responses across the body size spectrum from microbes to macrofauna, impacting the function of size-structured marine food webs. Rising temperatures are associated with reduced body size in many marine species, but the biological cause and generality of the phenomenon is debated. We derive a predictive model for body size responses to temperature and oxygen (O2) changes based on thermal and geometric constraints on organismal O2 supply and demand across the size spectrum. The model reproduces three key aspects of the observed patterns of intergenerational size reductions measured in laboratory warming experiments of diverse aquatic ectotherms (i.e., the “temperature-size rule” [TSR]). First, the interspecific mean and variability of the TSR is predicted from species’ temperature sensitivities of hypoxia tolerance, whose nonlinearity with temperature also explains the second TSR pattern—its amplification as temperatures rise. Third, as body size increases across the tree of life, the impact of growth on O2 demand declines while its benefit to O2 supply rises, decreasing the size dependence of hypoxia tolerance and requiring larger animals to contract by a larger fraction to compensate for a thermally driven rise in metabolism. Together our results support O2 limitation as the mechanism underlying the TSR, and they provide a physiological basis for projecting ectotherm body size responses to climate change from microbes to macrofauna. For small species unable to rapidly migrate or evolve greater hypoxia tolerance, ocean warming and O2 loss in this century are projected to induce >20% reductions in body mass. Size reductions at higher trophic levels could be even stronger and more variable, compounding the direct impact of human harvesting on size-structured ocean food webs.
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Özkalaycı F, Karagöz A, Karabay CY, Tanboga İH, Türkyılmaz E, Saygı M, Oduncu V. Prognostic value of triglyceride/glucose index in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Biomark Med 2022; 16:613-622. [PMID: 35473370 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: New parameters are emerging to predict prognosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In this study we aimed to determine and compare the prognostic values of some metabolic indices in terms of predicting long-term mortality in patients with STEMI. Method: A total of 1900 nondiabetic patients who presented with STEMI and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention were included in the study. Multivariable Cox proportional regression analysis was used to determine and compare the predictive performance of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, triglyceride-high density lipoprotein ratio (Ty/HDL) and admission glucose. Results: In multivariable Cox regression analysis, the model based on TyG index had better predictive performance than the Ty/HDL and admission blood glucose. Conclusion: The TyG index is more informative than Ty/HDL and admission glucose level to predict long-term all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Özkalaycı
- Department of Cardiology, Hisar Intercontinental Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Karagöz
- Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu Training & Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Y Karabay
- Department of Cardiology, University of Health Science Siyami Ersek, Training & Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim H Tanboga
- Department of Cardiology, Hisar Intercontinental Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.,Department of Biostatistics & Cardiology, Nişantasi University, School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Saygı
- Department of Cardiology, Hisar Intercontinental Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Vecih Oduncu
- Department of Cardiology, Bahcesehir University, School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Xu Y, Wang Y, Dai F, Hu H, Jiang T, Lu Y, Zhang Q. The management correlation between metabolic index, cardiovascular health, and diabetes combined with cardiovascular disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1036146. [PMID: 36778594 PMCID: PMC9911412 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1036146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although there is also evidence that multifactorial interventions to control blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profiles can reduce macrovascular complications and mortality in patients with T2DM, the link between these risk factors has not been established. METHODS On 10 December 2018, 1,920 people in four cities in Anhui Province were included. Latent category analysis (LCA) was used to explore the clustering mode of HRBs (health risk behaviors). The primary exposure was HRBs and exercise and diet interventions, and the primary outcome was CVD and other variables, including zMS, triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), TyG-WC (waist circumference), TyG-BMI, TG/HDL, and cardiovascular health (CVH). A multivariable logistic regression model was used to establish the relationship between HRBs, exercise, diet interventions, and CVD. Moderate analysis and mediation moderation analysis were employed by the PROCESS method to explore the relationship between these variables. Sensitivity analysis explored the robustness of the model. RESULTS The mean age was 57.10 ± 10.0 years old. Overall, CVD affects approximately 19.9% of all persons with T2DM. Macrovascular complications of T2DM include coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac insufficiency, and cerebrovascular disease. Elderly age (χ 2 = 22.70), no occupation (χ 2 = 20.97), medium and high socioeconomic status (SES) (χ 2 = 19.92), higher level of TyG-WC (χ 2 = 6.60), and higher zMS (χ 2 = 7.59) were correlated with high CVD. Many metabolic indices have shown a connection with T2DM combined with CVD, and there was a dose-response relationship between HRB co-occurrence and clustering of HRBs and zMS; there was a dose-response relationship between multifactorial intervention and CVH. In the mediation moderation analysis, there was an association between HRB, gender, TyG, TyG-BMI, and CVD. From an intervention management perspective, exercise and no diet intervention were more significant with CVD; moreover, there was an association between intervention management, gender, zMS, TyG-WC, TyG-BMI, TG/HDL, and CVD. Finally, there was an association between sex, CVH, and CVD. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that our results were robust. CONCLUSIONS CVD is one of the common complications in patients with type 2 diabetes, and its long-term outcome will have more or less impact on patients. Our findings suggest the potential benefits of scaling up multifactorial and multifaceted interventions to prevent CVD in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yijing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Honglin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Qiu Zhang, ; Tian Jiang, ; Yunxia Lu,
| | - Yunxia Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Comprehensive Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Qiu Zhang, ; Tian Jiang, ; Yunxia Lu,
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Qiu Zhang, ; Tian Jiang, ; Yunxia Lu,
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Duncan MI, James NC, Potts WM, Bates AE. Different drivers, common mechanism; the distribution of a reef fish is restricted by local-scale oxygen and temperature constraints on aerobic metabolism. Conserv Physiol 2020; 8:coaa090. [PMID: 33654546 PMCID: PMC7904075 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of ectothermic marine organisms are limited to temperature ranges and oxygen conditions that support aerobic respiration, quantified within the metabolic index (ϕ) as the ratio of oxygen supply to metabolic oxygen demand. However, the utility of ϕ at local scales and across heterogenous environments is unknown; yet, these scales are often where actionable management decisions are made. Here, we test if ϕ can delimit the entire distribution of marine organisms when calibrated across an appropriate temperature range and at local scales (~10 km) using the endemic reef fish, Chrysoblephus laticeps, which is found in the highly heterogenous temperature and oxygen environment along the South African coastal zone, as a model species. In laboratory experiments, we find a bidirectional (at 12°C) hypoxia tolerance response across the temperature range tested (8 to 24°C), permitting a piecewise calibration of ϕ. We then project this calibrated ϕ model through temperature and oxygen data from a high spatial resolution (11 to 13 km) ocean model for the periods 2005 to 2009 and 2095 to 2099 to quantify various magnitudes of ϕ across space and time paired with complementary C. laticeps occurrence points. Using random forest species distribution models, we quantify a critical ϕ value of 2.78 below which C. laticeps cannot persist and predict current and future distributions of C. laticeps in line with already observed distribution shifts of other South African marine species. Overall, we find that C. laticeps' distribution is limited by increasing temperatures towards its warm edge but by low oxygen availability towards its cool edge, which is captured within ϕ at fine scales and across heterogenous oxygen and temperature combinations. Our results support the application of ϕ for generating local- and regional-scale predictions of climate change effects on organisms that can inform local conservation management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray I Duncan
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Prince Alfred street, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, 11 Somerset street, Makhanda, 6139, South Africa
- Corresponding author: Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, USA.
| | - Nicola C James
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Prince Alfred street, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, 11 Somerset street, Makhanda, 6139, South Africa
| | - Warren M Potts
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Prince Alfred street, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 0 Marine Lab Rd, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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Şengöz T, Yüksel D, Yaylalı O, Arslan H, Bir F. Quantitative volumetric metabolic measurement of solitary pulmonary nodules by F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derg 2019; 27:557-64. [PMID: 32082925 DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2019.17582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aims to evaluate the effect of quantitative volumetric metabolic measurements in F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographycomputed tomography to distinguish benign and malignant solitary pulmonary nodules. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 78 patients (56 males; 22 females; mean age 61±11.9 years; range, 32 to 82 years) with solitary pulmonary nodules who underwent F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Patients were classified as benign, malignant and metastatic lesions according to pathology results. Metabolic volume, maximum standardized uptake value, mean standardized uptake value, maximum metabolic index and mean metabolic index were measured. Mean, median and standard error values were calculated for each group. Nonparametric tests were used for the comparison of each group. Partial correlation analysis was used for the relationship between parameters. For all parameters, cut-off values were obtained with receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Of 78 lesions, 10 were benign (12.8%), 38 were primary lung carcinoma (48.7%) and 30 were metastatic lung nodules (38.5%). There was a significant difference between benign lesions and primary lung cancer and between primary lung cancer and metastatic groups in all parameters (p<0.05). We determined highly significant positive correlation between maximum standardized uptake value and maximum metabolic index (r=0.73; p<0.05), and moderate positive correlation between mean standardized uptake value and mean metabolic index (r=0.56; p<0.05). In receiver operating characteristic analysis, maximum standardized uptake value and mean standardized uptake value were found to be the most sensitive and specific methods for benign/malignant discrimination. In the cut-off value=2.59, the sensitivity and specificity for maximum standardized uptake value were 98.0% and 91.7%, respectively. In the cut-off value=1.65, the sensitivity and specificity for mean standardized uptake value were 94.0% and 91.7%, respectively. Conclusion Maximum metabolic index value is highly correlated with maximum standardized uptake value in benign/malignant solitary pulmonary nodules discrimination by F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographycomputed tomography. Maximum metabolic index can also be used for discrimination of primary/metastatic malignant lesions.
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Mookerjee SA, Gerencser AA, Nicholls DG, Brand MD. Quantifying intracellular rates of glycolytic and oxidative ATP production and consumption using extracellular flux measurements. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7189-7207. [PMID: 28270511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.774471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Partitioning of ATP generation between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation is central to cellular bioenergetics but cumbersome to measure. We describe here how rates of ATP generation by each pathway can be calculated from simultaneous measurements of extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption. We update theoretical maximum ATP yields by mitochondria and cells catabolizing different substrates. Mitochondrial P/O ratios (mol of ATP generated per mol of [O] consumed) are 2.73 for oxidation of pyruvate plus malate and 1.64 for oxidation of succinate. Complete oxidation of glucose by cells yields up to 33.45 ATP/glucose with a maximum P/O of 2.79. We introduce novel indices to quantify bioenergetic phenotypes. The glycolytic index reports the proportion of ATP production from glycolysis and identifies cells as primarily glycolytic (glycolytic index > 50%) or primarily oxidative. The Warburg effect is a chronic increase in glycolytic index, quantified by the Warburg index. Additional indices quantify the acute flexibility of ATP supply. The Crabtree index and Pasteur index quantify the responses of oxidative and glycolytic ATP production to alterations in glycolysis and oxidative reactions, respectively; the supply flexibility index quantifies overall flexibility of ATP supply; and the bioenergetic capacity quantifies the maximum rate of total ATP production. We illustrate the determination of these indices using C2C12 myoblasts. Measurement of ATP use revealed no significant preference for glycolytic or oxidative ATP by specific ATP consumers. Overall, we demonstrate how extracellular fluxes quantitatively reflect intracellular ATP turnover and cellular bioenergetics. We provide a simple spreadsheet to calculate glycolytic and oxidative ATP production rates from raw extracellular acidification and respiration data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona A Mookerjee
- From Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, California 94592 and .,the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
| | - Akos A Gerencser
- the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
| | - David G Nicholls
- the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
| | - Martin D Brand
- From Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, California 94592 and.,the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945
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