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Getahun H, Belew S, Hasen G, Tefera Mekasha Y, Suleman S. Assessment of the extent and monetary loss in the selected public hospitals in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: expired medicine perspectives. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1283070. [PMID: 38435389 PMCID: PMC10906092 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1283070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Medicine plays a crucial role in the field of healthcare as a therapeutically significant pharmaceutical product. By effectively preventing diseases, medicine has the power to save countless lives and improve the quality of life for people worldwide. However, despite hospitals' efforts to provide medical care to patients, a significant issue arises from the substantial amount of drugs that go unused due to expiration dates. This problem is particularly prevalent in resource-limited countries like Ethiopia, where the pharmaceutical supply system fails to adequately address the issue of expired drugs in public hospitals, leading to an unsatisfactory situation. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the economic impact and volume of expired medicines in the selected public hospitals in Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was conducted to assess the economic impact and volume of expired medicines available in the public hospitals in Jimma Zone. All available hospitals that fulfilled the EFDA guidelines were included. The medication expiration rate was calculated by dividing the total monetary value of expired medicines in a year by the total value of medicines received in the same year multiplied by 100. Then, the collected data was cleared, filtered, coded, and quantitatively analyzed using the Microsoft Excel 2010 version. Results The average medicine waste rate was 4.87% in the fiscal year of 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 in Jimma Zone public hospitals worth 32,453.3 US$. Additionally, the facility wasted an estimated of 2711.44 US$ on the disposal of expired medicines. The expiration of medicines has been linked to several issues, including near-expiry, irrational prescribing practices, and weak participation of clinicians in medicine selection and quantification of the facility. Additionally, only two hospitals had relatively good storage and handling practices. Conclusion Overall, the expiration rate of medicines in the public hospitals in Jimma Zone was greater than the allowed level of 2%. In order to optimize the allocation of healthcare funds and ensure the appropriate use of pharmacologically significant medications it is vital to conduct a comprehensive examination at the national level within a regional hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Getahun
- Tullu Bolo General Hospital, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Sileshi Belew
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ) and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Gemmechu Hasen
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ) and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Yesuneh Tefera Mekasha
- Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance and Regulatory Affairs, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Sultan Suleman
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ) and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Aciöz M, Bozkaya F. The Monetary Losses Associated with Hydatidosis in Slaughtered Ruminants in Turkey. Helminthologia 2022; 59:246-52. [PMID: 36694834 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2022-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydatidosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease that negatively affects human and animal health and causes economic losses due to slaughter condemnation and risk to public health in developing countries. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Hydatidosis among slaughtered livestock in different regions of Turkey and calculate the financial losses associated with the zoonosis. For this purpose, livestock slaughter records from the livestock information system in 2020 were considered and direct and indirect economic losses were estimated. The study determined the prevalence of hydatidosis in small ruminants (0.03%) and cattle (0.0124%) and an average of 0.007% of the total number of livestock slaughtered during the period under study were infected with hydatid cysts. The direct and indirect economic losses were estimated at $98.558 and $466.891, respectively. The total monetary loss due to Hydatidosis in Turkey in the year 2020 was estimated at $565.448. In conclusion, significant monetary losses due to Hydatidosis in slaughtered livestock is still an important economic issue to livestock traders in Turkey.
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Tan H, Duan Q, Liu Y, Qiao X, Luo S. Does losing money truly hurt? The shared neural bases of monetary loss and pain. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:3153-3163. [PMID: 35315958 PMCID: PMC9189080 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Both monetary loss and pain have been studied for decades, but evidence supporting the relationship between them is still lacking. We conducted a meta‐analysis to explore the overlapping brain regions between monetary loss and pain, including physical pain and social pain. Regardless of the type of pain experienced, activation of the anterior insula was a shared neural representation of monetary loss and pain. The network representation pattern of monetary loss was more similar to that of social pain than that of physical pain. In conclusion, our research provided evidence of the common neural correlates of monetary loss and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Tan
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Duan
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Qiao
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyang Luo
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Van Dessel J, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Moerkerke M, Van der Oord S, Morsink S, Lemiere J, Danckaerts M. The Limits of Motivational Influence in ADHD: No Evidence for an Altered Reaction to Negative Reinforcement. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 17:482-492. [PMID: 34643738 PMCID: PMC9071417 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported a diminished response in the brain’s reward circuits to contingent cues predicting future monetary gain in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The situation with regard to monetary loss is less clear, despite recognition that both positive and negative consequences impact ADHD behaviour. Here, we employ a new Escape Monetary Loss Incentive task in an MRI scanner, which allows the differentiation of contingency and valence effects during loss avoidance, to examine ADHD-related alterations in monetary loss processing. There was no evidence of atypical processing of contingent or non-contingent monetary loss cues in ADHD — either in terms of ratings of emotional and motivational significance or brain responses. This suggests that the ability to process contingencies between performance and negative outcomes is intact in ADHD and that individuals with ADHD are no more (or less) sensitive to negative outcomes than controls. This latter finding stands in stark contrast to recent evidence from a similar task of atypical emotion network recruitment (e.g. amygdala) in ADHD individuals to cues predicting another negative event, the imposition of delay, suggesting marked specificity in the way they respond to negative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Van Dessel
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, UPC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.,Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthijs Moerkerke
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, UPC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saskia Van der Oord
- Clinical Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Morsink
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, UPC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Lemiere
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, UPC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marina Danckaerts
- Center for Developmental Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, UPC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Walle A, Hübner R, Druey MD. Value Associations Modulate Visual Attention and Response Selection. Front Psychol 2021; 12:656185. [PMID: 34093346 PMCID: PMC8175643 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, we are confronted with a vast amount of information that all competes for our attention. Some of this information might be associated with rewards (e.g., gambling) or losses (e.g., insurances). To what extent such information, even if irrelevant for our current task, not only attracts attention but also affects our actions is still a topic under examination. To address this issue, we applied a new experimental paradigm that combines visual search and a spatial compatibility task. Although colored stimuli did not modulate the spatial compatibility effect more than gray stimuli, we found clear evidence that reward and loss associations attenuated this effect, presumably by affecting attention and response selection. Moreover, there are hints that differences in these associations are also reflected in a modulation of the spatial compatibility effect. We discuss theoretical implications of our results with respect to the influences of color, reward, and loss association on selective attention and response selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Walle
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ronald Hübner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michel D Druey
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Wilbertz G, Delgado MR, Tebartz Van Elst L, Maier S, Philipsen A, Blechert J. Neural response during anticipation of monetary loss is elevated in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:268-278. [PMID: 26508322 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Risky behaviour seriously impacts the life of adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Such behaviours have often been attributed to their exaggerated reward seeking, but dysfunctional anticipation of negative outcomes might also play a role. METHODS The present study compared adult patients with ADHD (n = 28) with matched healthy controls (n = 28) during anticipation of monetary losses versus gains while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and skin conductance recording. RESULTS Skin conductance was higher during anticipation of losses compared to gains in both groups. Affective ratings of predictive cues did not differ between groups. ADHD patients showed increased activity in bilateral amygdalae, left anterior insula (region of interest analysis) and left temporal pole (whole brain analysis) compared to healthy controls during loss versus gain anticipation. In the ADHD group higher insula and temporal pole activations went along with more negative affective ratings. CONCLUSIONS Neural correlates of loss anticipation are not blunted but rather increased in ADHD, possibly due to a life history of repeated failures and the respective environmental sanctions. Behavioural adaptations to such losses, however, might differentiate them from controls: future research should study whether negative affect might drive more risk seeking than risk avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Wilbertz
- a Department of Psychology , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry , University Medical Centre Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Mauricio R Delgado
- d Department of Psychology , Rutgers University , Newark , NJ 07102 , USA
| | - Ludger Tebartz Van Elst
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry , University Medical Centre Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Simon Maier
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry , University Medical Centre Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry , University Medical Centre Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,e Medical Campus University of Oldenburg, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Psychiatry and Psychotherapy - University Hospital , Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, Bad Zwischenahn , Germany
| | - Jens Blechert
- f Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.,g Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
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Patel KT, Stevens MC, Meda SA, Muska C, Thomas AD, Potenza MN, Pearlson GD. Robust changes in reward circuitry during reward loss in current and former cocaine users during performance of a monetary incentive delay task. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:529-37. [PMID: 23778289 PMCID: PMC3775945 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal function in reward circuitry in cocaine addiction could predate drug use as a risk factor, follow drug use as a consequence of substance-induced alterations, or both. METHODS We used a functional magnetic resonance imaging monetary incentive delay task (MIDT) to investigate reward-loss neural response differences among 42 current cocaine users, 35 former cocaine users, and 47 healthy subjects who also completed psychological measures and tasks related to impulsivity and reward. RESULTS We found various reward processing-related group differences in several MIDT phases. Across task phases we found a control > current user > former user activation pattern, except for loss outcome, where former compared with current cocaine users activated ventral tegmental area more robustly. We also found regional prefrontal activation differences during loss anticipation between cocaine-using groups. Both groups of cocaine users scored higher than control subjects on impulsivity, compulsivity and reward-punishment sensitivity factors. In addition, impulsivity-related factors correlated positively with activation in amygdala and negatively with anterior cingulate activation during loss anticipation. CONCLUSIONS Compared with healthy subjects, both former and current users displayed abnormal brain activation patterns during MIDT performance. Both cocaine groups differed similarly from healthy subjects, but differences between former and current users were localized to the ventral tegmental area during loss outcome and to prefrontal regions during loss anticipation, suggesting that long-term cocaine abstinence does not normalize most reward circuit abnormalities. Elevated impulsivity-related factors that relate to loss processing in current and former users suggest that these tendencies and relationships may pre-exist cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna T Patel
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut.
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