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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in tumor immunity and infection control. The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) NKp46, NKp44 and NKp30 are involved in the control of the activation of NK cells. Few reports have investigated the ligands of NCRs. We previously reported the NCRs binding affinity to heparin and glycosaminoglycans. We also showed that multimeric sialyl Lewis X-expressing transferrin, secreted by human hepatoma HepG2 cells, binds to NKp46 and NKp44, but not to NKp30. In this study, we investigated the binding between NCRs and glycolipids. The possible binding of glycolipids to NCRs was screened by microarray, using the recombinant extracellular domain of NKp46, NKp44 and NKp30 tagged with 6×His (rNKp46, rNKp44 and rNKp30). We found that rNKp44 binds to Globo-A. However, we did not detect the interaction between rNKp46 or rNKp30 and any of the glycolipids investigated. Direct binding assays supported the results of the microarray screening. Therefore, we concluded that Globo-A is a novel ligand for NKp44 but not NKp46 and NKp30, and showed differences in the ligand selectivity of NCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ito
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University.,Ryugasaki Saisei-kai Hospital
| | - Ryo Shiraishi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Koji Higai
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
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Pesce S, Thoren FB, Cantoni C, Prato C, Moretta L, Moretta A, Marcenaro E. The Innate Immune Cross Talk between NK Cells and Eosinophils Is Regulated by the Interaction of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors with Eosinophil Surface Ligands. Front Immunol 2017; 8:510. [PMID: 28503177 PMCID: PMC5408020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that the cross talk between NK cells and other cell types is crucial for the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the present study, we analyzed the phenotypic and functional outcome of the interaction between resting or cytokine-activated NK cells and eosinophils derived from non-atopic donors. Our results provide the first evidence that a natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR)/NCR ligand-dependent cross talk between NK cells and eosinophils may be important to upregulate the activation state and the effector function of cytokine-primed NK cells. This interaction also promotes the NK-mediated editing process of dendritic cells that influence the process of Th1 polarization. In turn, this cross talk also resulted in eosinophil activation and acquisition of the characteristic features of antigen-presenting cells. At higher NK/eosinophil ratios, cytokine-primed NK cells were found to kill eosinophils via NKp46 and NKp30, thus suggesting a potential immunoregulatory role for NK cells in dampening inflammatory responses involving eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pesce
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Fredrik B Thoren
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.,Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.,Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Carola Prato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.,Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.,Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.,Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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Hazeldine J, Lord JM. The impact of ageing on natural killer cell function and potential consequences for health in older adults. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:1069-78. [PMID: 23660515 PMCID: PMC4147963 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Roles are emerging for natural killer (NK) cells beyond removing transformed cells. These include immune regulation and the elimination of senescent cells. Human ageing is associated with a decline in NK cell function. We propose some aspects of human ageing are due in part to reduced NK cell function. These include reduced vaccination efficacy and delayed resolution of inflammation.
Forming the first line of defence against virally infected and malignant cells, natural killer (NK) cells are critical effector cells of the innate immune system. With age, significant impairments have been reported in the two main mechanisms by which NK cells confer host protection: direct cytotoxicity and the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines. In elderly subjects, decreased NK cell activity has been shown to be associated with an increased incidence and severity of viral infection, highlighting the clinical implications that age-associated changes in NK cell biology have on the health of older adults. However, is an increased susceptibility to viral infection the only consequence of these age-related changes in NK cell function? Recently, evidence has emerged that has shown that in addition to eliminating transformed cells, NK cells are involved in many other biological processes such as immune regulation, anti-microbial immune responses and the recognition and elimination of senescent cells, novel functions that involve NK-mediated cytotoxicity and/or cytokine production. Thus, the decrease in NK cell function that accompanies physiological ageing is likely to have wider implications for the health of older adults than originally thought. Here, we give a detailed description of the changes in NK cell biology that accompany human ageing and propose that certain features of the ageing process such as: (i) the increased reactivation rates of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, (ii) the slower resolution of inflammatory responses and (iii) the increased incidence of bacterial and fungal infection are attributable in part to an age-associated decline in NK cell function.
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Abstract
Historically, the name of natural killer (NK) cells came from their natural ability to kill tumor cells in vitro. From the 1970s to date, accumulating data highlighted the importance of NK cells in host immune response against cancer and in therapy-induced antitumor response. The recognition and the lysis of tumor cells by NK cells are regulated by a complex balance of inhibitory and activating signals. This review summarizes NK cell mechanisms to kill cancer cells, their role in host immune responses against tumor growth or metastasis, and their implications in antitumor immunotherapies via cytokines, antibodies, or in combination with other therapies. The regulatory role of NK cells in autoimmunity is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Langers
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-I3/GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Umansky V, Malyguine A, Kotlan B, Aptsiauri N, Shurin MR. From cell regulation to patient survival: 2nd Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunomonitoring (CITIM) meeting, Budapest, 2-5 May 2011. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:295-301. [PMID: 21953053 PMCID: PMC11029449 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anatoli Malyguine
- Laboratory of Cell Mediated Immunity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Beatrix Kotlan
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, Center of Surgical and Molecular Tumorpathology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Natalia Aptsiauri
- Laboratory of Clinical Analysis and Immunology, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Sigalov AB. The SCHOOL of nature: IV. Learning from viruses. Self Nonself 2010; 1:282-298. [PMID: 21487503 PMCID: PMC3062383 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.4.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During the co-evolution of viruses and their hosts, the latter have equipped themselves with an elaborate immune system to defend themselves from the invading viruses. In order to establish a successful infection, replicate and persist in the host, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to counter and evade host antiviral immune responses as well as exploit them for productive viral replication. These strategies include those that modulate signaling mediated by cell surface receptors. Despite tremendous advancement in recent years, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these critical points in viral pathogenesis remain unknown. In this work, based on a novel platform of receptor signaling, the Signaling Chain HOmoOLigomerization (SCHOOL) platform, I suggest specific mechanisms used by different viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human herpesvirus 6 and others, to modulate receptor signaling. I also use the example of HIV and CMV to illustrate how two unrelated enveloped viruses use a similar SCHOOL mechanism to modulate the host immune response mediated by two functionally different receptors: T cell antigen receptor and natural killer cell receptor, NKp30. This suggests that it is very likely that similar general mechanisms can be or are used by other viral and possibly non-viral pathogens. Learning from viruses how to target cell surface receptors not only helps us understand viral strategies to escape from the host immune surveillance, but also provides novel avenues in rational drug design and the development of new therapies for immune disorders.
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Kim HR, Lee KH, Park SJ, Kim SY, Yang YK, Tae J, Kim J. Anti-cancer activity and mechanistic features of a NK cell activating molecule. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1691-700. [PMID: 19259669 PMCID: PMC11030105 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) are major activating receptors involved in NK cytotoxicity. NCR expression varies with the activation state of NK cells, and the expression level correlates with NK cells' natural cytotoxicity. In this study, we found that Gö6983, a PKC inhibitor, induced a remarkable increase of NCR expression on primary NK cells, but other PKC inhibitors and NK cell stimulators such as IL-2 and PMA, did not. Gö6983 increased the expression of NCR in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, Gö6983 strongly upregulated the surface expression of death ligands FasL and TRAIL, but not cytotoxic molecules perforin and granzyme B. Unlike two other NK stimulating molecules, IL-2, and PMA, Gö6983 did not induce NK cell proliferation. Up-regulation of NCRs and death ligands on NK cells by Gö6983 resulted in a significant enhancement of NK cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. Most importantly, administration of Gö6983 effectively inhibited pulmonary tumor metastasis in mice in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that Gö6983 functions as an NK cell activating molecule (NKAM); this NKAM is a novel anti-cancer and anti-metastasis drug candidate because it enhances NK cytotoxicity against cancer cells in vivo as well as in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ran Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Kangwon Korea
| | - Su Jung Park
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Kangwon Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jinsung Tae
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongsun Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Korea
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Parolini S, Bottino C, Falco M, Augugliaro R, Giliani S, Franceschini R, Ochs HD, Wolf H, Bonnefoy JY, Biassoni R, Moretta L, Notarangelo LD, Moretta A. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. 2B4 molecules displaying inhibitory rather than activating function are responsible for the inability of natural killer cells to kill Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells. J Exp Med 2000; 192:337-46. [PMID: 10934222 PMCID: PMC2193227 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.3.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2B4 is a surface molecule involved in activation of the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. It binds a protein termed Src homology 2 domain-containing protein (SH2D1A) or signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP), which in turn has been proposed to function as a regulator of the 2B4-associated signal transduction pathway. In this study, we analyzed patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), a severe inherited immunodeficiency characterized by critical mutations in the SH2D1A gene and by the inability to control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections. We show that, in these patients, 2B4 not only fails to transduce triggering signals, but also mediates a sharp inhibition of the NK-mediated cytolysis. Other receptors involved in NK cell triggering, including CD16, NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30, displayed a normal functional capability. However, their activating function was inhibited upon engagement of 2B4 molecules. CD48, the natural ligand of 2B4, is highly expressed on the surface of EBV(+) B cell lines. Remarkably, NK cells from XLP patients could not kill EBV(+) B cell lines. This failure was found to be the consequence of inhibitory signals generated by the interaction between 2B4 and CD48, as the antibody-mediated disruption of the 2B4-CD48 interaction restored lysis of EBV(+) target cells lacking human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. In the case of autologous or allogeneic (HLA class I(+)) EBV(+) lymphoblastoid cell lines, restoration of lysis was achieved only by the simultaneous disruption of 2B4-CD48 and NK receptor-HLA class I interactions. Molecular analysis revealed that 2B4 molecules isolated from either XLP or normal NK cells were identical. As expected, in XLP-NK cells, 2B4 did not associate with SH2D1A, whereas similar to 2B4 molecules isolated from normal NK cells, it did associate with Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Parolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Bottino
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Giliani
- Istituto di Medicina Molecolare Angelo Nocivelli, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Franceschini
- Istituto di Medicina Molecolare Angelo Nocivelli, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Hans D. Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6320
| | - Hermann Wolf
- Department of Immunology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Yves Bonnefoy
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, F74164 St. Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Roberto Biassoni
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Istituto di Medicina Molecolare Angelo Nocivelli, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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