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Kropotov A, Kulikova V, Nerinovski K, Yakimov A, Svetlova M, Solovjeva L, Sudnitsyna J, Migaud ME, Khodorkovskiy M, Ziegler M, Nikiforov A. Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters Mediate the Import of Nicotinamide Riboside and Nicotinic Acid Riboside into Human Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031391. [PMID: 33573263 PMCID: PMC7866510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide riboside (NR), a new form of vitamin B3, is an effective precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in human and animal cells. The introduction of NR into the body effectively increases the level of intracellular NAD+ and thereby restores physiological functions that are weakened or lost in experimental models of aging and various pathologies. Despite the active use of NR in applied biomedicine, the mechanism of its transport into mammalian cells is currently not understood. In this study, we used overexpression of proteins in HEK293 cells, and metabolite detection by NMR, to show that extracellular NR can be imported into cells by members of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) family ENT1, ENT2, and ENT4. After being imported into cells, NR is readily metabolized resulting in Nam generation. Moreover, the same ENT-dependent mechanism can be used to import the deamidated form of NR, nicotinic acid riboside (NAR). However, NAR uptake into HEK293 cells required the stimulation of its active utilization in the cytosol such as phosphorylation by NR kinase. On the other hand, we did not detect any NR uptake mediated by the concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT) CNT1, CNT2, or CNT3, while overexpression of CNT3, but not CNT1 or CNT2, moderately stimulated NAR utilization by HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kropotov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (A.K.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Veronika Kulikova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (A.K.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia;
| | - Kirill Nerinovski
- Department of Nuclear Physics Research Methods, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;
| | - Alexander Yakimov
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia;
| | - Maria Svetlova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (A.K.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Ljudmila Solovjeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (A.K.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Julia Sudnitsyna
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia;
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
| | - Mikhail Khodorkovskiy
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (A.K.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia;
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Andrey Nikiforov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (A.K.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-812-297-1829
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Liu HW, Smith CB, Schmidt MS, Cambronne XA, Cohen MS, Migaud ME, Brenner C, Goodman RH. Pharmacological bypass of NAD + salvage pathway protects neurons from chemotherapy-induced degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10654-10659. [PMID: 30257945 PMCID: PMC6196523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809392115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration, a hallmark of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), is thought to be caused by a loss of the essential metabolite nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) via the prodegenerative protein SARM1. Some studies challenge this notion, however, and suggest that an aberrant increase in a direct precursor of NAD+, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), rather than loss of NAD+, is responsible. In support of this idea, blocking NMN accumulation in neurons by expressing a bacterial NMN deamidase protected axons from degeneration. We hypothesized that protection could similarly be achieved by reducing NMN production pharmacologically. To achieve this, we took advantage of an alternative pathway for NAD+ generation that goes through the intermediate nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN), rather than NMN. We discovered that nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), a precursor of NAMN, administered in combination with FK866, an inhibitor of the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase that produces NMN, protected dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons against vincristine-induced degeneration as well as NMN deamidase. Introducing a different bacterial enzyme that converts NAMN to NMN reversed this protection. Collectively, our data indicate that maintaining NAD+ is not sufficient to protect DRG neurons from vincristine-induced axon degeneration, and elevating NMN, by itself, is not sufficient to cause degeneration. Nonetheless, the combination of FK866 and NAR, which bypasses NMN formation, may provide a therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Liu
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Chadwick B Smith
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Mark S Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 55242
| | - Xiaolu A Cambronne
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael S Cohen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 33604
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 55242;
| | - Richard H Goodman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239;
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Kulikova V, Shabalin K, Nerinovski K, Dölle C, Niere M, Yakimov A, Redpath P, Khodorkovskiy M, Migaud ME, Ziegler M, Nikiforov A. Generation, Release, and Uptake of the NAD Precursor Nicotinic Acid Riboside by Human Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27124-27137. [PMID: 26385918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.664458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD is essential for cellular metabolism and has a key role in various signaling pathways in human cells. To ensure proper control of vital reactions, NAD must be permanently resynthesized. Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid as well as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinic acid riboside (NAR) are the major precursors for NAD biosynthesis in humans. In this study, we explored whether the ribosides NR and NAR can be generated in human cells. We demonstrate that purified, recombinant human cytosolic 5'-nucleotidases (5'-NTs) CN-II and CN-III, but not CN-IA, can dephosphorylate the mononucleotides nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN) and thus catalyze NR and NAR formation in vitro. Similar to their counterpart from yeast, Sdt1, the human 5'-NTs require high (millimolar) concentrations of nicotinamide mononucleotide or NAMN for efficient catalysis. Overexpression of FLAG-tagged CN-II and CN-III in HEK293 and HepG2 cells resulted in the formation and release of NAR. However, NAR accumulation in the culture medium of these cells was only detectable under conditions that led to increased NAMN production from nicotinic acid. The amount of NAR released from cells engineered for increased NAMN production was sufficient to maintain viability of surrounding cells unable to use any other NAD precursor. Moreover, we found that untransfected HeLa cells produce and release sufficient amounts of NAR and NR under normal culture conditions. Collectively, our results indicate that cytosolic 5'-NTs participate in the conversion of NAD precursors and establish NR and NAR as integral constituents of human NAD metabolism. In addition, they point to the possibility that different cell types might facilitate each other's NAD supply by providing alternative precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kulikova
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Konstantin Shabalin
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia,; Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Kirill Nerinovski
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia,; St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Christian Dölle
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Marc Niere
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexander Yakimov
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia,; Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Philip Redpath
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Mikhail Khodorkovskiy
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Marie E Migaud
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway,.
| | - Andrey Nikiforov
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia,; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
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