Management of Hypertension With Non-pharmacological Interventions: A Narrative Review

Hypertension (HTN) is a condition that affects nearly half of the adult population in the United States. HTN is the elevation of blood pressure (BP) 130/80 mm Hg or higher. Untreated high blood pressure may increase the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other serious complications. BP over 180/120 mm Hg with end-organ damage is called a hypertensive emergency. Despite advancements in medicine and treatment options, the global burden of HTN has been increasing due to the advancing age of the population and an increasing prevalence of obesity. Non-pharmacological management of HTN has gained prominence worldwide due to its additional benefits and positive impact on the overall health of individuals, having almost no side effects and reducing the financial burden of medication expenses. This article has compiled studies like systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials and reviewed the role of non-pharmacological management of HTN, including lifestyle modifications like exercise, weight loss, dietary interventions like dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet, low sodium diet, limiting alcohol consumption, smoking cessation and stress management to help control blood pressure. However, non-pharmacological interventions should be initiated in an early phase, and for proper management of HTN, we may need to include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. This article explored and integrated various studies to highlight the role of non-pharmacological interventions to manage HTN. We also examined the need for more research studies for strategies to alleviate morbidity and mortality associated with HTN.

[Lewy body dementia: therapeutic propositions according to evidence based medicine and practice]

Lewy body dementia (LBD) may present with two clinical forms: dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease with dementia. LBD is characterized by a profound deficiency of acetylcholine and a deficiency of dopamine. The cholinergic deficit is implicated in major attention disorders and fluctuations. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil or rivastigmine) were studied in several double-blind placebo-controlled studies. The meta-analyzes show a moderate benefit on the cognitive level and on some psychiatric manifestations including hallucinations. A disabling parkinsonian syndrome can be treated with L-dopa as in Parkinson's disease. However, the results are often limited because the increase in doses is restricted by cognitive and psychobehavioral disorders. Hallucinations may require antipsychotic treatment and the best documented drug is clozapine. Some other antipsychotics were assessed but in few therapeutic trials, and appear less efficacious, and with bad tolerance. Finally, the last of LBD cardinal disorders, REM sleep behavior disorders can be improved by melatonin. Other manifestations of LBD are troublesome. Some therapeutic trials with modafinil were proposed to improve diurnal hypersomnia. Anxiety and depression are often difficult to be treated. For antidepressant drugs, the first choice seems to be selective serotonin receptor inhibitors. Treatment for orthostatic hypotension, constipation, and swallowing dysfunction has also been more or less documented. In each case, non-drug management is considered (cognitive stimulation, physiotherapy, speech therapy, etc.). Finally, a therapeutic strategy is suggested, based on the medical and clinical experience. This strategy underlines the importance to improve cholinergic deficit and sleep disturbances. It also stresses the importance of a careful revision of all drugs administered to the patients with a peculiar attention to the anticholinergic treatment.