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Tiwari A, Ahmed IA, Gupta VK, Haldkar RK, Parinov IA. Customised Implant for Temporomandibular Joint: New Technique to Design and Stress Analysis to Balance the Loading at Both Ends. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1646. [PMID: 37630181 PMCID: PMC10458138 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a critical joint for the opening and closing of the mouth. The generation of customised TMJs according to individuals' dental anatomy is needed. Currently, the implants available on the market lack consideration of the patient's dental anatomy. This leads to the creation of an imbalance in the reaction forces on both ends of the TMJ. This requires a slight structural change in the design parameters to give a solution. The purpose of this study is to propose a new design that includes the geometry and materials for a TMJ implant. Stress analysis was carried out on the TMJ to balance the reaction forces at both TMJ ends. A static analysis was performed using ANSYS Workbench, to compare the results of two customised designs of TMJ implants, in order to better balance the reaction forces at both ends. The model in the study showed that the reaction forces for both the patient-specific TMJ implants were nearly balanced. The reaction forces were better balanced, and almost equivalent to the intact conditions. The stresses in the mandible were more uniformly distributed in the customised design of the TMJ implant. The two types of design showed that the custom design took up less space in the patient's region of surgery, making it a better option compared to a stock TMJ implant. The custom implant would allow faster patient rehabilitation, as the reaction forces would be close to those in intact conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Tiwari
- Machine Dynamics and Vibration Lab, Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Jabalpur, Dumna Airport Road, Jabalpur 482005, India; (A.T.); (I.A.A.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Ishfaq A. Ahmed
- Machine Dynamics and Vibration Lab, Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Jabalpur, Dumna Airport Road, Jabalpur 482005, India; (A.T.); (I.A.A.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Vijay Kumar Gupta
- Machine Dynamics and Vibration Lab, Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Jabalpur, Dumna Airport Road, Jabalpur 482005, India; (A.T.); (I.A.A.); (V.K.G.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Haldkar
- I. I. Vorovich Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Sciences Institute, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia;
| | - Ivan A. Parinov
- I. I. Vorovich Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Sciences Institute, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia;
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Ullmann M, Kaden C, Kittner K, Prahl U. Orthotropic Behavior of Twin-Roll-Cast and Hot-Rolled Magnesium ZAX210 Sheet. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15186437. [PMID: 36143748 PMCID: PMC9501819 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium sheet metal alloys offer a deformation asymmetry, which is strongly related to grain size and texture. In order to predict deformation behavior as well as to provide methods to eliminate anisotropy and yield asymmetry, a lot of effort is invested in studying the tension-compression asymmetry of magnesium alloys. However, only a few studies deal with the characterization of the yield asymmetry of magnesium wrought alloys, especially Ca-containing alloys, related to temperature and strain. In this study, the orthotropic behavior of a twin-roll-cast, homogenized, rolled and finish-annealed Mg-2Zn-1Al-0.3Ca (ZAX210) magnesium alloy was investigated by tensile testing at room temperature, 150 °C and 250 °C. The r-values were determined and the Hill'48 yield criterion was used for the constitutive formulation of the plastic yielding and deformation. The yield loci calculated using Mises and Hill'48 as well as the determined r-values reveal an almost isotropic behavior of the ZAX210 alloy. The r-value increases with increasing logarithmic strain. At 0.16 logarithmic strain the r-values at room temperature vary between 1 (0°) and 1.5 (45° and 90°). At higher temperatures (250 °C), r-values close to 1 at all tested directions are attained. The enhanced yield asymmetry can be attributed to the weaker basal texture that arises during hot rolling and final annealing of the twin-roll-cast ZAX210 magnesium alloy. In comparison to AZ31, the ZAX210 alloy shows a yield behavior close to transversal isotropy. Finally, responsible mechanisms for this behavior are discussed.
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Holz D, Du'o'ng MT, Martonová D, Alkassar M, Leyendecker S. A Transmural Path Model Improves the Definition of the Orthotropic Tissue Structure in Heart Simulations. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:1116030. [PMID: 34423814 DOI: 10.1115/1.4052219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, the structure of the heart, human as well as other species, has been explored in a detailed way, e.g., via histological studies or diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Nevertheless, the assignment of the characteristic orthotropic structure in a patient-specific finite element model remains a challenging task. Various types of rule-based models, which define the local fiber and sheet orientation depending on the transmural depth, have been developed. However, the correct assessment of the transmural depth is not trivial. Its accuracy has a substantial influence on the overall mechanical and electrical properties in rule-based models. The main purpose of this study is the development of a finite element-based approach to accurately determine the transmural depth on a general unstructured grid. Instead of directly using the solution of the Laplace problem as the transmural depth, we make use of a well-established model for the assessment of the transmural thickness. It is based on two hyperbolic first-order partial differential equations for the definition of a transmural path, whereby the transmural thickness is defined as the arc length of this path. Subsequently, the transmural depth is determined based on the position on the transmural path. Originally, the partial differential equations were solved via finite differences on structured grids. In order to circumvent the need of two grids and mapping between the structured (to determine the transmural depth) and unstructured (electromechanical heart simulation) grids, we solve the equations directly on the same unstructured tetrahedral mesh. We propose a finite-element-based discontinuous Galerkin approach. Based on the accurate transmural depth, we assign the local material orientation of the orthotropic tissue structure in a usual fashion. We show that this approach leads to a more accurate definition of the transmural depth. Furthermore, for the left ventricle, we propose functions for the transmural fiber and sheet orientation by fitting them to literature-based diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging data. The proposed functions provide a distinct improvement compared to existing rules from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Holz
- Institute of Applied Dynamics (LTD), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Minh Tuấn Du'o'ng
- Institute of Applied Dynamics (LTD), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Bavaria, Germany; School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Denisa Martonová
- Institute of Applied Dynamics (LTD), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Muhannad Alkassar
- Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Sigrid Leyendecker
- Institute of Applied Dynamics (LTD), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Bavaria, Germany
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Mishani S, Belhoul-Fakir H, Lagat C, Jansen S, Evans B, Lawrence-Brown M. Stress distribution in the walls of major arteries: implications for atherogenesis. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:3494-3505. [PMID: 34341726 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background There is a correlation between the sites of atheroma development and stress points in the arterial system. Generally, pulse pressure results in stresses acting on the vascular vessel, including longitudinal stress, radial or normal stress, tangential stress or hoop stress and shear stress. This paper explores the relationship between arterial wall shear stress and pulsatile blood pressure with the aim of furthering the understanding of atherogenesis and plaque progression. Methods We computed the magnitude of the shear stresses within the carotid bifurcation geometry of a patient and calculated the increase in shear stress levels that would occur when the blood pressure and pulse pressures rise during exertion. We also determined in which layer of the artery wall the maximum shear stress is located, and computed the shear stress at different levels within the media. We used the theory of laminate analysis, (Classical Laminate Plate Theory), to analyse the stress distribution on the carotid artery wall. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was used on anatomy based on a CT angiogram of the carotid bifurcation of a patient with a 90% stenosis on the right side and 10% on the left. The pulsatile non-Newtonian blood flow with a resting blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg and an exertion pressure of 200/100 mmHg was simulated and the resultant forces were transferred to an ANSYS Composite PrepPost (ACP) model for wall shear stress analysis. A multilayer elastic, anisotropic, and inhomogeneous arterial wall (intima, internal elastic lamina, media, external elastic lamina, and adventitial layers) was modelled and the shear stress magnitudes and change over time between the layers was calculated. Results Shear stress in the individual composite layers is far greater than that acting on the endothelium (less than 5 Pa). At rest, the maximum variation of shear stress in the arterial wall occurs in the intima (138 Pa) and adventitia (135 Pa). The medial layer has the lowest variation of shear stress. Under severe exertion, the maximum shear stress magnitude in the intimal layer and the adjacent medial layer is near the ultimate stress level. The maximum/minimum shear stress ratios during the cardiac cycle vary most widely in the innermost part of the media, adjacent to the intima, with a four-fold ratio increase. This compares with a less than two-fold increase in all the other layers including the intima and adventitia, making the inner media the most vulnerable layer to mechanical injury. Conclusions This study showed that the magnitude of exertion-induced shear stress approaches the ultimate stress limit in the intima and the immediate adjacent medial layer. The variation in stress is maximal in the inner layer of the media. These findings correlate the site of atheroma development with the most vulnerable site for injury in the media and emphasise the impact of pulse pressure. Further biological studies are required to ascertain whether this leads to injury that initiates atheroma that then precipitates an injury/healing cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Mishani
- WA School of Mines: MECE, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Curtin University, Kensington, WA, Australia
| | - Hanane Belhoul-Fakir
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Chris Lagat
- WA School of Mines: MECE, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Curtin University, Kensington, WA, Australia
| | - Shirley Jansen
- Vascular Surgery Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Heart and Vascular Research Institute, Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Brian Evans
- WA School of Mines: MECE, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Curtin University, Kensington, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Lawrence-Brown
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Abdelkader M, Noman MT, Amor N, Petru M, Mahmood A. Combined Use of Modal Analysis and Machine Learning for Materials Classification. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14154270. [PMID: 34361464 PMCID: PMC8348414 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with modal work that is a type of framework for structural dynamic testing of linear structures. Modal analysis is a powerful tool that works on the modal parameters to ensure the safety of materials and eliminate the failure possibilities. The concept of classification through this study is validated for isotropic and orthotropic materials, reaching up to a 100% accuracy when deploying the machine learning approach between the mode number and the associated frequency of the interrelated variables that were extracted from modal analysis performed by ANSYS. This study shows a new classification method dependent only on the knowledge of resonance frequency of a specific material and opens new directions for future developments to create a single device that can identify and classify different engineering materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelkader
- Department of Advanced Materials, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 10221 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), 02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Noman
- Department of Machinery Construction, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (N.A.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-776396302
| | - Nesrine Amor
- Department of Machinery Construction, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (N.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Michal Petru
- Department of Machinery Construction, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (N.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Aamir Mahmood
- Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
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Li X, Chen L, Gao Z, Liu J, Chen W. [Experimental study on mechanical properties of the ventral and the dorsal tissues of porcine descending aorta]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2019; 36:596-603. [PMID: 31441260 PMCID: PMC10319513 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.201905005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the aorta tissue is not only important for maintaining the cardiovascular health, but also is closely related to the development of cardiovascular diseases. There are obvious differences between the ventral and dorsal tissues of the descending aorta. However, the cause of the difference is still unclear. In this study, a biaxial tensile approach was used to determine the parameters of porcine descending aorta by analyzing the stress-strain curves. The strain energy functions Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel was adopted to characterize the orthotropic parameters of mechanical properties. Elastic Van Gieson (EVG) and Sirius red stain were used to observe the microarchitecture of elastic and collagen fibers, respectively. Our results showed that the tissue of descending aorta had more orthotropic and higher elastic modulus in the dorsal region compared to the ventral region in the circumferential direction. No significant difference was found in hyperelastic constitutive parameters between the dorsal and ventral regions, but the angle of collagen fiber was smaller than 0.785 rad (45°) in both dorsal and ventral regions. The arrangement of fiber was inclined to be circumferential. EVG and Sirius red stain showed that in outer-middle membrane of the descending aorta, the density of elastic fibrous layer of the ventral region was higher than that of the dorsal region; the amount of collagen fibers in dorsal region was more than that of the ventral region. The results suggested that the difference of mechanical properties between the dorsal and ventral tissues in the descending aorta was related to the microstructure of the outer membrane of the aorta. In the relatively small strain range, the difference in mechanical properties between the ventral and dorsal tissues of the descending aorta can be ignored; when the strain is higher, it needs to be treated differently. The results of this study provide data for the etiology of arterial disease (such as arterial dissection) and the design of artificial blood vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P.R.China
| | - Lingfeng Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P.R.China
| | - Zhipeng Gao
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P.R.China
| | - Jiahe Liu
- College of Architecture, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P.R.China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024,
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Geraldes DM, Phillips ATM. A comparative study of orthotropic and isotropic bone adaptation in the femur. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng 2014; 30:873-889. [PMID: 24753477 PMCID: PMC4272570 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional adaptation of the femur has been studied extensively by embedding remodelling algorithms in finite element models, with bone commonly assumed to have isotropic material properties for computational efficiency. However, isotropy is insufficient in predicting the directionality of bone's observed microstructure. A novel iterative orthotropic 3D adaptation algorithm is proposed and applied to a finite element model of the whole femur. Bone was modelled as an optimised strain-driven adaptive continuum with local orthotropic symmetry. Each element's material orientations were aligned with the local principal stress directions and their corresponding directional Young's moduli updated proportionally to the associated strain stimuli. The converged predicted density distributions for a coronal section of the whole femur were qualitatively and quantitatively compared with the results obtained by the commonly used isotropic approach to bone adaptation and with ex vivo imaging data. The orthotropic assumption was shown to improve the prediction of bone density distribution when compared with the more commonly used isotropic approach, whilst producing lower comparative mass, structurally optimised models. It was also shown that the orthotropic approach can provide additional directional information on the material properties distributions for the whole femur, an advantage over isotropic bone adaptation. Orthotropic bone models can help in improving research areas in biomechanics where local structure and mechanical properties are of key importance, such as fracture prediction and implant assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M Geraldes
- Structural Biomechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Skempton Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Chen Y, Liu XN, Hu GK, Sun QP, Zheng QS. Micropolar continuum modelling of bi-dimensional tetrachiral lattices. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2014; 470:20130734. [PMID: 24808754 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The in-plane behaviour of tetrachiral lattices should be characterized by bi-dimensional orthotropic material owing to the existence of two orthogonal axes of rotational symmetry. Moreover, the constitutive model must also represent the chirality inherent in the lattices. To this end, a bi-dimensional orthotropic chiral micropolar model is developed based on the theory of irreducible orthogonal tensor decomposition. The obtained constitutive tensors display a hierarchy structure depending on the symmetry of the underlying microstructure. Eight additional material constants, in addition to five for the hemitropic case, are introduced to characterize the anisotropy under Z2 invariance. The developed continuum model is then applied to a tetrachiral lattice, and the material constants of the continuum model are analytically derived by a homogenization process. By comparing with numerical simulations for the discrete lattice, it is found that the proposed continuum model can correctly characterize the static and wave properties of the tetrachiral lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dynamics and Control of Flight Vehicle, Ministry of Education , School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - X N Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dynamics and Control of Flight Vehicle, Ministry of Education , School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - G K Hu
- Key Laboratory of Dynamics and Control of Flight Vehicle, Ministry of Education , School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Q P Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The Hongkong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hongkong, People's Republic of China
| | - Q S Zheng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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