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Möller N, Hecht L, Niu R, Liebchen B, Palberg T. Writing Into Water. Small 2023:e2303741. [PMID: 37603386 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Writing is an ancient communication technique dating back at least 30 000 years. While even sophisticated contemporary writing techniques hinge on solid surfaces for engraving or the deposition of ink, writing within a liquid medium requires a fundamentally different approach. The study here demonstrates the writing of lines, letters, and complex patterns in water by assembling lines of colloidal particles. Unlike established techniques for underwater writing on solid substrates, these lines are fully reconfigurable and do not require any fixation onto the substrate. Exploiting gravity, an ion-exchange bead (pen) is rolled across a layer of sedimented colloidal particles (ink). The pen evokes a hydrodynamic flow collecting ink-particles into a durable, high-contrast line along its trajectory. Deliberate substrate-tilting sequences facilitate pen-steering and thus drawing and writing. The experiments are complemented with a minimal model that quantitatively predicts the observed parameter dependence for writing in fluids and highlights the generic character of writing by line-assembly. Overall, the approach opens a versatile route for writing, drawing, and patterning fluids-even at the micro-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Möller
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas Hecht
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 8, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ran Niu
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Benno Liebchen
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 8, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Palberg
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Apel PY, Blonskaya IV, Lizunov NE, Olejniczak K, Orelovitch OL, Toimil-Molares ME, Trautmann C. Osmotic Effects in Track-Etched Nanopores. Small 2018; 14:e1703327. [PMID: 29573553 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetrically etched ion-track membranes attract great interest for both fundamental and technical reasons because of a large variety of applications. So far, conductometric measurements during track etching provide only limited information about the complicated asymmetric etching process. In this paper, monitoring of osmotic phenomena is used to elucidate the initial phase of nanopore formation. It is shown that strong alkaline solutions generate a considerable osmotic flow of water through newborn conical pores. The interplay between diffusion and convection in the pore channel results in a substantially nonlinear alkali concentration gradient and a rapid change in the pore geometry after breakthrough. Similar phenomena are observed in experiments with cylindrical track-etched pores of 15-30 nm in radius. A theoretical description of the diffusion-convection processes in the pores is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Y Apel
- Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie str. 6, 141980, Dubna, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, New Technologies and Materials, Dubna State University, Universitetskaya str. 19, 141980, Dubna, Russia
| | - Irina V Blonskaya
- Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie str. 6, 141980, Dubna, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Lizunov
- Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie str. 6, 141980, Dubna, Russia
| | - Katarzyna Olejniczak
- Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie str. 6, 141980, Dubna, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina str. 7, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Oleg L Orelovitch
- Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie str. 6, 141980, Dubna, Russia
| | | | - Christina Trautmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
- Materialwissenschaft, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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Vogl CJ, Miksis MJ, Davis SH, Salac D. The effect of glass-forming sugars on vesicle morphology and water distribution during drying. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:rsif.2014.0646. [PMID: 25142522 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation requires that stored materials be kept at extremely low temperatures and uses cryoprotectants that are toxic to cells at high concentrations. Lyopreservation is a potential alternative where stored materials can remain at room temperatures. That storage process involves desiccating cells filled with special glass-forming sugars. However, current desiccation techniques fail to produce viable cells, and researchers suspect that incomplete vitrification of the cells is to blame. To explore this hypothesis, a cell is modelled as a lipid vesicle to monitor the water content and membrane deformation during desiccation. The vesicle is represented as a moving, bending-resistant, inextensible interface and is tracked by a level set method. The vesicle is placed in a fluid containing a spatially varying sugar concentration field. The glass-forming nature is modelled through a concentration-dependent diffusivity and viscosity. It is found that there are optimal regimes for the values of the osmotic flow parameter and of the concentration dependence of the diffusivity to limit water trapping in the vesicle. Furthermore, it is found that the concentration dependencies of the diffusivity and viscosity can have profound effects on membrane deformations, which may have significant implications for vesicle damage during the desiccation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Vogl
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3125, USA
| | - M J Miksis
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3125, USA
| | - S H Davis
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3125, USA
| | - D Salac
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 318 Jarvis Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4400, USA
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