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Angiulli F, Conti E, Zoia CP, Da Re F, Appollonio I, Ferrarese C, Tremolizzo L. Blood-Based Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Central Role for Periphery? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1525. [PMID: 34573867 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a central feature in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The resident innate immune cells of the brain are the principal players in neuroinflammation, and their activation leads to a defensive response aimed at promoting β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance. However, it is now widely accepted that the peripheral immune system—by virtue of a dysfunctional blood–brain barrier (BBB)—is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD; microglial and astrocytic activation leads to the release of chemokines able to recruit peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS); at the same time, cytokines released by peripheral cells are able to cross the BBB and act upon glial cells, modifying their phenotype. To successfully fight this neurodegenerative disorder, accurate and sensitive biomarkers are required to be used for implementing an early diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression and treatment effectiveness. Interestingly, as a result of the bidirectional communication between the brain and the periphery, the blood compartment ends up reflecting several pathological changes occurring in the AD brain and can represent an accessible source for such biomarkers. In this review, we provide an overview on some of the most promising peripheral biomarkers of neuroinflammation, discussing their pathogenic role in AD.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of most myocardial infarction (MI) and ischaemic stroke episodes. An early sign of atherosclerosis is hypertrophy of the arterial wall. It is known that increased intima media thickness (IMT) is a non-invasive marker of arterial wall alteration, which can easily be assessed in the carotid arteries by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Similarly, the other key element of MI and ischaemic strokes is the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor which is an ionotropic glutamate receptor that mediates the vast majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. NMDA activation requires the binding of both glutamate and a coagonist like D-serine to its glycine site. A special enzyme, serine racemase (SR), is required for the conversion of L-serine into D-serine, and alterations in SR activities lead to a variety of physiological and pathological conditions ranging from synaptic plasticity to ischemia, MI, and stroke. The amount of D-serine available for the activation of glutamatergic signalling is largely determined by SR and we have developed ways to estimate its levels in human blood samples and correlate it with the IMT. This research based short communication describes our pilot study, which clearly suggests that there is a direct relationship between the SR, D-serine, and IMT. In this article, we will discuss whether the activity of SR can determine the future consequences resulting from vascular pathologies such as MI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaneez Fatima Shad
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia.,PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Nazar Luqman
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, University of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam.,Cardiology Department, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Ann M Simpson
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Sara Lal
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
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Yee JY, Lee TS, Lee J. Levels of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis-Findings from the Longitudinal Youth at Risk Study (LYRIKS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:734-739. [PMID: 29584866 PMCID: PMC6070044 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying biomarkers to enrich prognostication and risk predictions in individuals at high risk of developing psychosis will enable stratified early intervention efforts. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor has been widely studied in schizophrenia and in first-episode psychosis with promising results. The aim of this study was to examine the levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor between healthy controls and individuals with ultra-high risk of psychosis. METHODS A sample of 106 healthy controls and 105 ultra-high risk of psychosis individuals from the Longitudinal Youth at Risk Study was included in this study. Ultra-high risk of psychosis status was determined using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State at recruitment. Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia was used to assess the severity of depression. All participants were followed up for 2 years, and ultra-high risk of psychosis remitters were defined by ultra-high risk of psychosis individuals who no longer fulfilled Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State criteria at the end of the study period. Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor were measured in the serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS The ultra-high risk of psychosis group had significantly higher baseline levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor compared with the control group (3.7 vs 3.3 ng/mL, P=.018). However, baseline levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor did not predict the development of psychosis (OR=0.64, CI=0.40-1.02) or remission (OR=0.83, CI=0.60-1.15) from ultra-high risk of psychosis status. CONCLUSION Findings from our study did not support a role for serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in predicting outcomes in ultra-high risk of psychosis individuals. However, the finding of higher levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in ultra-high risk of psychosis individuals deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin Yee
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore,Correspondence: Jie Yin Yee, MSc, Institute of Mental Health 10 Buangkok View, Singapore 539747 ()
| | - Tih-Shih Lee
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore,North Region & Department of Psychosis, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Abstract
Biomarkers can be broadly defined as qualitative or quantitative measurements that convey information on the physiopathological state of a subject at a certain time point or disease state. Biomarkers can indicate health, pathology, or response to treatment, including unwanted side effects. When used as outcomes in clinical trials, biomarkers act as surrogates or substitutes for clinically meaningful endpoints. Biomarkers of disease can be diagnostic (the identification of the nature and cause of a condition) or prognostic (predicting the likelihood of a person's survival or outcome of a disease). In addition, genetic biomarkers can be used to quantify the risk of developing a certain disease. In the specific case of traumatic brain injury, surrogate blood biomarkers of imaging can improve the standard of care and reduce the costs of diagnosis. In addition, a prognostic role for biomarkers has been suggested in the case of post-traumatic epilepsy. Given the extensive literature on clinical biomarkers, we will focus herein on biomarkers which are present in peripheral body fluids such as saliva and blood. In particular, blood biomarkers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and salivary/blood S100B, will be discussed together with the use of nucleic acids (eg, DNA) collected from peripheral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Damir Janigro
- FloTBI Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA, .,Department of Physiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bipolar disorder is a chronic and disabling mood disorder with a complex pathophysiological basis. A significant percentage of patients do not receive correct diagnosis which directly influences therapeutic response, rendering recovery troublesome. There is a long-standing need for proper non-clinically based tools for diagnosis, treatment selection and follow-up of such patients. Areas covered: In the past decade, the scientific community has shown a great interest in biomarker development. Here, we highlight the different potential biomarkers and we discuss their feasibility and their possible clinical relevance. Expert commentary: To date, despite the major ongoing trials and consortia with promising future perspectives, no reliable biomarker of bipolar disorder has been fully defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Teixeira
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Haitham Salem
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Benicio N Frey
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada.,c Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic , St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Izabela G Barbosa
- d Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- e Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program , National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Kawamoto EM, Vasconcelos AR, Degaspari S, Böhmer AE, Scavone C, Marcourakis T. Age-related changes in nitric oxide activity, cyclic GMP, and TBARS levels in platelets and erythrocytes reflect the oxidative status in central nervous system. Age (Dordr) 2013; 35:331-342. [PMID: 22278206 PMCID: PMC3592952 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders which has been linked to chronic inflammation. This process generates oxygen-reactive species, ultimately responsible for a process known as oxidative stress, leading to changes in nitric oxide (NO), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) signaling pathway. In previous studies, we showed that human aging was associated with an increase in NO Synthase (NOS) activity, a decrease in basal cyclic GMP levels in human platelets, and an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactant substances (TBARS) in erythrocytes. The aim of the present work was to evaluate NOS activity, TBARS and cyclic GMP levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex and its correlation to platelets and erythrocytes of 4-, 12-, and 24-month-old rats. The result showed an age-related decrease in cyclic GMP levels which was linked to an increase in NOS activity and TBARS in both central areas as well as in platelets and erythrocytes of rats. The present data confirmed our previous studies performed in human platelets and erythrocytes and validate NOS activity and cyclic GMP in human platelet as well as TBARS in erythrocytes as biomarkers to study age-related disorders and new anti-aging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto
- />Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science—ICB-1, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- />Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Andrea Rodrigues Vasconcelos
- />Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science—ICB-1, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Degaspari
- />Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science—ICB-1, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Böhmer
- />Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science—ICB-1, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- />Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science—ICB-1, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- />Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Aging is associated with a greatly increased incidence of a number of
neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s
disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These conditions are
associated with chronic inflammation, which generates oxygen reactive species,
ultimately responsible for a process known as oxidative stress. It is well
established that this process is the culprit of neurodegeneration, and there are
also mounting evidences that it is not restricted to the central nervous system.
Indeed, several studies, including some by our group, have demonstrated that
increased peripheral oxidative stress markers are associated to aging and, more
specifically, to AD. Therefore, it is very instigating to regard aging and AD as
systemic conditions that might be determined by studying peripheral markers of
oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Neurology Investigation Center, School of Medicine (LIM-15)
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Institute. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Institute. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Rodrigues Scorsi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Neurology Investigation Center, School of Medicine (LIM-15)
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Institute. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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