1
|
Yang YY, Xie DP, Fu JP, Chen XY, Yin WH, Han JL, Zhang SK, Zhang L, Xiao T. [Pollution Characteristics and Emission Factors of PCDD/Fs from Iron and Steel Industry]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:3990-3997. [PMID: 35971697 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pollution level, emission characteristics, and emission factors of PCDD/Fs from a number of steel plants were investigated in a particular province of China. The results showed that the concentration of PCDD/Fs was at a low level and decreased by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared with that in 2005-2019. In detail, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.003-0.557 ng·m-3(I-TEQ), and the mean value was 0.165 ng·m-3 for the sintering process. Moreover, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.006 to 0.057 ng·m-3, and the mean value was 0.025 ng·m-3 for the electric furnace process. In addition, the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the iron and steel industry from 2005 to 2020 increased first and then decreased, especially after the implementation of the new emission standard and the ultra-low emission control of conventional pollutants such as smoke, showing a significant decline. The results of fingerprint analysis showed that 2,3,7,8-TCDF was the largest congener contributing to the mass concentration, and lower chlorinated PCDFs were increased. This result differed from those of previous studies in which highly chlorinated PCDFs and PCDDs dominated, indicating that the generation source of PCDD/Fs had changed. The congener and isomer profiles of PCDD/Fs in flue gas from the sintering process were similar to those in the flue gas from the electric furnace process. Additionally, showing the characteristics of the typical high-temperature thermal process, the de novo synthesis may be the dominant mechanism of formation of PCDD/Fs in the sintering process and electric furnace process. The emission factor was 0.003-0.5 μg·t-1 (I-TEQ), and the average emission factor was (0.18±0.22) μg·t-1 for the sintering process. The emission factor was 0.04-0.5 μg·t-1, and the average emission factor was (0.27±0.23) μg·t-1 for the electric furnace process. These values were far lower than those of the standard toolkit for identification and quantification of dioxin and furan emissions released by UNEP in 2013 and the emission factors in the dioxin emission inventory of China in 2004. It is suggested that the emission factors of PCDD/Fs in the iron and steel industry of China should be studied and updated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Yang
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Dan-Ping Xie
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jian-Ping Fu
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wen-Hua Yin
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing-Lei Han
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Su-Kun Zhang
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mi QX, Guo XC, Lu SY, Deng YX, Lu HB, Li X, Liu XH, Chen JM. [Distribution Characteristics and Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Phthalic Acid Esters in Surface Water of Qiandao Lake, China]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:1966-1975. [PMID: 35393820 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202108110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to reveal the pollution and risk level of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in Qiandao Lake, six types of PAEs in 17 sampling points (in Qiandao Lake and its inflowing rivers) in dry and wet seasons were detected. The results showed that six types of PAEs were detected in both dry and wet seasons, with the concentrations of 0.98-5.33 μg·L-1 (average concentration 2.63 μg·L-1) in the dry season and 3.22-17.88 μg·L-1 (average concentration 7.99 μg·L-1) in the wet season. In terms of the detection rate and concentration of each monomer PAEs, DiBP, DBP, and DEHP were the main PAEs components in the water body. The measured value of DBP at 10 sampling points and its average mass concentration in the wet season were higher than the national standard (3 μg·L-1). Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources of PAEs were personal care products, plastics, and domestic waste. The pollution level of PAEs in Qiandao Lake was at a high level at home and abroad. The health risk assessment results in Qiandao Lake showed that the non-carcinogenic risk index of PAEs in the study area was less than 1, which would not produce non-carcinogenic risks to the human body. The carcinogenic risk index of children exceeded 10-6 at some points, indicating that it may pose carcinogenic risks to children, to which more attention should be paid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xin Mi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shao-Yong Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Deng
- Institute of Water Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong-Bin Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiao-He Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jin-Ming Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li K, Peng M, Yang Z, Yang K, Liu F, Zhao CD, Cheng XM, Ma HH, Guo F, Tang SQ, Liu YH, Cheng HX. [Trace Metals Pollution and Health Risks for Planning Area Soils of 193 Chinese Cities]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2020; 41:1825-1837. [PMID: 32608691 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201909142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urban soils are more easily subjected to modification, especially by contamination because of various human activities, and the environmental problems caused by urban soil pollution have become more prominent. To systematically investigate concentration characteristics, pollution levels, and exposure risks of 13 trace metals in urban soils of planning areas for 193 cities above the prefectural level, located in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of China, levels of pollution in urban soil were evaluated using the geoaccumulation index and integrated pollution index of trace metals, and health risks of residents exposed to urban soils were quantified using the health risk assessment method recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The results show that the median concentrations of As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl, V, and Zn in topsoils of urban planning areas were 9.25, 2.14, 0.174, 12.4, 68.4, 28.2, 0.095, 27.7, 31.1, 0.29, 0.61, 82.7, and 82.2 mg·kg-1, respectively. Compared with the corresponding urban soil background values, the concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Se changed significantly. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values showed that Hg in urban soils of the planning area was the most severe pollutant, followed by Se and Cd, which caused pollution levels of uncontaminated to moderately contaminated levels, while other trace metals were uncontaminated. The Nemerow IPI (IPIN) revealed that the soils in 22 urban planning areas were heavily polluted and 16 urban planning areas were moderately polluted; in addition, the most polluted city in China was Zhuzhou in the Hunan province. The results of health risk assessment indicate that the soils in the five urban planning areas-Chenzhou City, Huangshi City, Zhuzhou City, Xiangtan City, and Longyan City-posed potential non-carcinogenic risks to children, and the major factor triggering risks was ingestion of Pb. To understand the soil pollution status and distribution of contaminated land parcel, it is suggested to carry out detailed investigation in cities with integrated moderate to heavy pollution to establish the list of contaminated land parcel and implement pollution control and restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Li
- School of Geosciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.,Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Min Peng
- School of Geosciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.,Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Chuan-Dong Zhao
- Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Cheng
- Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Hong-Hong Ma
- Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Shi-Qi Tang
- Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Ying-Han Liu
- Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Hang-Xin Cheng
- Institute of Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China.,Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China.,Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
| |
Collapse
|