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Moore H, Craft TK, Grimaldi LM, Babic B, Brunelli SA, Vannucci SJ. Moderate recurrent hypoglycemia during early development leads to persistent changes in affective behavior in the rat. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:839-49. [PMID: 19944751 PMCID: PMC2885529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent hypoglycemia is a common problem among infants and children that is associated with several metabolic disorders and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Although studies have reported a relationship between a history of juvenile hypoglycemia and psychological health problems, the direct effects of recurrent moderate hypoglycemia have not been fully determined. Thus, in this study, we used an animal model to examine the effects of recurrent hypoglycemia during the juvenile period on affective, social, and motor function (assessed under euglycemic conditions) across development. To model recurrent hypoglycemia, rats were administered 5 U/kg of insulin or saline twice per day from postnatal day (P)10 to P19. Body weight gain was retarded in insulin-treated rats during the treatment period, but recovered by the end of treatment. However, insulin-treated rats displayed increases in affective reactivity that emerged early during treatment and persisted after treatment into early adulthood. Specifically, insulin-treated pups showed increased maternal separation-induced vocalizations as infants, and an exaggerated acoustic startle reflex as juveniles and young adults. Moreover, young adult rats with a history of recurrent juvenile hypoglycemia exhibited increased fear-potentiated startle and increases in behavioral and hormonal responses to restraint stress. Some of these effects were sex-dependent. The changes in affective behavior in insulin-exposed pups were accompanied by decreases in adolescent social play behavior. These results provide evidence that recurrent, transient hypoglycemia during juvenile development can lead to increases in fear-related behavior and stress reactivity. Importantly, these phenotypes are not reversed with normalization of blood glucose and may persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tara K.S. Craft
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa M. Grimaldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, The Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruna Babic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, The Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan A. Brunelli
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan J. Vannucci
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, The Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Newborn Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Kilpatrick LA, Ornitz E, Ibrahimovic H, Treanor M, Craske M, Nazarian M, Labus JS, Mayer EA, Naliboff BD. Sex-related differences in prepulse inhibition of startle in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Biol Psychol 2010; 84:272-8. [PMID: 20193731 PMCID: PMC2875286 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in central networks involved in the regulation of arousal, attention, and cognition may be critical for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptom maintenance and exacerbation. Differential sensitivities in these networks may underlie sex differences noted in IBS. The current study examined prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating, in male and female IBS patients. Relationships between PPI and symptom severity were examined, as well as potential menstrual status effects. Compared to healthy controls, male IBS patients had significantly reduced PPI; whereas female IBS patients (particularly naturally cycling women) had significantly enhanced PPI suggesting hypervigilance. Considering previously demonstrated sex-related differences in perceptual and brain imaging findings in IBS patients, the current findings suggest that different neurobiological mechanisms underlie symptom presentation in male and female IBS patients. Compromised filtering of information in male IBS patients may be due to compromised top down (prefrontal, midcingulate) control mechanisms while increased attention to threat due to increased limbic and paralimbic circuits may be characteristic of female IBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Kilpatrick
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, USA
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