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Tomescu AMF, McQueen CR. A protoxylem pathway to evolution of pith? An hypothesis based on the Early Devonian euphyllophyte Leptocentroxyla. Ann Bot 2022; 130:785-798. [PMID: 35724420 PMCID: PMC9758301 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Early Devonian (Emsian, 400-395 Ma) tracheophyte Leptocentroxyla tetrarcha Bickner et Tomescu emend. Tomescu et McQueen combines plesiomorphic Psilophyton-type tracheid thickenings with xylem architecture intermediate between the plesiomorphic basal euphyllophyte haplosteles and the complex actinosteles of Middle Devonian euphyllophytes. We document xylem development in Leptocentroxyla based on anatomy and explore its implications, which may provide a window into the evolution of pith. METHODS Leptocentroxyla is preserved by permineralization in the Battery Point Formation (Quebec, Canada). Serial sections obtained using the cellulose acetate peel technique document branching pattern, anatomy of trace divergence to appendages, protoxylem architecture, and variations in tracheid size and wall thickening patterns. KEY RESULTS Leptocentroxyla has opposite decussate pseudo-whorled branching and mesarch protoxylem, and represents the earliest instance of central histological differentiation in a euphyllophyte actinostele. Tracheids at the centre of xylem exhibit simplified Psilophyton-type wall thickenings and are similar in size (at the axis centre) or smaller than the surrounding metaxylem tracheids (at the centre of appendage traces). CONCLUSIONS The position and developmental attributes of the simplified Psilophyton-type tracheids suggest they may have been generated by the protoxylem developmental pathway. This supports the delayed and shortened protoxylem differentiation hypothesis, which explains the evolution of pith by (1) delay in the onset of differentiation and lengthening of cell growth duration in a central protoxylem strand; and (2) shortening of the interval of differentiation of those tracheids, leading to progressive simplification (and eventual loss) of secondary wall thickenings, and replacement of tracheids with a central parenchymatous area. NAC domain transcription factors and their interactions with abscisic acid may have provided the regulatory substrate for the developmental changes that led to the evolution of pith. These could have been orchestrated by selective pressures associated with the expansion of early vascular plants into water-stresses upland environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camryn R McQueen
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Humboldt, Arcata, California 95521, USA
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Dong Z, Xu Z, Xu L, Galli M, Gallavotti A, Dooner HK, Chuck G. Necrotic upper tips1 mimics heat and drought stress and encodes a protoxylem-specific transcription factor in maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20908-19. [PMID: 32778598 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005014117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining sufficient water transport during flowering is essential for proper organ growth, fertilization, and yield. Water deficits that coincide with flowering result in leaf wilting, necrosis, tassel browning, and sterility, a stress condition known as "tassel blasting." We identified a mutant, necrotic upper tips1 (nut1), that mimics tassel blasting and drought stress and reveals the genetic mechanisms underlying these processes. The nut1 phenotype is evident only after the floral transition, and the mutants have difficulty moving water as shown by dye uptake and movement assays. These defects are correlated with reduced protoxylem vessel thickness that indirectly affects metaxylem cell wall integrity and function in the mutant. nut1 is caused by an Ac transposon insertion into the coding region of a unique NAC transcription factor within the VND clade of Arabidopsis NUT1 localizes to the developing protoxylem of root, stem, and leaf sheath, but not metaxylem, and its expression is induced by flowering. NUT1 downstream target genes function in cell wall biosynthesis, apoptosis, and maintenance of xylem cell wall thickness and strength. These results show that maintaining protoxylem vessel integrity during periods of high water movement requires the expression of specialized, dynamically regulated transcription factors within the vasculature.
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Fraudentali I, Rodrigues-Pousada RA, Tavladoraki P, Angelini R, Cona A. Leaf-Wounding Long-Distance Signaling Targets AtCuAOβ Leading to Root Phenotypic Plasticity. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9020249. [PMID: 32075218 PMCID: PMC7076439 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis gene AtCuAOβ (At4g14940) encodes an apoplastic copper amine oxidase (CuAO) highly expressed in guard cells of leaves and flowers and in root vascular tissues, especially in protoxylem and metaxylem precursors, where its expression is strongly induced by the wound signal methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) derived by the AtCuAOβ-driven oxidation of the substrate putrescine (Put), mediates the MeJA-induced early root protoxylem differentiation. Considering that early root protoxylem maturation was also induced by both exogenous Put and leaf wounding through a signaling pathway involving H2O2, in the present study we investigated the role of AtCuAOβ in the leaf wounding-induced early protoxylem differentiation in combination with Put treatment. Quantitative and tissue specific analysis of AtCuAOβ gene expression by RT-qPCR and promoter::green fluorescent protein-β-glucuronidase fusion analysis revealed that wounding of the cotiledonary leaf induced AtCuAOβ gene expression which was particularly evident in root vascular tissues. AtCuAOβ loss-of-function mutants were unresponsive to the injury, not showing altered phenotype upon wounding in comparison to wild type seedlings. Exogenous Put and wounding did not show synergy in inducing early root protoxylem maturation, suggesting their involvement in a shared signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Fraudentali
- Department of Science, University “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy; (I.F.); (P.T.); (R.A.)
| | | | - Paraskevi Tavladoraki
- Department of Science, University “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy; (I.F.); (P.T.); (R.A.)
| | - Riccardo Angelini
- Department of Science, University “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy; (I.F.); (P.T.); (R.A.)
| | - Alessandra Cona
- Department of Science, University “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy; (I.F.); (P.T.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-5733-6360
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Fraudentali I, Rodrigues-Pousada RA, Volpini A, Tavladoraki P, Angelini R, Cona A. Stress-Triggered Long-Distance Communication Leads to Phenotypic Plasticity: The Case of the Early Root Protoxylem Maturation Induced by Leaf Wounding in Arabidopsis. Plants (Basel) 2018; 7:plants7040107. [PMID: 30518030 PMCID: PMC6313916 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Root architecture and xylem phenotypic plasticity influence crop productivity by affecting water and nutrient uptake, especially under those environmental stress, which limit water supply or imply excessive water losses. Xylem maturation depends on coordinated events of cell wall lignification and developmental programmed cell death (PCD), which could both be triggered by developmental- and/or stress-driven hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Here, the effect of wounding of the cotyledonary leaf on root protoxylem maturation was explored in Arabidopsis thaliana by analysis under Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM). Leaf wounding induced early root protoxylem maturation within 3 days from the injury, as after this time protoxylem position was found closer to the tip. The effect of leaf wounding on protoxylem maturation was independent from root growth or meristem size, that did not change after wounding. A strong H2O2 accumulation was detected in root protoxylem 6 h after leaf wounding. Furthermore, the H2O2 trap N,N1-dimethylthiourea (DMTU) reversed wound-induced early protoxylem maturation, confirming the need for H2O2 production in this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessandra Cona
- Department of Science, University "Roma Tre", 00146 Rome, Italy.
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Fattorini L, Della Rovere F, Andreini E, Ronzan M, Falasca G, Altamura MM. Indole-3-Butyric Acid Induces Ectopic Formation of Metaxylem in the Hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana without Conversion into Indole-3-Acetic Acid and with a Positive Interaction with Ethylene. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2474. [PMID: 29160805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and of the auxin-interacting phytohormone ethylene, on the ectopic formation of primary xylem (xylogenesis in planta) is still little known. In particular, auxin/ethylene-target tissue(s), modality of the xylary process (trans-differentiation vs. de novo formation), and the kind of ectopic elements formed (metaxylem vs. protoxylem) are currently unknown. It is also unclear whether IBA may act on the process independently of conversion into IAA. To investigate these topics, histological analyses were carried out in the hypocotyls of Arabidopsis wild type seedlings and ech2ibr10 and ein3eil1 mutants, which are blocked in IBA-to-IAA conversion and ethylene signalling, respectively. The seedlings were grown under darkness with either IAA or IBA, combined or not with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Adventitious root formation was also investigated because this process may compete with xylogenesis. Our results show that ectopic formation of protoxylem and metaxylem occurred as an indirect process starting from the pericycle periclinal derivatives of the hypocotyl basal part. IAA favoured protoxylem formation, whereas IBA induced ectopic metaxylem with ethylene cooperation through the EIN3EIL1 network. Ectopic metaxylem differentiation occurred independently of IBA-to-IAA conversion as mediated by ECH2 and IBR10, and in the place of IBA-induced adventitious root formation.
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Růžička K, Zhang M, Campilho A, Bodi Z, Kashif M, Saleh M, Eeckhout D, El‐Showk S, Li H, Zhong S, De Jaeger G, Mongan NP, Hejátko J, Helariutta Y, Fray RG. Identification of factors required for m 6 A mRNA methylation in Arabidopsis reveals a role for the conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase HAKAI. New Phytol 2017; 215:157-172. [PMID: 28503769 PMCID: PMC5488176 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
N6-adenosine methylation (m6 A) of mRNA is an essential process in most eukaryotes, but its role and the status of factors accompanying this modification are still poorly understood. Using combined methods of genetics, proteomics and RNA biochemistry, we identified a core set of mRNA m6 A writer proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. The components required for m6 A in Arabidopsis included MTA, MTB, FIP37, VIRILIZER and the E3 ubiquitin ligase HAKAI. Downregulation of these proteins led to reduced relative m6 A levels and shared pleiotropic phenotypes, which included aberrant vascular formation in the root, indicating that correct m6 A methylation plays a role in developmental decisions during pattern formation. The conservation of these proteins amongst eukaryotes and the demonstration of a role in writing m6 A for the E3 ubiquitin ligase HAKAI is likely to be of considerable relevance beyond the plant sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Růžička
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of PlantsCentral European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular ResearchMasaryk University62500BrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mi Zhang
- Plant Sciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Ana Campilho
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic ResourcesUniversity of Porto4485‐661 VairãoPortugal
| | - Zsuzsanna Bodi
- Plant Sciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mária Saleh
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of PlantsCentral European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular ResearchMasaryk University62500BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Dominique Eeckhout
- Department of Plant Systems BiologyVIB9052GentBelgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GentBelgium
| | - Sedeer El‐Showk
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Hongying Li
- Plant Sciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement on Loess PlateauMinistry of AgricultureTaiyuanShanxi030031China
| | - Silin Zhong
- Plant Sciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
- The State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyThe School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems BiologyVIB9052GentBelgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GentBelgium
| | - Nigel P. Mongan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and SciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton BoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of PlantsCentral European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular ResearchMasaryk University62500BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1LRUK
| | - Rupert G. Fray
- Plant Sciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
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Alabdallah O, Ahou A, Mancuso N, Pompili V, Macone A, Pashkoulov D, Stano P, Cona A, Angelini R, Tavladoraki P. The Arabidopsis polyamine oxidase/dehydrogenase 5 interferes with cytokinin and auxin signaling pathways to control xylem differentiation. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:997-1012. [PMID: 28199662 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, spermine (Spm), and thermospermine (Therm-Spm) participate in several physiological processes. In particular, Therm-Spm is involved in the control of xylem differentiation, having an auxin antagonizing effect. Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) are FAD-dependent enzymes involved in polyamine catabolism. In Arabidopsis, five PAOs are present, among which AtPAO5 catalyzes the back-conversion of Spm, Therm-Spm, and N1-acetyl-Spm to spermidine. In the present study, it is shown that two loss-of-function atpao5 mutants and a 35S::AtPAO5 Arabidopsis transgenic line present phenotypical differences from the wild-type plants with regard to stem and root elongation, differences that are accompanied by changes in polyamine levels and the number of xylem vessels. It is additionally shown that cytokinin treatment, which up-regulates AtPAO5 expression in roots, differentially affects protoxylem differentiation in 35S::AtPAO5, atpao5, and wild-type roots. Together with these findings, Therm-Spm biosynthetic genes, as well as auxin-, xylem-, and cytokinin-related genes (such as ACL5, SAMDC4, PIN1, PIN6, VND6, VND7, ATHB8, PHB, CNA, PXY, XTH3, XCP1, and AHP6) are shown to be differentially expressed in the various genotypes. These data suggest that AtPAO5, being involved in the control of Therm-Spm homeostasis, participates in the tightly controlled interplay between auxin and cytokinins that is necessary for proper xylem differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdellah Ahou
- Department of Sciences, University 'ROMA TRE', Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Dimitre Pashkoulov
- Società Agricola Floramiata Servizi srl, 53025 Piancastagnaio, Siena, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Sciences, University 'ROMA TRE', Rome, Italy
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Kondo Y, Hirakawa Y, Kieber JJ, Fukuda H. CLE peptides can negatively regulate protoxylem vessel formation via cytokinin signaling. Plant Cell Physiol 2011; 52:37-48. [PMID: 20802224 PMCID: PMC3023848 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is critical for tissue and organ development. In plants, secretory CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptides function as intercellular signaling molecules in various aspects of tissue development including vascular development. However, little is known about intracellular signaling pathways functioning in vascular development downstream of the CLE ligands. We show that CLE peptides including CLE10, which is preferentially expressed in the root vascular system, inhibit protoxylem vessel formation in Arabidopsis roots. GeneChip analysis displayed that CLE10 peptides repressed specifically the expression of two type-A Arabidopsis Response Regulators (ARRs), ARR5 and ARR6, whose products act as negative regulators of cytokinin signaling. The arr5 arr6 roots exhibited defective protoxylem vessel formation. These results indicate that CLE10 inhibits protoxylem vessel formation by suppressing the expression of type-A ARR genes including ARR5 and ARR6. This was supported by the finding that CLE10 did not suppress protoxylem vessel formation in a background of arr10 arr12, a double mutant of type-B ARR genes. Thus, our results revealed cross-talk between CLE signaling and cytokinin signaling in protoxylem vessel formation in roots. Taken together with the indication that cytokinin signaling functions downstream of the CLV3/WUS signaling pathway in the shoot apical meristem, the cross-talk between CLE and cytokinin signaling pathways may be a common feature in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kondo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- *Corresponding authors: E-mail, ; Fax, +81 3 3812 4929; E-mail,
| | - Yuki Hirakawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Joseph J. Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- *Corresponding authors: E-mail, ; Fax, +81 3 3812 4929; E-mail,
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NAKABAYASHI IZUMI, KARAHARA ICHIROU, TAMAOKI DAISUKE, MASUDA KYOJIRO, WAKASUGI TATSUYA, YAMADA KYOJI, SOGA KOUICHI, HOSON TAKAYUKI, KAMISAKA SEIICHIRO. Hypergravity stimulus enhances primary xylem development and decreases mechanical properties of secondary cell walls in inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Ann Bot 2006; 97:1083-90. [PMID: 16537641 PMCID: PMC2803380 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The xylem plays an important role in strengthening plant bodies. Past studies on xylem formation in tension woods in poplar and also in clinorotated Prunus tree stems lead to the suggestion that changes in the gravitational conditions affect morphology and mechanical properties of xylem vessels. The aim of this study was to examine effects of hypergravity stimulus on morphology and development of primary xylem vessels and on mechanical properties of isolated secondary wall preparations in inflorescence stems of arabidopsis. METHODS Morphology of primary xylem was examined under a light microscope on cross-sections of inflorescence stems of arabidopsis plants, which had been grown for 3-5 d after exposure to hypergravity at 300 g for 24 h. Extensibility of secondary cell wall preparation, isolated from inflorescence stems by enzyme digestion of primary cell wall components (mainly composed of metaxylem elements), was examined. Plants were treated with gadolinium chloride, a blocker of mechanoreceptors, to test the involvement of mechanoreceptors in the responses to hypergravity. KEY RESULTS Number of metaxylem elements per xylem, apparent thickness of the secondary thickenings, and cross-section area of metaxylem elements in inflorescence stems increased in response to hypergravity. Gadolinium chloride suppressed the effect of hypergravity on the increase both in the thickness of secondary thickenings and in the cross-section area of metaxylem elements, while it did not suppress the effect of hypergravity on the increase in the number of metaxylem elements. Extensibility of secondary cell wall preparation decreased in response to hypergravity. Gadolinium chloride suppressed the effect of hypergravity on cell wall extensibility. CONCLUSIONS Hypergravity stimulus promotes metaxylem development and decreases extensibility of secondary cell walls, and mechanoreceptors were suggested to be involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- IZUMI NAKABAYASHI
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan and Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - ICHIROU KARAHARA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan and Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - DAISUKE TAMAOKI
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan and Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - KYOJIRO MASUDA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan and Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - TATSUYA WAKASUGI
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan and Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - KYOJI YAMADA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan and Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - KOUICHI SOGA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan and Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - TAKAYUKI HOSON
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan and Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - SEIICHIRO KAMISAKA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan and Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, Japan
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