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Ramos-Peñafiel C, Olarte-Carrillo I, Maldonado RC, de la Cruz Rosas A, Collazo-Jaloma J, Martínez-Tovar A. Association of three factors (ABCB1 gene expression, steroid response, early response at day + 8) on the response to induction in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:2629-2637. [PMID: 32980890 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) requires the combination of multiple drugs to integrate a complete remission. The different prognostic factors (age, leukocytes, risk, cytogenetic alterations) allow identifying those patients with a high risk of relapse, but there are few described factors that impact the induction response. The objective was to identify the utility of different risk factors (overexpression of the ABCB1 drug resistance gene, favorable response to steroids (FRS) and early response at day + 8 of treatment) on the percentage of complete remissions and overall survival. This is a prospective, observational study in adult patients with B-ALL without specific cytogenetic alterations, who started induction treatment based on a pretreatment with prednisone and subsequently vincristine (1.6 mg/m2 subcutaneous) plus daunorubicin (45 mg/m2 subcutaneously) on days + 1, + 8, + 15. The ABCB1 resistance gene was evaluated at diagnosis, the FRS at the end of the pretreatment and the early response during day + 8. A total of 53 adult patients diagnosed with ALL Philadelphia negative chromosome (Ph-), with immunophenotype B, with a normal karyotype, were studied. Cases with genetic abnormalities with a poor prognosis were excluded in order to reduce bias. The mean age was 48 years (range 17-68 years). 62.3% of patients were at high risk of relapse. When analyzing the risk factors, 30.2% showed high levels of the ABCB1 resistance gene, without showing an impact on the induction response (OR: 1.218, p = 0.743), but its overexpression was associated with a poor response to steroids as in the absence of early response. Individually, both the FRS (OR: 5.7, p = 0.004) and the absence of early response to day + 8 (OR: 6.42, p = 0.002) showed significance. By combining the different factors, having more than 2 was directly related to a failure (OR: 9.514, p = 0.000). The identification of factors such as FRS such as the persistence of blasts at the end of the first week of treatment is useful to identify patients at risk of failure in induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ramos-Peñafiel
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de México, "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", 06726, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Irma Olarte-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de México, "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Cerón Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de México, "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adrián de la Cruz Rosas
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de México, "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Collazo-Jaloma
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de México, "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", 06726, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Martínez-Tovar
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital General de México, "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", 06726, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Ryu B, Sekine H, Homma J, Kobayashi T, Kobayashi E, Kawamata T, Shimizu T. Allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell sheet that produces neurological improvement with angiogenesis and neurogenesis in a rat stroke model. J Neurosurg 2020; 132:442-455. [PMID: 30797215 DOI: 10.3171/2018.11.jns182331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of severe cerebral ischemia. However, targeting sufficient grafted cells to the affected area remains challenging. Choosing an adequate transplantation method for the CNS appears crucial for this therapy to become a clinical reality. The authors used a scaffold-free cell sheet as a translational intervention. This method involves the use of cell sheet layers and allows the transplantation of a large number of cells, locally and noninvasively. The authors evaluated the effectiveness of allogeneic adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell sheets in a rat model of stroke. METHODS The animals, subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, were randomly divided in two groups: one in which a cell sheet was transplanted and the other in which a vehicle was used (n = 10/group). Over a period of 14 days after transplantation, the animals' behavior was evaluated, after which brain tissue samples were removed and fixed, and the extent of angiogenesis and infarct areas was evaluated histologically. RESULTS Compared to the vehicle group, in the cell sheet group functional angiogenesis and neurogenesis were significantly increased, which resulted in behavioral improvement. Transplanted cells were identified within newly formed perivascular walls as pericytes, a proportion of which were functional. Newly formed blood vessels were found within the cell sheet that had anastomosed to the cerebral blood vessels in the host. CONCLUSIONS The transplantation approach described here is expected to provide not only a paracrine effect but also a direct cell effect resulting in cell replacement that protects the damaged neurovascular unit. The behavioral improvement seen with this transplantation approach provides the basis for further research on cell sheet-based regenerative treatment as a translational treatment for patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikei Ryu
- 1Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science and.,2Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University; and
| | - Hidekazu Sekine
- 1Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science and
| | - Jun Homma
- 1Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science and
| | | | - Eiji Kobayashi
- 3Department of Organ Fabrication, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- 1Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science and
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Zhu D, Xiao Z, Wang Z, Hu B, Duan C, Zhu Z, Gao N, Zhu Y, Wang H. MEG3/MIR-376B-3P/HMGA2 axis is involved in pituitary tumor invasiveness. J Neurosurg 2020:1-13. [PMID: 31899875 DOI: 10.3171/2019.10.jns191959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have proven to function as key regulators in tumorigenesis. Among these lncRNAs, MEG3 displays low levels in various neoplasms and tumor cell lines. However, the regulatory mechanism of MEG3 and MIR-376B-3P, one of the microRNAs from downstream gene clusters of the DLK1-MEG3 locus, remains insufficiently defined. METHODS The authors used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis to analyze whether decreased MEG3 and MIR-376B-3P expression levels were associated with the invasiveness of clinical nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (CNFPAs) in 30 patients. Furthermore, functional experiments unveiled the pathophysiological role of MEG3, MIR-376B-3P, and HMGA2 in pituitary-derived folliculostellate (PDFS) cell lines. Moreover, dual-luciferase reporter assay, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were applied to reveal the correlations among MEG3, MIR-376B-3P, and HMGA2. RESULTS MEG3 and MIR-376B-3P were decreased in patients with CNFPA, and their transcriptional levels were highly associated with invasive CNFPAs. Moreover, excessive expression of MEG3 and MIR-376B-3P inhibited tumorigenesis and promoted apoptosis in PDFS cells. Importantly, the authors found that MEG3 acted as an enhancer of MIR-376B-3P expression. Furthermore, as a target gene of MIR-376B-3P, HMGA2 served as an oncogene in pituitary adenoma and could be negatively regulated by MEG3 via enriching MIR-376B-3P. CONCLUSIONS This study offers a novel mechanism of an MEG3/MIR-376B-3P/HMGA2 regulatory network in CNFPAs, which may become a breakthrough for anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimin Zhu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; and
| | - Zheng Xiao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; and
| | - Zongming Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; and
| | - Bin Hu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; and
| | - Chengbin Duan
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; and
| | - Ziyan Zhu
- 2Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nailin Gao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; and
| | - Yonghong Zhu
- 2Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; and
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Yang G, Liu Z, Wang L, Chen X, Wang X, Dong Q, Zhang D, Yang Z, Zhou Q, Sun J, Xue L, Wang X, Gao M, Li L, Yi R, Ilgiz G, Ai J, Zhao S. MicroRNA-195 protection against focal cerebral ischemia by targeting CX3CR1. J Neurosurg 2018; 131:1-10. [PMID: 30497184 DOI: 10.3171/2018.5.jns173061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEIt has been reported that microRNA-195 (miR-195) protects against chronic brain injury induced by chronic brain hypoperfusion. However, neither the expression profile of miR-195 nor its potential role during acute ischemic stroke has been investigated. In this study, the authors' aim was to verify the mechanism of miR-195 in acute ischemic stroke.METHODSThe plasma levels of miR-195 expression were assessed using real-time PCR in 96 patients with acute ischemic stroke, and the correlation with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was evaluated. In addition, cerebral infarct volume, neurological score, and levels of miR-195 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 mRNA and protein expression were assessed in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with or without intra-cerebroventricular infusion of lentiviral vector. The inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 of mouse brains after MCAO and BV2 cells treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and apoptotic proteins were examined by Western blotting. Direct targeting of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 by miR-195 was determined by immunoblotting and dual luciferase assay.RESULTSIn ischemic stroke patients, miR-195 was significantly downregulated and expression levels of miR-195 in these patients negatively correlated with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. In mice after MCAO, miR-195 overexpression decreased infarct volume, alleviated neurological deficits, and most importantly, suppressed an inflammatory response. Meanwhile, miR-195 suppressed the expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in vitro and in vivo. The authors further discovered that both CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 are direct targets of miR-195, but miR-195 exerts neuroprotective roles mainly through inhibiting CX3CR1-mediated neuroinflammation and subsequent neuronal cell apoptosis.CONCLUSIONSTaken together, these findings suggest that miR-195 promotes neuronal cell survival against chronic cerebral ischemic damage by inhibiting CX3CR1-mediated neuroinflammation. This indicates that miR-195 may represent a novel target that regulates neuroinflammation and brain injury, thus offering a new treatment strategy for cerebral ischemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Zhendong Liu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Lu Wang
- 3Department of Urology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Xin Chen
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Qi Dong
- 4Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Daming Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Zhao Yang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Qi Zhou
- 5Research Administration Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Jingxian Sun
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Linmeng Xue
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Xinzhuang Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Ming Gao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Lili Li
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
| | - Ran Yi
- 6Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gareev Ilgiz
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 7Department of Medical Rehabilitation with courses of Neurosurgery and Acupuncture IAPE, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia; and
| | - Jing Ai
- 8Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin
- 2Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin
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Stache C, Bils C, Fahlbusch R, Flitsch J, Buchfelder M, Stefanits H, Czech T, Gaipl U, Frey B, Buslei R, Hölsken A. Drug priming enhances radiosensitivity of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma via downregulation of survivin. Neurosurg Focus 2017; 41:E14. [PMID: 27903123 DOI: 10.3171/2016.9.focus16316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the authors investigated the underlying mechanisms responsible for high tumor recurrence rates of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) after radiotherapy and developed new targeted treatment protocols to minimize recurrence. ACPs are characterized by the activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), known to mediate radioresistance in various tumor entities. The impact of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) gefitinib or CUDC-101 on radiation-induced cell death and associated regulation of survivin gene expression was evaluated. METHODS The hypothesis that activated EGFR promotes radioresistance in ACP was investigated in vitro using human primary cell cultures of ACP (n = 10). The effects of radiation (12 Gy) and combined radiochemotherapy on radiosensitivity were assessed via cell death analysis using flow cytometry. Changes in target gene expression were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Survivin, identified in qRT-PCR to be involved in radioresistance of ACP, was manipulated by small interfering RNA (siRNA), followed by proliferation and vitality assays to further clarify its role in ACP biology. Immunohistochemically, survivin expression was assessed in patient tumors used for primary cell cultures. RESULTS In primary human ACP cultures, activation of EGFR resulted in significantly reduced cell death levels after radiotherapy. Treatment with TKIs alone and in combination with radiotherapy increased cell death response remarkably, assessed by flow cytometry. CUDC-101 was significantly more effective than gefitinib. The authors identified regulation of survivin expression after therapeutic intervention as the underlying molecular mechanism of radioresistance in ACP. EGFR activation promoting ACP cell survival and proliferation in vitro is consistent with enhanced survivin gene expression shown by qRT-PCR. TKI treatment, as well as the combination with radiotherapy, reduced survivin levels in vitro. Accordingly, ACP showed reduced cell viability and proliferation after survivin downregulation by siRNA. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate an impact of EGFR signaling on radioresistance in ACP. Inhibition of EGFR activity by means of TKI treatment acts as a radiosensitizer on ACP tumor cells, leading to increased cell death. Additionally, the results emphasize the antiapoptotic and pro-proliferative role of survivin in ACP biology and its regulation by EGFR signaling. The suppression of survivin by treatment with TKI and combined radiotherapy represents a new promising treatment strategy that will be further assessed in in vivo models of ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stache
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Bils
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Flitsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Stefanits
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Thomas Czech
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Udo Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rolf Buslei
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annett Hölsken
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Ohtaki S, Wanibuchi M, Kataoka-Sasaki Y, Sasaki M, Oka S, Noshiro S, Akiyama Y, Mikami T, Mikuni N, Kocsis JD, Honmou O. ACTC1 as an invasion and prognosis marker in glioma. J Neurosurg 2016; 126:467-475. [PMID: 27081897 DOI: 10.3171/2016.1.jns152075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioma is a major class of brain tumors, and glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant type. The nature of tumor invasion makes surgical removal difficult, which results in remote recurrence. The present study focused on glioma invasion and investigated the expression of actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 (ACTC1), which is 1 of 6 actin families implicated in cell motility. METHODS mRNA expression of ACTC1 expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 47 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded glioma tissues that were graded according to WHO criteria: Grade I (n = 4); Grade II (n = 12); Grade III (n = 6); and Grade IV (n = 25). Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The relationships between ACTC1 expression and clinical features such as radiological findings at the time of diagnosis and recurrence, patient age, Karnofsky Performance Scale status (KPS), and the MIB-1 index were evaluated. RESULTS The incidence of ACTC1 expression as a qualitative assessment gradually increased according to WHO grade. The hazard ratio for the median overall survival (mOS) of the patients with ACTC1-positive high-grade gliomas as compared with the ACTC1-negative group was 2.96 (95% CI, 1.03-8.56). The mOS was 6.28 years in the ACTC1-negative group and 1.26 years in the positive group (p = 0.037). In GBM patients, the hazard ratio for mOS in the ACTC1-positive GBMs as compared with the ACTC1-negative group was 2.86 (95% CI 0.97-8.45). mOS was 3.20 years for patients with ACTC1-negative GBMs and 1.08 years for patients with ACTC1-positive GBMs (p = 0.048). By the radiological findings, 42.9% of ACTC1-positive GBM patients demonstrated invasion toward the contralateral cerebral hemisphere at the time of diagnosis, although no invasion was observed in ACTC1-negative GBM patients (p = 0.013). The recurrence rate of GBM was 87.5% in the ACTC1-positive group; in contrast, none of the ACTC1-negative patients demonstrated distant recurrence (0.007). No remarkable relationship was demonstrated among ACTC1 expression and patient age, KPS, and the MIB-1 index. CONCLUSIONS ACTC1 may serve as a novel independent prognostic and invasion marker in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Ohtaki
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.,Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiko Wanibuchi
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.,Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuko Kataoka-Sasaki
- Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masanori Sasaki
- Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven; and.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shinichi Oka
- Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shouhei Noshiro
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.,Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Mikami
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.,Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Jeffery D Kocsis
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven; and.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Osamu Honmou
- Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven; and.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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