1
|
Stępień P, Spychał E. The Use of Thermoporometry in the Study of Frost Resistance of Rocks. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:620. [PMID: 38591491 PMCID: PMC10856591 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
From an engineering point of view, it is important to know the factors influencing the frost resistance of rocks with porosity above 2% due to their different frost resistance. The article focused on frost durability research using the thermoporometry method (TMP) and the assessment of water phase transition in the pore spaces of selected rocks. For this purpose, the differential scanning calorimetry method (DSC) was used with the adoption of an original algorithm for eliminating the thermal inertia of the measurement system. The results of the DSC method were supplemented with the results of pore size distribution using the mercury intrusion porosimetry method (MIP) and standard rock frost resistance tests. Based on the research carried out using the thermoporometry method, it was confirmed that the ability of water to freeze in the temperature range from -5 °C to -20 °C was important, as well as the ability of rocks to increase the degree of water saturation during freeze-thaw cycles. Based on calorimetric tests combined with thermoporometry, in the case of non-frost-resistant rocks, a significant (dominant) share of pores with a radius of under 10 nm (amounting to over 0.008 cm3/cm3) was found. Pore connections in the water freezing process do not influence the investigated rocks' frost resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Stępień
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng L, Wang J, Li K, Wang M, Li S, Yuan L. Advances in the Experiments of Leaching in Cement-Based Materials and Dissolution in Rocks. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7697. [PMID: 38138839 PMCID: PMC10744687 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaching in cement-based materials and dissolution in rocks are important problems in civil engineering. In the past century, concrete damage caused by leaching have occurred worldwide. And, rock dissolution is usually the main cause of karst rock erosions. This paper provides a review of the causes, influencing factors, and effects on engineering properties of dissolution of rocks and leaching of cement-based materials. The applied experimental methods for leaching and dissolution have been sorted out and discussed. In situ field experiments can be used to study dissolution under natural conditions, while the laboratory experiments can effectively shorten the experiment time length (by changing pH, temperature, pressure or other factors that affect the leaching or dissolution) to quickly investigate the mechanism of dissolution and leaching. Micro tests including XRD, SEM, EDS, and other testing methods can obtain the changes in material properties and microstructures under leaching and dissolution. In addition, with the advances in technologies and updated instruments, more and more new testing methods are being used. The factors affecting the leaching and dissolution include environmental factors, materials, and solvent parameters. The mechanisms and deterioration processes of leaching and dissolution varies according to the types of material and the compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.Z.); (K.L.); (M.W.); (S.L.); (L.Y.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stark G, Ma L, Zeng ZG, Du WG, Levy O. Cool shade and not-so-cool shade: How habitat loss may accelerate thermal stress under current and future climate. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:6201-6216. [PMID: 37280748 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide habitat loss, land-use changes, and climate change threaten biodiversity, and we urgently need models that predict the combined impacts of these threats on organisms. Current models, however, overlook microhabitat diversity within landscapes and so do not accurately inform conservation efforts, particularly for ectotherms. Here, we built and field-parameterized a model to examine the effects of habitat loss and climate change on activity and microhabitat selection by a diurnal desert lizard. Our model predicted that lizards in rock-free areas would reduce summer activity levels (e.g. foraging, basking) and that future warming will gradually decrease summer activity in rocky areas, as even large rocks become thermally stressful. Warmer winters will enable more activity but will require bushes and small rocks as shade retreats. Hence, microhabitats that may seem unimportant today will become important under climate change. Modelling frameworks should consider the microhabitat requirements of organisms to improve conservation outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Stark
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhi-Gao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Guo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ofir Levy
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mandon L, Beck P, Quantin‐Nataf C, Dehouck E, Thollot P, Loizeau D, Volat M. ROMA: A Database of Rock Reflectance Spectra for Martian In Situ Exploration. Earth Space Sci 2022; 9:e2021EA001871. [PMID: 35844834 PMCID: PMC9285354 DOI: 10.1029/2021ea001871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ROMA database (ROck reflectance for MArtian in situ exploration, https://roma.univ-lyon1.fr) provides the reflectance spectra between 0.4 and 3-4 μm of various terrestrial, Martian, and synthetic samples, as a means to document reference measurements for comparison with data acquired by visible and near-infrared spectrometers on planetary surfaces, with a focus on current and future Martian observations by the Perseverance (Mars 2020 mission) and Rosalind Franklin (ExoMars) rovers. The main specificity of this database is to include a significant fraction of spectra of unprocessed rock, which are more realistic analogs and often have different spectral features than the fine powders more commonly analyzed in reflectance spectroscopy. Additionally, these measurements were acquired with a spectrometer whose spot size is similar to those of the SuperCam instrument (Mars 2020 mission) at a few meters from a target. Supplementary information are provided in the ROMA database: higher-level data (such as absorption band parameters) as well as sample mineralogy estimated by whole-rock X-ray diffraction analyses. Future comparisons with this database will help improve the interpretation of spectral measurements acquired on the Martian surface. This work introduces the aim of the library and its current state, but additional data on intact natural rock surfaces will likely be added in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Mandon
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, LGL‐TPEVilleurbanneFrance
- Now at LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de ParisMeudonFrance
| | - P. Beck
- Université Grenoble‐Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, UMR 5274GrenobleFrance
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
| | | | - E. Dehouck
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, LGL‐TPEVilleurbanneFrance
| | - P. Thollot
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, LGL‐TPEVilleurbanneFrance
| | - D. Loizeau
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’Astrophysique SpatialeOrsayFrance
| | - M. Volat
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, LGL‐TPEVilleurbanneFrance
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Purahong W, Hossen S, Nawaz A, Sadubsarn D, Tanunchai B, Dommert S, Noll M, Ampornpan LA, Werukamkul P, Wubet T. Life on the Rocks: First Insights Into the Microbiota of the Threatened Aquatic Rheophyte Hanseniella heterophylla. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:634960. [PMID: 34194446 PMCID: PMC8238419 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.634960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about microbial communities of aquatic plants despite their crucial ecosystem function in aquatic ecosystems. Here, we analyzed the microbiota of an aquatic rheophyte, Hanseniella heterophylla, growing at three areas differing in their degree of anthropogenic disturbance in Thailand employing a metabarcoding approach. Our results show that diverse taxonomic and functional groups of microbes colonize H. heterophylla. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Dothideomycetes, and Sordariomycetes form the backbone of the microbiota. Surprisingly, the beneficial microbes reported from plant microbiomes in terrestrial habitats, such as N-fixing bacteria and ectomycorrhizal fungi, were also frequently detected. We showed that biofilms for attachment of H. heterophylla plants to rocks may associate with diverse cyanobacteria (distributed in eight families, including Chroococcidiopsaceae, Coleofasciculaceae, Leptolyngbyaceae, Microcystaceae, Nostocaceae, Phormidiaceae, Synechococcaceae, and Xenococcaceae) and other rock biofilm-forming bacteria (mainly Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium). We found distinct community compositions of both bacteria and fungi at high and low anthropogenic disturbance levels regardless of the study areas. In the highly disturbed area, we found strong enrichment of Gammaproteobacteria and Tremellomycetes coupled with significant decline of total bacterial OTU richness. Bacteria involved with sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic) degradation and human pathogenic fungi (Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, and Rhodotorula) were exclusively detected as indicator microorganisms in H. heterophylla microbiota growing in a highly disturbed area, which can pose a major threat to human health. We conclude that aquatic plant microbiota are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance. Our results also unravel the potential use of this plant as biological indicators in remediation or treatment of such disturbed ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
- *Correspondence: Witoon Purahong, ;
| | - Shakhawat Hossen
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
- Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Dolaya Sadubsarn
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
| | - Benjawan Tanunchai
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
| | - Sven Dommert
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias Noll
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - La-aw Ampornpan
- Department of Biology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Petcharat Werukamkul
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
- Petcharat Werukamkul,
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sazanova (nee Barinova) KV, Zelenskaya MS, Manurtdinova VV, Izatulina AR, Rusakov AV, Vlasov DY, Frank-Kamenetskaya OV. Accumulation of Elements in Biodeposits on the Stone Surface in Urban Environment. Case Studies from Saint Petersburg, Russia. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E36. [PMID: 33374245 PMCID: PMC7823400 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern of elements accumulation in biodeposits formed by living organisms and extracellular products of their metabolism (biofouling, primary soils) on different bedrocks (of the monuments of Historical necropoleis in Saint Petersburg) were studied by a complex of biological and mineralogical methods (optical microscopy, SEM, EDX, XRD, ICP MS, XRFS). The content of 46 elements in biodeposits with various communities of microorganisms is determined. The model recreating the picture of the input and selective accumulation of elements in biodeposits on the stone surface in outdoor conditions is assumed. It is shown that the main contribution to the elemental composition of biodeposits is made by the environment and the composition of the microbial community. The contribution of leaching under the action of microbial metabolites of mineral grains, entering biodeposits from the environment, is significantly greater than that of the underlying rock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina V. Sazanova (nee Barinova)
- Saint Petersburg State University, University Emb., 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.Z.); (A.R.I.); (A.V.R.); (D.Y.V.); (O.V.F.-K.)
- Komarov Botanical Research Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Professor Popov Street, 2, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- The Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, University Emb., 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina S. Zelenskaya
- Saint Petersburg State University, University Emb., 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.Z.); (A.R.I.); (A.V.R.); (D.Y.V.); (O.V.F.-K.)
| | - Vera V. Manurtdinova
- State Museum of Urban Sculpture, Nevsky Prospect 179, 191167 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alina R. Izatulina
- Saint Petersburg State University, University Emb., 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.Z.); (A.R.I.); (A.V.R.); (D.Y.V.); (O.V.F.-K.)
| | - Aleksei V. Rusakov
- Saint Petersburg State University, University Emb., 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.Z.); (A.R.I.); (A.V.R.); (D.Y.V.); (O.V.F.-K.)
| | - Dmitry Yu. Vlasov
- Saint Petersburg State University, University Emb., 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.Z.); (A.R.I.); (A.V.R.); (D.Y.V.); (O.V.F.-K.)
- Komarov Botanical Research Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Professor Popov Street, 2, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya
- Saint Petersburg State University, University Emb., 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.Z.); (A.R.I.); (A.V.R.); (D.Y.V.); (O.V.F.-K.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
In an era of rapid climate change and expansion of desertification, the extremely harsh conditions of drylands are a true challenge for microbial life. Under drought conditions, where most life forms cannot survive, rocks represent the main refuge for life. Indeed, the endolithic habitat provides thermal buffering, physical stability, and protection against incident ultraviolet (UV) radiation and solar radiation and, to some extent, ensures water retention to microorganisms. The study of these highly specialized extreme-tolerant and extremophiles may provide tools for understanding microbial interactions and processes that allow them to keep their metabolic machinery active under conditions of dryness and oligotrophy that are typically incompatible with active life, up to the dry limits for life. Despite lithobiontic communities being studied all over the world, a comprehensive understanding of their ecology, evolution, and adaptation is still nascent. Herein, we survey the fungal component of these microbial ecosystems. We first provide an overview of the main defined groups (i.e., lichen-forming fungi, black fungi, and yeasts) of the most known and studied Antarctic endolithic communities that are almost the only life forms ensuring ecosystem functionality in the ice-free areas of the continent. For each group, we discuss their main traits and their diversity. Then, we focus on the fungal taxonomy and ecology of other worldwide endolithic communities. Finally, we highlight the utmost importance of a global rock survey in order to have a comprehensive view of the diversity, distribution, and functionality of these fungi in drylands, to obtain tools in desert area management, and as early alarm systems to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Coleine
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia , Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, 900 University Ave , Riverside, California 92521
| | - Asunción de Los Ríos
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Microbial Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spanish National Resource Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia , Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.,Italian National Antarctic Museum, Mycological Section, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mazukhina SI, Sandimirov SS, Pozhilenko VI, Gudkov AV. The genesis of the natural water chemistry in the South-Western Khibiny Mountains (the Malaya Belaya River Basin). J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2020; 55:511-516. [PMID: 32052713 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1710086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic modeling (in the software suite Selector) of the processes controlling the surface and groundwater chemistry in the catchment area of the Malaya Belaya River as part of the water-rock system made it possible to identify the migration forms and ratios of vital, carcinogenic, and toxic elements. It was found that the surface and groundwater chemistry is controlled by the interactions of surface, ground, and fissure water with the nepheline syenites and chibinites of the Khibiny massif, which is supported by the data on the concentrations of heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δ18O and δ2H). The natural water chemistry and the element ratios may be causes of some of the diseases common among the area's residents, since these diseases are due to the excessively high or low or out-of-balance concentrations of many biologically important components and ratios thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana I Mazukhina
- FGBUN Institute of Industrial Ecology of the North, Kola Research Center at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, Murmansk Region, Russia
| | - Sergey S Sandimirov
- FGBUN Institute of Industrial Ecology of the North, Kola Research Center at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, Murmansk Region, Russia
| | - Vladivir I Pozhilenko
- FGBUN Institute of Geology, Kola Research Center at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, Murmansk Region, Russia
| | - Anton V Gudkov
- FGBUN Institute of Geology, Kola Research Center at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, Murmansk Region, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barbosa PF, Lagoeiro LE, Silva MAO. EBSD and CL Study of Deformed Quartz Grains in Rocks: An Example for one Strain Fringe Structure From Iron Quadrangle. Microsc Microanal 2019; 25:883-890. [PMID: 31232246 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619014624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Kinematic indicators, including certain strain fringes, represent an important group of structures related to the progressive deformation in rocks. The evolution of these fibrous textures can be explained by the combination of multiple mechanisms of deformation and fluid flow, mainly controlled by the orientation of the strain field and the morphology of the grains. In general, the observations are done with an optical microscope and compared with computational models of growth. This work proposes a combination of crystallographic and cathodoluminescence data obtained in rocks from banded iron formations of the Iron Quadrangle in Brazil to represent an example of how complementary analytical techniques can be useful to understand geological problems. The chosen sample exhibits a strain fringe structure of quartz around a clast of magnetite partially transformed into goethite and hematite. Through the crystallographic data it was possible to identify the grain boundary morphology and domains of low deformation areas. On the other hand, the cathodoluminescence signal evidenced the occurrence of grains with a higher concentration of crystalline defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - L E Lagoeiro
- Federal University of Paraná,Curitiba, PR,Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|