1
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW One important question from the outset of the pandemic has been whether a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected person's milk might be a vehicle for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. This review summarizes the most recent data on this topic. RECENT FINDINGS A SARS-CoV-2 sIgA response in milk after infection is very common. To date, there has been no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 transmits via human milk. Though viral RNA has been identified in a minority of milk samples studied, infectious virus particles have not. SUMMARY The highly dominant transmission route for SARS-CoV-2 is via inhalation of respiratory droplets containing virus particles. Other routes of transmission are possible, including fecal-oral, trans-placental, and to a much lesser extent, via a contaminated surface. SARS-CoV-2 cannot transmit via human milk. There is no evidence that infants should be separated from SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers who are well enough to establish or continue breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L R Powell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Valdomir Nadaf MI, Lima L, Stranieri I, AkikoTakano O, Carneiro-Sampaio M, Palmeira P. Passive acquisition of anti-Staphylococcus aureus antibodies by newborns via transplacental transfer and breastfeeding, regardless of maternal colonization. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2016; 71:687-694. [PMID: 28076511 PMCID: PMC5175294 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2016(12)02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the transmission of anti-Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 via placental transfer and the transfer of IgA via the colostrum according to maternal Sa carrier status at delivery. METHODS: We evaluated anti-Sa IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 in maternal and cord sera and IgA in colostrum from a case (n=49, Sa+) and a control group (n=98, Sa-). RESULTS: Of the 250 parturients analyzed for this study, 49 were nasally colonized with S. aureus (prevalence of 19.6%). Ninety-eight non-colonized subjects were selected for the control group. The anti-Sa IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 levels and the IgG avidity indexes in the maternal and cord sera did not differ between the groups, with a low transfer ratio of anti-Sa IgG to the newborns in both groups. The anti-Sa IgG2 titers were significantly higher than the IgG1 titers in the maternal and cord sera. Inversely, the transfer ratios were higher for anti-Sa IgG1 compared with IgG2; however, no differences between the groups were detected. The Sa-specific IgA levels and avidity indexes in the colostrum were equivalent between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal Sa nasal colonization at delivery is not associated with higher antibody levels in the mother or newborns. The high titers of anti-Sa IgG2 found in the cord serum indicate a greater reactivity with non-protein antigens, which may further contribute to the susceptibility to staphylococcal infections at birth. The presence of IgA in the colostrum with avidity to S. aureus reinforces the importance of breastfeeding shortly after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Valdomir Nadaf
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Departamento de Pediatria, Mato Grosso/MT, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Laila Lima
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Inês Stranieri
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Departamento de Pediatria, Mato Grosso/MT, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Olga AkikoTakano
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Departamento de Pediatria, Mato Grosso/MT, Brazil
| | - Magda Carneiro-Sampaio
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Palmeira
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto da Criança, Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-36), São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Savage NW, Barnard K, Shirlaw PJ, Rahman D, Mistry M, Escudier MP, Sanderson JD, Challacombe SJ. Serum and salivary IgA antibody responses to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in orofacial granulomatosis and Crohn's disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 135:483-9. [PMID: 15008983 PMCID: PMC1808974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a condition of unknown aetiology with histological and, in some cases, clinical association with Crohn's disease (CD). However, the exact relationship between OFG and CD remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine whether OFG could be distinguished immunologically from CD by comparing non-specific and specific aspects of humoral immunity in serum, whole saliva and parotid saliva in three groups of patients: (a) OFG only (n = 14), (b) those with both oral and gut CD (OFG + CD) (n = 12) and (c) CD without oral involvement (n = 22) and in healthy controls (n = 29). Non-specific immunoglobulin (IgA, SigA, IgA subclasses and IgG) levels and antibodies to whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, whole saliva and parotid saliva. Serum IgA and IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses were raised in all patient groups (P < 0.01). Salivary IgA (and IgG) levels were raised in OFG and OFG + CD (P < 0.01) but not in the CD group. Parotid IgA was also raised in OFG and OFG + CD but not in CD. The findings suggest that serum IgA changes reflect mucosal inflammation anywhere in the GI tract but that salivary IgA changes reflect involvement of the oral cavity. Furthermore, the elevated levels of IgA in parotid saliva suggest involvement of the salivary glands in OFG. Serum IgA antibodies to S. cerevisiae were raised markedly in the two groups with gut disease while serum IgA (or IgG) antibodies to C. albicans were elevated significantly in all three patient groups (P < 0.02). No differences were found with antibodies to S. mutans. Whole saliva IgA antibodies to S. cerevisiae (and C. albicans) were raised in the groups with oral involvement. These findings suggest that raised serum IgA antibodies to S. cerevisiae may reflect gut inflammation while raised SIgA antibodies to S. cerevisiae or raised IgA or IgA2 levels in saliva reflect oral but not gut disease. Analysis of salivary IgA and IgA antibodies to S. cerevisiae as well as serum antibodies in patients presenting with OFG may allow prediction of gut involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N W Savage
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Guy's, Kings and St Thomas's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulins provide first line humoral defense at mucosal surfaces to which they are specifically transported by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) on mucosal and glandular epithelial cells. Previous studies from our laboratory suggested that amino acids 402-410 of the Calpha3 domain of dimeric IgA (dIgA) represented a potential binding site for the pIgR. Here by binding human secretory component to overlapping decapeptides of Calpha3, we confirm these residues and also uncover an additional site. Furthermore, we show that the Calpha3 motif appears to be sufficient to direct transport of green fluorescent protein through the pIgR-specific cellular transcytosis system. An alternative approach identified phage peptides, selected from a library by the in vitro Madin Darby Canine Kidney transcytosis assay, for pIgR-mediated transport through epithelial cells. Some transcytosis-selected peptides map to the same 402-410 pIgR-binding Calpha3 site. Further in vivo studies document that at least one of these peptides is transported in a rat model measuring hepatic bile transport. In addition to identifying small peptides that are both bound and transported by the pIgR, this study provides evidence that the pIgR-mediated mucosal secretion system may represent a means of targeting small molecule therapeutics and genes to mucosal epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D White
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
It is unclear how breakdown in immune tolerance to the ubiquitous self-antigen pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), seen in the autoimmune liver disease PBC, gives rise to tissue damage with such a limited distribution (restricted to the liver and salivary and lachrymal glands). One property shared by these tissues is the ability to export secretory IgA by the process of transcytosis. The aim of this study was to address whether active transcytosis of anti-PDC IgA occurs across epithelial surfaces in PBC, a finding that might implicate mucosal specific immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this disease. Parotid saliva was collected from PBC patients (n = 44), normal controls (n = 28) and PBC patients post-liver transplantation (n = 11). IgA and secretory component-positive antibodies specific for human PDC were quantified by ELISA and immunoblotting. PBC patients (but not control subjects) had anti-PDC IgA in their saliva. The strong correlation seen between titres detected using anti-IgA and anti-secretory component antibodies suggests that this is predominantly secretory IgA reaching the saliva by the active process of epithelial transcytosis. Titres of anti-PDC IgA remain high in PBC patients saliva post-liver transplant. Findings from studies of IgA in viral infection models raise the possibility that anti-PDC IgA could, whilst undergoing transcytosis, bind to newly translated PDC components in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells transporting them out of the cell and inducing metabolic damage. This model would, if correct, help to explain the mechanism and tropism of tissue damage in PBC and the aberrant pattern of expression of PDC on the apical surface of biliary and salivary epithelial cells reported in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Palmer
- Centre for Liver Research and School of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Woerly G, Roger N, Loiseau S, Dombrowicz D, Capron A, Capron M. Expression of CD28 and CD86 by human eosinophils and role in the secretion of type 1 cytokines (interleukin 2 and interferon gamma): inhibition by immunoglobulin a complexes. J Exp Med 1999; 190:487-95. [PMID: 10449520 PMCID: PMC2195599 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.4.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are the source of various immunoregulatory cytokines, but the membrane molecules involved in their secretion have not been clearly identified. Here we show that peripheral blood eosinophils from hypereosinophilic patients could express membrane CD86 but not CD80. The T cell costimulatory molecule CD28 is also detected on the eosinophil surface. CD28 ligation but not CD86 ligation resulted in interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion by eosinophils, whereas IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 were not detected. In contrast to T cells requiring two signals for effective stimulation, CD28 ligation alone was sufficient for optimal eosinophil activation. Eosinophil-derived IL-2 and IFN-gamma were biologically active, as supernatants from anti-CD28-treated cells were able to induce CTLL-2 proliferation and major histocompatibility complex class II expression on the colon carcinoma cell line Colo 205, respectively. Addition of secretory immunoglobulin (Ig)A-anti-IgA complexes, which could induce the release of IL-10, very significantly inhibited both CD28-mediated IL-2 and IFN-gamma release. These results suggest that the release of type 1 (IFN-gamma and IL-2) versus type 2 cytokines by eosinophils is not only differential but also dependent on cross-regulatory signals. They confirm that through activation of costimulatory molecules, eosinophils could function as an immunoregulatory cell involved in the release of both type 1 and type 2 cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtane Woerly
- From the Centre d'Immunologie et Biologie Parasitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U167, Institut Pasteur, and Université de Lille II, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nadine Roger
- From the Centre d'Immunologie et Biologie Parasitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U167, Institut Pasteur, and Université de Lille II, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Loiseau
- From the Centre d'Immunologie et Biologie Parasitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U167, Institut Pasteur, and Université de Lille II, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - David Dombrowicz
- From the Centre d'Immunologie et Biologie Parasitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U167, Institut Pasteur, and Université de Lille II, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - André Capron
- From the Centre d'Immunologie et Biologie Parasitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U167, Institut Pasteur, and Université de Lille II, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Monique Capron
- From the Centre d'Immunologie et Biologie Parasitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U167, Institut Pasteur, and Université de Lille II, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moja P, Jalil A, Quesnel A, Perol M, Cotte L, Livrozet JM, Boibieux A, Chamson A, Vergnon JM, Lucht F, Tran R, Pozzetto B, Genin C. Humoral immune response within the lung in HIV-1 infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 110:341-8. [PMID: 9409634 PMCID: PMC1904806 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.4231441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study the humoral immune defences in the respiratory tract during HIV-1 infection, we measured the levels, local productions and anti-HIV and antibacterial activities of IgG and IgA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum of 61 adult patients with severe HIV infection and of 56 HIV- controls. Albumin was used as the serum transudation factor. The increase of immunoglobulin levels in the serum of HIV-infected patients was confirmed. The IgG level was also increased in epithelial lining fluid (ELF), whereas the total IgA level was unchanged and secretory IgA (SIgA) level was decreased. The ELF/serum immunoglobulin ratios suggested that the IgG present in ELF resulted mainly from transudation, in contrast to SIgA, which was synthesized locally in controls but greatly diminished in HIV-infected patients. IgG to HIV-1 could be detected in BALF of all the patients, but IgA to HIV-1 only in 30% of patients. BAL IgG reacted more consistently and with a broader array of HIV-1 antigens than did IgA. BAL IgA, when present in samples, reacted primarily with viral envelope antigens. Because IgA specificities to some HIV-1 antigens were detected more intensively by BAL than by serum immunoglobulins, we conclude that the mucosal immune response is distinct from that in serum. IgG antibody activity to Streptococcus pneumoniae was decreased in HIV-infected patients' sera, and IgA antibody activities to S. pneumoniae and to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were decreased in ELF in HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Moja
- Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes, University of Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
As interest in the development of oral vaccines continues to rise, alternative animal models for studies of mucosal immunity are needed. The present study examines a simplified procedure for delivering antigen to rabbit Peyer's patches via an indwelling cannula. The cannula was placed 3-4 cm proximal to the Peyer's patch, and was used to deliver four weekly doses of the potent mucosal immunogen, cholera toxin (CT). Anti-CT specific fecal secretory IgA (S-IgA), serum IgG and serum IgA were found in essentially equal amounts in rabbits with cannulas and in rabbits fitted with Thiry-Vella (T-V) isolated ileal loops. In contrast to animals with T-V loops, the intestinal flora of animals with cannulas contained less bacterial overgrowth with Pseudomonas sp. Further, the villus architecture remained histologically normal in appearance and there were fewer post-surgical complications associated with this technique than with T-V loops. This simplified technique should allow wider use of rabbits in studies of mucosal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F T McAleer
- University of Connecticut, Center for Environmental Health, Department of Animal Science, Storrs 06269, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|