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Manjunatha GS, Lakshmikanthan P, Chavan D, Baghel DS, Kumar S, Kumar R. Detection and extinguishment approaches for municipal solid waste landfill fires: A mini review. Waste Manag Res 2024; 42:16-26. [PMID: 37148210 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231168797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is getting more attention in the present scenario. Even though various technologies like incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and waste-to-energy plants have been developed, landfills are still the major disposal option for MSW management. MSW at landfill creates issues that are highlighted at a global level like the fire at Deonar dumping site in Mumbai, India was visible and captured by the space satellites, leading to environmental pollution. Detection and extinguishment of landfill fires at surface and sub-surface in their early stages are the major concern. Thermal imaging camera can be used to know solar radiation effect by identifying the hotspots during the day and the night time for understanding aerobic degradation effect on the surface fire. Sub-surface gas concentrations and its combinations affecting the temperature gradient can be studied for a better understanding of sub-surface fires in their early stages. The use of class 'A' foams with water, which reduces the surface tension of water, can be carried out for landfill fire extinguishment. The application of water in the form of water fog will extract a large amount of heat and block the availability of oxygen for the fire. This mini review presents the sources of fuel, heat, oxidant for landfill fire and its development process, associated pollution on air, water, land and human health due to landfill fire and methods for its extinguishment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Manjunatha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P Lakshmikanthan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Digambar Chavan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
- School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deepak Singh Baghel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ai C, Sun P, Zhao D, Mu X. Optimization of experimental conditions of microbial desulfurization in coal mine using response surface methodology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1076814. [PMID: 36507277 PMCID: PMC9732434 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1076814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the risk of spontaneous combustion during coal storage and transportation, microbial desulfurization technology is used to reduce the content of inorganic sulfur in coal. A strain of Aciditithiobacillus ferrooxidans was purified from coal mine water in Datong, Shanxi Province, and its desulfurization test conditions were optimized. Taking the inorganic sulfur removal rate of coal as the response value. The Plackett-Burman design method was used to screen the main factors affecting the response value. And the response surface method was used to establish the continuous variable surface model to determine the interaction between the factors. The results show that the three main factors affecting the response value and their significance order are temperature > coal particle size > desulfurization time, and the interaction between temperature and coal particle size has the greatest effect. When the temperature is 29.50°C, the coal size is 100 mesh, and the desulfurization time is 11.67 days, the desulfurization effect is the best, and the removal rate of inorganic sulfur can reach 79.78%, which is close to the predicted value, and the regression effect is wonderful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐ming Ai
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, China,Key Laboratory of Thermal Disaster and Prevention, Ministry of Education, Huludao, China
| | - Ping‐ping Sun
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, China,Key Laboratory of Thermal Disaster and Prevention, Ministry of Education, Huludao, China,*Correspondence: Ping‐ping Sun,
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, China,Key Laboratory of Thermal Disaster and Prevention, Ministry of Education, Huludao, China
| | - Xiao‐zhi Mu
- Shanxi Jinshen Shaping Coal Industry Co, Ltd., Xinzhou Shanxi, China
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Kursunoglu N, Gogebakan M. Prediction of spontaneous coal combustion tendency using multinomial logistic regression. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 2021; 28:2000-2009. [PMID: 34144657 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2021.1944535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous combustion of coal is a complex underground mining disaster, which mainly threats mine safety and efficiency. Several factors usually cause spontaneous combustion of coal, such as gas concentration, ventilation and coal properties. In this study, spontaneous combustion tendencies of coal mines were predicted considering the effective parameters for an underground coal mine in Turkey. Multinomial logistic regression, a multivariate statistical technique, was applied. Gas concentrations (CH4, CO, O2) and air velocity were defined as factors affecting spontaneous coal combustion. Fire hazard levels of the coal mines were determined as 'normal situation' and 'potential combustion'. It was observed that CH4 and CO variables and CH4 × CO interaction were effective in the formation of clusters. The results indicate that Mine I is more liable to spontaneous combustion than Mine II and Mine III. At the same time, the effects of variations in factors are examined in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Kursunoglu
- Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Batman University, Turkey
| | - Maruf Gogebakan
- Department of Maritime Business Administration, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Turkey
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Bryant CM, Warnica JM, Chen R, Shepard C. Identification of triglycerides in liquid and fire debris samples by triple quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:534-546. [PMID: 33136299 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of fire debris for triglyceride-based oils may be of interest to fire investigators depending on the circumstances of a particular fire. Such circumstances include accidental or intentionally set cooking oil fires, fires involving triglyceride-based "eco" fire log products, and spontaneous ignition fires that involve drying oils on rags. Many forensic laboratories utilize gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following fatty acid methyl esterification to identify triglyceride residues in fire debris extracts. This study explores an alternate approach, which involves the identification of intact triglycerides by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). 52 triglyceride-based oils and fats (22 different types) were analyzed by LC-MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring to investigate variation in triglyceride content between different brands and types of oil and fat. Selected oils were then degraded by exposure to air, typical cooking conditions and/or fire conditions to simulate samples that are typically encountered by Fire Debris Analysts in fire investigation cases. Triglycerides were identified in all pristine and degraded oil samples, and relative peak areas for degraded samples often resembled their pristine oil counterparts. In samples where relative peak area differences were noted, more predominant degradation was observed for triglycerides with a higher proportion of poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Variability in triglyceride content between different brands and types of oil are discussed, as well as factors affecting the identification of triglyceride peaks in commercial oil samples, as compared to the corresponding analytical standard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel Chen
- Centre of Forensic Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cara Shepard
- Centre of Forensic Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Danish E, Onder M. Application of Fuzzy Logic for Predicting of Mine Fire in Underground Coal Mine. Saf Health Work 2020; 11:322-334. [PMID: 32995058 PMCID: PMC7502667 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spontaneous combustion of coal is one of the factors which causes direct or indirect gas and dust explosion, mine fire, the release of toxic gases, loss of reserve, and loss of miners' life. To avoid these incidents, the prediction of spontaneous combustion is essential. The safety of miner's in the mining field can be assured if the prediction of a coal fire is carried out at an early stage. Method Adularya Underground Coal Mine which is fully mechanized with longwall mining method was selected as a case study area. The data collected for 2017, by sensors from ten gas monitoring stations were used for the simulation and prediction of a coal fire. In this study, the fuzzy logic model is used because of the uncertainties, nonlinearity, and imprecise variables in the data. For coal fire prediction, CO, O2, N2, and temperature were used as input variables whereas fire intensity was considered as the output variable.The simulation of the model is carried out using the Mamdani inference system and run by the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox in MATLAB. Results The results showed that the fuzzy logic system is more reliable in predicting fire intensity with respect to uncertainties and nonlinearities of the data. It also indicates that the 1409 and 610/2B gas station points have a greater chance of causing spontaneous combustion and therefore require a precautional measure. Conclusion The fuzzy logic model shows higher probability in predicting fire intensity with the simultaneous application of many variables compared with Graham's index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmatullah Danish
- Kabul Polytechnic University, Underground Mining Engineering Department, Karte Mamorin, 5th Districts, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Mustafa Onder
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Mining Engineering Department, Eskisehir, 26040, Turkey
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Shao Z, Wang D, Cao K, Si W, Li Y, Liu J. Treatment of smouldering coal refuse piles: an application in China. Environ Technol 2020; 41:3105-3118. [PMID: 30896338 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1598505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Coal refuse pile fires are a serious health, safety, and environment hazard. The fires in Guoshan Coal Refuse Pile affect daily life of the local residents. Although conventional fire control methods (water injection, grouting and surface sealing) were used to control the fires, they rekindled soon after the fire-fighting engineering was quitted. Thus, effective methods need to be applied to extinguish the fires completely without reignition. In this paper, the environmental impact of the fire on the local land, water and air is illustrated by sample analysis and photos. The self-potential method, which achieves remote detection from the ground surface, is adopted to delineate the scope of the fires to give support for the efficient and economical extinguishment of them. The three-phase foam containing water, gas and loess is proposed to control and extinguish the fires. The corresponding fire-fighting system is also invented to fit the field work and put out the fires more efficiently and conveniently. The temperature monitoring result shows that the fires are extinguished successfully with no sign of reignition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Shao
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Methane and Fire Control (China University of Mining and Technology), Ministry of Education, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Deming Wang
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Methane and Fire Control (China University of Mining and Technology), Ministry of Education, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Cao
- Xuzhou Anyun Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Si
- Xuzhou Anyun Mining Technology Co., Ltd., Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhou Li
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaolong Liu
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
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Phenrat T. Community Citizen Science for Risk Management of a Spontaneously Combusting Coal-Mine Waste Heap in Ban Chaung, Dawei District, Myanmar. Geohealth 2020; 4:e2020GH000249. [PMID: 32548536 PMCID: PMC7291502 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since 2015, a large heap of improperly disposed coal-mine waste in Ban Chaung, Dawei district, Myanmar, has repeatedly spontaneously combusted, affecting an indigenous community. Recently, the regional Myanmar government has compelled the mine to properly manage the mine waste heap, but there is no opportunity for affected villagers to participate. This study empowers the affected villagers to make risk management decisions via a community citizen science approach. First, field investigations were performed with the affected community to identify hot spots at the waste heap releasing gaseous pollutants that may exceed acceptable levels. Next, existing monitoring data previously collected by the community were interpreted as clear evidence of past poor waste management. Information about suppression of existing fire and mine waste storage options was presented to the community for them to make an informed decision about the most appropriate corrective action that should be taken by the mine. The mining company chose to use surface sealing for both suppression of existing fire and on-site storage of the mine waste but did not install any long-term monitoring system. Nevertheless, the community's choice was surface sealing with preventive monitoring together with emergency response, which is the more scientifically appropriate option. This outcome of a science-based risk management decision by the community will be forwarded to the regional government for enforcement. This process of community citizen science is in line with the normative rationale of public participation, which is meant to influence decisions, elevate democratic capacity, and empower marginalized individuals and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanapon Phenrat
- Research Unit for Integrated Natural Resources Remediation and Reclamation (IN3R), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
- Center of Excellence for Sustainability of Health, Environment and Industry (SHEI), Faculty of EngineeringNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
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Abstract
In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was conducted to optimize gas sampling locations for the early detection of spontaneous heating in longwall gob areas. Initial simulations were carried out to predict carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations at various regulators in the gob using a bleeder ventilation system. Measured CO concentration values at these regulators were then used to calibrate the CFD model. The calibrated CFD model was used to simulate CO concentrations at eight sampling locations in the gob using a bleederless ventilation system to determine the optimal sampling locations for early detection of spontaneous combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yuan
- Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), P.O. Box 18070, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
| | - Alex C. Smith
- Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), P.O. Box 18070, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
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Abstract
This paper describes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted to investigate the effectiveness of N2 injection in an active panel and a sealed longwall gob area to prevent and suppress spontaneous heating of coal using various injection locations and flow rates. In the active panel simulations, a single longwall panel with a bleederless ventilation system was simulated. The spontaneous heating of crushed coal from pillars was simulated and N2 was injected from different locations on the headgate side and through boreholes from the surface. The N2 injection rate at each location was varied between 0.18 m3/s and 0.94 m3/s (380 and 2000 cfm). In the sealed longwall simulations, seal leakage rate was varied to determine its effect on N2 injection effectiveness. The results of this study should aid mine ventilation engineers in developing more effective N2 injection strategies to prevent and control spontaneous heating of coal in underground coal mines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yuan
- Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, P.O. Box 18070, Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
| | - Alex C Smith
- Office of Mine Safety and Health Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, P.O. Box 18070, Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
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