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Wang JJ, Hao CF, Huang PY, Qin XL, Zhou SS, Xu JD, Mao Q, Li SL, Kong M. Integrating UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and UPLC-DAD to evaluate the influence of sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba on the overall quality of three Si-Wu-Tang formulations. Phytochem Anal 2024. [PMID: 38740517 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sulfur-fumigation of Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) could induce the chemical transformation of its bioactive component paeoniflorin into a sulfur-containing derivative paeoniflorin sulfite, and thus alter the quality, bioactivities, pharmacokinetics, and toxicities of PRA. However, how sulfur-fumigated PRA (S-PRA) affects the quality of PRA-containing complex preparations has not been intensively evaluated. OBJECTIVES We intend to evaluate the influence of S-PRA on the overall quality of three kinds of Si-Wu-Tang (SWT) formulations, i.e., decoction (SWT-D), granule (SWT-G), and mixture (SWT-M). MATERIAL AND METHODS An UPLC-DAD multi-components quantification method was used to compare the transfer rates of paeoniflorin sulfite and other 10 bioactive components between S-PRA-containing and NS-PRA-containing SWT formulations. An UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based target metabolomics approach was applied to explore the differential sulfur-containing derivatives in S-PRA-containing SWT formulations. RESULTS The transfer rates of paeoniflorin sulfite in three S-PRA-containing SWT formulations were all higher than 100%. Moreover, S-PRA also increased the transfer rate of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloylglucose, whereas decreased that of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, and ferulic acid in three SWT formulations. Six pinane monoterpene glucoside sulfites originally identified in S-PRA, were also detectable in three S-PRA-containing SWT formulations. In addition, seven phenolic acid sulfites including (3Z)-6-sulfite-ligustilide, (3E)-6-sulfite-ligustilide, 6,8-disulfite-ligustilide, ferulic acid sulfite, neochlorogenic acid sulfite, chlorogenic acid sulfite, and angelicide sulfite (or isomer) were newly identified in these three S-PRA-containing formulations. CONCLUSION S-PRA could differentially affect the transfer rate of paeoniflorin sulfite and other bioactive components during the preparation of three SWT formulations and subsequently the overall quality thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai-Feng Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei-Yao Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Di Xu
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Mao
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Liang W, Sun J, Bai G, Qiu D, Li Q, Dong P, Chen Y, Guo F. Codonopsis radix: a review of resource utilisation, postharvest processing, quality assessment, and its polysaccharide composition. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1366556. [PMID: 38746010 PMCID: PMC11091420 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1366556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Codonopsis radix is the dried root of C. pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., C. pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen, or C. tangshen Oliv., constitutes a botanical medicine with a profound historical lineage. It encompasses an array of bioactive constituents, including polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, and polysaccharides, conferring upon it substantial medicinal and edible values. Consequently, it has garnered widespread attention from numerous scholars. In recent years, driven by advancements in modern traditional Chinese medicine, considerable strides have been taken in exploring resources utilization, traditional processing, quality evaluation and polysaccharide research of Codonopsis radix. However, there is a lack of systematic and comprehensive reporting on these research results. This paper provides a summary of recent advances in Codonopsis research, identifies existing issues in Codonopsis studies, and offers insights into future research directions. The aim is to provide insights and literature support for forthcoming investigations into Codonopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Daiyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengbin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fengxia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Zhang R, Yang YL, Deng AP, Kang LP, Cheng ME, Kang CZ, Guo LP. [Effect of sulfur fumigation on quality and safety of Lilii Bulbus]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2023; 48:660-671. [PMID: 36872229 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20221031.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Lilii Bulbus is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine with both medicinal and edible values, while the market products usually has the problem of sulfur fumigation. Therefore, the quality and safety of Lilii Bulbus products deserve attention. In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was combined with principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to analyze the differential components of Lilii Bulbus before and after sulfur fumigation. We identified ten markers generated after sulfur fumigation, summarized their mass fragmentation and transformation patterns, and verified the structures of phenylacrylic acid markers of sulfur fumigation. At the same time, the cytotoxicity of the aqueous extracts of Lilii Bulbus before and after sulfur fumigation was evaluated. The results showed that in the concentration range of 0-800 mg·L~(-1), the aqueous extract of Lilii Bulbus after sulfur fumigation had no significant effect on the viability of human liver LO2 cells, human renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells, and rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells. Moreover, the viability of the cells exposed to the aqueous extract of Lilii Bulbus before and after sulfur fumigation showed no significant difference. This study identified phenylacrylic acid and furostanol saponins as markers of sulfur-fumigated Lilii Bulbus for the first time, and made clear that proper sulfur fumigation of Lilii Bulbus would not produce cytotoxicity, providing a theoretical basis for the rapid identification and quality and safety control of sulfur-fumigated Lilii Bulbus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China State Key Laboratory Base of Daodi Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ya-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Daodi Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ai-Ping Deng
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Li-Ping Kang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Daodi Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ming-En Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China
| | - Chuan-Zhi Kang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Daodi Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lan-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Base of Daodi Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing 100700, China
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Lv Y, Xu X, Wei Y, Shen Y, Chen W, Wei X, Wang J, Xin J, He J, Zu X. Characterization and Discrimination of Ophiopogonis Radix with Different Levels of Sulfur Fumigation Based on UPLC-QTOF-MS Combined Molecular Networking with Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020204. [PMID: 36837823 PMCID: PMC9963253 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiopogonis Radix, also known as "Maidong" (MD) in China, is frequently sulfur-fumigated (SF) in the pretreatment process of MD to improve the appearance and facilitate preservation. However, the process leads to changes in chemical composition, so it is essential to develop an approach to identify the chemical characteristics between nonfumigated and sulfur-fumigated products. This paper provided a practical method based on UPLC-QTOF-MS combined Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) with multivariate statistical analysis for the characterization and discrimination of MD with different levels of sulfur fumigation, high concentration sulfur fumigation (HS), low concentration sulfur fumigation (LS) and without sulfur fumigation (WS). First, a number of 98 compounds were identified in those MD samples. Additionally, the results of Principal component analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) demonstrated that there were significant chemical differences in the chemical composition of MD with different degrees of SF. Finally, fourteen and sixteen chemical markers were identified upon the comparison between HS and WS, LS and WS, respectively. Overall, these results can be able to discriminate MD with different levels of SF as well as establish a solid foundation for further quality control and pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xike Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunheng Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xintong Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiayun Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jixiang He
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +086-0531-89628200 (J.H.); +086-021-81871248 (X.Z.)
| | - Xianpeng Zu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +086-0531-89628200 (J.H.); +086-021-81871248 (X.Z.)
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5
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Guan J, Chen Z, Guo L, Cui X, Xu T, Wan F, Zhou T, Wang C, Yang Y. Evaluate how steaming and sulfur fumigation change the microstructure, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of Gastrodia elata Bl. starch. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1087453. [PMID: 36687729 PMCID: PMC9849879 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1087453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) generated by sulfur burning can improve the appearance quality of food and enhance the storage time. However, excessive sulfur dioxide will pollute the environment and cause deterioration of food quality, and even the high residual levels can increase the risk of cancer. As Gastrodia elata Blume is prone to corruption during processing, sulfur fumigation is often used for preservation. In this study, spectral analysis and Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) were used to investigate the effects of traditional sulfur fumigation processing on the morphology quality, edible quality and structural characteristics of G. elata. The results showed that compared with direct drying, the pH decreased by 0.399 of the sulfur fumigated after steamed treatment G. elata, and the morphology quality, pasting ability and gel edible quality of the starch were significantly improved. In addition, it was suggested that sulfur fumigation after steaming could promote the release of molecular chains from starch granules and thus enhance the cross-linking between molecules, which explained the reason for the improve of starch edible quality. This study can provide technical and theoretical support for improving the quality of starch rich foods, replacing sulfur fumigation and reducing potential environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Guan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuowen Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, China
| | - Fen Wan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Resource Institute for Chinese and Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Chengxiao Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, China,Chengxiao Wang,
| | - Ye Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Ye Yang,
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6
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Zhang WH, Luo HY, Fang J, Zhao CL, Chan KC, Chan YM, Dong CX, Chen HB, Zhao ZZ, Li SL, Xu J. Impact of Sulfur Fumigation on Ginger: Chemical and Biological Evidence. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:12577-12586. [PMID: 36130944 PMCID: PMC9545147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that sulfur fumigation, a commonly used controversial method for the post-harvest handling of ginger, induces the generation of a compound in ginger, which was speculated to be a sulfur-containing derivative of 6-shogaol based on its mass data. However, the chemical and biological properties of the compound remain unknown. As a follow-up study, here we report the chemical structure, systemic exposure, and anticancer activity of the compound. Chromatographic separation, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and chemical synthesis structurally elucidated the compound as 6-gingesulfonic acid. Pharmacokinetics in rats found that 6-gingesulfonic acid was more slowly absorbed and eliminated, with more prototypes existing in the blood than 6-shogaol. Metabolism profiling indicated that the two compounds produced qualitatively and quantitatively different metabolites. It was further found that 6-gingesulfonic acid exerted significantly weaker antiproliferative activity on tumor cells than 6-shogaol. The data provide chemical and biological evidence that sulfur fumigation may impair the healthcare functions of ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Zhang
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Han-Yan Luo
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jing Fang
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chen-Liang Zhao
- College
of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Kam-Chun Chan
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yui-Man Chan
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Cai-Xia Dong
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics
and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin
Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Zhao
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional
Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School
of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional
Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
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Zhang JB, Zhang W, Fei CH, Su LL, Mao CQ, Wang XC, Xu JG, Lu TL. [Rapid identification of raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba based on Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:3781-3787. [PMID: 35850835 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20211222.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the current identification method for Paeoniae Radix Alba is complex in operation and long time-consuming with high requirements for technicians, the present study employed Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose(E-nose) technology to identify raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction pieces in order to establish a rapid identification method for sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba. The odors of raw Paeoniae Radix Alba and its sulfur-fumigated products were analyzed by Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase E-nose to obtain the odor chromatographic information. The chemometric model was established, and the data were processed by principal component analysis(PCA), discriminant function analysis(DFA), soft independent modeling of class analogy(SIMCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA). The differential compounds of raw and sulfur-fumigated samples were qualitatively analyzed based on the Kovats retention index and Arochembase. As revealed by the comparison of gas chromatograms of raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba, the heights of several peaks in the chromatograms before and after sulfur fumigation changed significantly. The peak(No.8) produced by ethylbenzene disappeared completely due to sulfonation reaction in the process of sulfur fumigation, indicating that ethylbenzene may be the key component in the identification of Paeoniae Radix Alba and its sulfur-fumigated products. In PCA, DFA, SIMCA, and PLS-DA models, the two types of samples were separated into two different regions, indicating that the established models can clearly distinguish between raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba. The results showed that Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase E-nose technology could realize the rapid identification of raw and sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba, which provides a new method and idea for the rapid identification of sulfur-fumigated Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Ba Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Fei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lian-Lin Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun-Qin Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xia-Chang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin-Guo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tu-Lin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023, China
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Liu J, Gao Y, Gong F, Hou F, Zhang Z, Cheng X, Du W, Zhang L, Wang J, Xu J, Xing G, Kang X, Li S. The Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveal Stress Responses in Sulfur-Fumigated Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:778956. [PMID: 34868181 PMCID: PMC8636124 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.778956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) fumigation is a commonly used sterilization method in horticultural facilities against fungal diseases. S fumigation damaged cucumber leaves, although the response mechanism is unclear. This study analyzes the growth, transcriptome, and metabolomic profiles of young and mature leaves, ovaries, and commercial cucumber fruits to decipher the mechanism of cucumber stress response under S fumigation. S fumigation significantly changed the photosynthetic efficiency and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves, but not fruit development, fruit mass, and peel color. Transcriptome analysis indicated that S fumigation strongly regulated stress defense genes. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that S fumigation regulated ASPG1, AMC1 defense genes, LECRK3, and PERK1 protein kinase. The abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated model of regulation under S fumigation was constructed. Metabolome analysis showed that S fumigation significantly upregulated or downregulated the contents of amino acids, organic acids, sugars, glycosides, and lipids (VIP > 1 and P-value < 0.05). The opposite Pearson's correlations of these differential metabolites implied that cucumber had different metabolic patterns in short-term and long-term S fumigation. Besides, the elevated levels of proline and triglyceride indicated that stress-responsive mechanisms existed in S-fumigated cucumber. Moreover, the comprehensive analysis indicated that S fumigation elevated secondary S-containing metabolites but decreased sulfate absorption and transportation in cucumber. Overall, our results provided a comprehensive assessment of S fumigation on cucumber, which laid the theoretical foundation for S fumigation in protected cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Feifei Gong
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Feifan Hou
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaojing Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wei Du
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jinyao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jin Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Guoming Xing
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiuping Kang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuping Kang,
| | - Sen Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, China
- Sen Li,
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Kang CZ, Yang WZ, Mo G, Zhou L, Jiang JY, Lv CG, Wang S, Zhou T, Yang Y, Guo LP. [Sulfur dioxide limit standard and residues in Chinese medicinal materials]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 43:242-247. [PMID: 29552839 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20171023.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The traditional sulfur fumigation processing method has been widely used in the initial processing and storage of traditional Chinese medicinal materials due to its economy, efficiency, convenience, high operability and effect on mold and insect prevention. However, excessive sulfur fumigation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials would lead to the changes in chemical compositions, and even endanger human health. This study showed that traditional Chinese medicinal materials were sulfur fumigated directly after being harvested for quick drying, or fumigated after being weted in the storage process for preventing mold and insects. We found that the sulfur dioxide limits for traditional Chinese medicinal materials were stricter than those for foods. Based on the existing limit standards, we obtained the data of sulfur dioxide residues for 35 types of traditional Chinese medicinal materials in a total of 862 batches. According to the limit standard in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (150, 400 mg·kg⁻¹), the average over-standard rate of sulfur dioxide was as high as 52.43%, but it was reduced to 29.47% if calculated based on the limit for vegetable additive standard (500 mg·kg⁻¹). Sulfur fumigation issue shall be considered correctly: sulfur dioxide is a type of low toxic substance and less dangerous than aflatoxin and other highly toxic substances, and a small amount of residue would not increase the toxicity of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. However, sulfur fumigation might change the content of chemical substances and affect the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Furthermore, the exposure hazards of toxic substances are comprehensively correlated with exposure cycle, exposure frequency, and application method. In conclusion, it is suggested to strengthen the studies on the limit standard of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, formulate practical and feasible limit standard for sulfur dioxide residues in traditional Chinese medicinal materials that are consistent with the medication characteristics of traditional Chinese medicinal materials and can guarantee people's demand for safe medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Zhi Kang
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wan-Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ge Mo
- Tibetan Traditional Medical College, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jing-Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chao-Geng Lv
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Lan-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Luo T, Li S, Han D, Guo X, Shuai L, Wu Z. The effect of desulfurization on the postharvest quality and sulfite metabolism in pulp of sulfitated "Feizixiao" Litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruits. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1715-1726. [PMID: 31139384 PMCID: PMC6526637 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The residual sulfite caused by sulfur fumigation (SF) is a hazard to health and influenced the export trade of litchi. Desulfurization (DS) is a valid chemical method to reduce the residual sulfite. However, the effect of DS on fumigated litchi has not been studied at physiological and molecular level. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of DS (SF plus 3% desulfurizer) on the postharvest quality, sulfite residue, and the sulfite metabolism in sulfitated "Feizixiao" litchi during the 4°C storage. Results indicated that the DS promoted the color recovery of sulfitated litchi and achieved an effect similar to SF on controlling rot and browning. DS recovered the water content and respiration rate of sulfitated litchi pericarp. Thus, DS improves commodity properties of sulfitated litchi. Moreover, DS greatly reduced sulfite residue especially in pulp and ensured the edible safety of sulfitated litchi. The activities of sulfite oxidase, sulfite reductase, serine acetyltransferase, and O-acetylserine(thiol) lyase in pulp increased after SF but fell down after DS while the expressions of their encoding genes decreased after SF but then rallied after DS. These results indicated the key role of these enzymes in sulfite metabolism after SF and DS changed the sulfite metabolism at both enzymatic and transcriptional level. It could be concluded that DS used in this study was an effective method for improving the color recovery and ensuring the edible safety of sulfitated litchi by not only chemical reaction but also both of enzymatic and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Dongmei Han
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource UtilizationMinistry of AgricultureGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Guo
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouP.R. China
| | - Liang Shuai
- College of Food and Biological Engineering/Institute of Food Science and Engineering TechnologyHezhou UniversityHezhouP.R. China
| | - Zhenxian Wu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South ChinaMinistry of EducationGuangzhouP.R. China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China) of Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhouP.R. China
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Kang CZ, Yang WZ, Zhou L, Jiang JY, Lv CG, Wang S, Zhou T, Yang Y, Huang LQ, Guo LP. [Quality changes in Gastrodia Rhizoma of different origins and forms before and after sulfur fumigation]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2018; 43:254-260. [PMID: 29552841 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20171023.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR) is one of the herbs more seriously affected by sulfur fumigation, so its quality has been always of a great concern. In this paper, GR samples collected from eight main producing areas and in three forms were fumigated with sulfur and quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The results showed that the contents of gastrodin, parishin, parishin B and parishin C were decreased, while the content of parishin E was increased after sulfur fumigation treatment. Besides, a new sulfur marker named p-hydroxybenzyl hydrogen sulfite was produced in sulfur-fumigated GR samples. As compared with producing origins, forms had a greater impact on the quality of GR, especially in Hongtianma and Wutianma. Besides, the contents of gastrodins and parishins in Hongtianma from Jilin were lowest as compared with those in other producing areas. This might be correlated with planting patterns and environmental factors. In conclusion, sulfur fumigation has a more obvious impact on the quality of GR than origins and forms, which is attributed to the generation of new sulfur fumigated markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Zhi Kang
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wan-Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jing-Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chao-Geng Lv
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lan-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory and Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Ding XY, Ji L, Cheng X, Su LL, Ji, Li L, Lu TL. [Effect of Astragali Radix with different sulfur fumigation technologies on immune function in mice]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2016; 41:2819-23. [PMID: 28914022 DOI: 10.4268/cjcmm20161512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of Astragali Radix with different sulfur fumigation technologies on immune function in mice, and observe the effect of different Astragali Radix samples on carbon clearance in cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressed mice, on immune organ weight in immunosuppressed mice and on delayed type hypersensitivity response (DTH) induced by 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene. Carbon clearance index, phagocytic index, organ index and ear swelling rate were taken as the indexes. The results showed that, all of the Astragali Radix with different sulfur fumigation technologies markedly increased the carbon clearance index K, phagocytic index α, immune organ weight and improved the ability of DTH response in immunosuppressed mice. As compared with the model group, combined hot air-microwave group had the most significant difference, but when other groups were compared with and combined hot air-microwave group, only carbon clearance test had significant difference. From the perspective of pharmacodynamics, the effect of Astragali Radix with different sulfur fumigationon technologies on the immune function of mice was investigated, which provided a reference for the selection of appropriate alternative technology, and also provided guidance for clinical medication.
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Kan WLT, Ma B, Lin G. Sulfur fumigation processing of traditional chinese medicinal herbs: beneficial or detrimental? Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:84. [PMID: 22207851 PMCID: PMC3246269 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs need to undergo post-harvesting processing to convert raw material into the form readily used for prescription. In general, processing procedures are either according to China Pharmacopeia or based on traditional methods. Recently sulfur fumigation is increasingly used to replace traditional sun-drying for its pesticidal and anti-bacterial properties in a cheap and convenient manner. However, to date information on effects of sulfur fumigation on herbal safety and efficacy are limited. This article addresses potential destructive effects of sulfur fumigation on herbal efficacy and safety through reviewing currently available information. Since recently increased numbers of studies have demonstrated that sulfur fumigation-induced dramatic changes in chemical profiles of various sulfur-fumigated herbs, consequent alteration of efficacy, and/or potential incidence of toxicity are suspected. Therefore comprehensive investigations on effects of sulfur fumigation on toxicity, chemical profiles, pharmacokinetics, and bioactivities of TCM herbs are timely to provide scientific basis for standardization and regulation of this currently common but potentially harmful processing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Lai Ting Kan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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