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Fukuyama K, Motomura E, Okada M. A Novel Gliotransmitter, L-β-Aminoisobutyric Acid, Contributes to Pathophysiology of Clinical Efficacies and Adverse Reactions of Clozapine. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1288. [PMID: 37759688 PMCID: PMC10526296 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is listed as one of the most effective antipsychotics and has been approved for treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS); however, several type A and B adverse reactions, including weight gain, metabolic complications, cardiotoxicity, convulsions, and discontinuation syndromes, exist. The critical mechanisms of clinical efficacy for schizophrenia, TRS, and adverse reactions of clozapine have not been elucidated. Recently, the GABA isomer L-β-aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA), a protective myokine in the peripheral organs, was identified as a candidate novel transmission modulator in the central nervous system (CNS). L-BAIBA activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling in both the peripheral organs and CNS. Activated AMPK signalling in peripheral organs is an established major target for treating insulin-resistant diabetes, whereas activated AMPK signalling in the hypothalamus contributes to the pathophysiology of weight gain and metabolic disturbances. Clozapine increases L-BAIBA synthesis in the hypothalamus. In addition, the various functions of L-BAIBA in the CNS have recently been elucidated, including as an activator of GABA-B and group-III metabotropic glutamate (III-mGlu) receptors. Considering the expressions of GABA-B and III-mGlu receptors (localised in the presynaptic regions), the activation of GABA-B and III-mGlu receptors can explain the distinct therapeutic advantages of clozapine in schizophrenia or TRS associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor disturbance compared with other atypical antipsychotics via the inhibition of the persistent tonic hyperactivation of thalamocortical glutamatergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex. L-BAIBA has also been identified as a gliotransmitter, and a detailed exploration of the function of L-BAIBA in tripartite synaptic transmission can further elucidate the pathophysiology of effectiveness for treating TRS and/or specific adverse reactions of clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Motohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (K.F.); (E.M.)
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Gong J, Jiang S, Li Z, Pei H, Li Q, Yao D, Luo C. Distinct effects of the basal ganglia and cerebellum on the thalamocortical pathway in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3440-3449. [PMID: 33830581 PMCID: PMC8249897 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant thalamocortical pathways of epilepsy have been detected recently, while its underlying effects on epilepsy are still not well understood. Exploring pathoglytic changes in two important thalamocortical pathways, that is, the basal ganglia (BG)-thalamocortical and the cerebellum-thalamocortical pathways, in people with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), could deepen our understanding on the pathological mechanism of this disease. These two pathways were reconstructed and investigated in this study by combining diffusion and functional MRI. Both pathways showed connectivity changes with the perception and cognition systems in patients. Consistent functional connectivity (FC) changes were observed mainly in perception regions, revealing the aberrant integration of sensorimotor and visual information in IGE. The pathway-specific FC alterations in high-order regions give neuroimaging evidence of the neural mechanisms of cognitive impairment and epileptic activities in IGE. Abnormal functional and structural integration of cerebellum, basal ganglia and thalamus could result in an imbalance of inhibition and excitability in brain systems of IGE. This study located the regulated cortical regions of BG and cerebellum which been affected in IGE, established possible links between the neuroimaging findings and epileptic symptoms, and enriched the understanding of the regulatory effects of BG and cerebellum on epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnan Gong
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,School of Computer Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Sisi Jiang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Haonan Pei
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Neurology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of Neurology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU035, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of Neurology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU035, Chengdu, China
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Fukuyama K, Kato R, Murata M, Shiroyama T, Okada M. Clozapine Normalizes a Glutamatergic Transmission Abnormality Induced by an Impaired NMDA Receptor in the Thalamocortical Pathway via the Activation of a Group III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060234. [PMID: 31213006 PMCID: PMC6628267 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological mechanisms of gold-standard antipsychotics against treatment-refractory schizophrenia, such as clozapine (CLZ), remain unclear. We aimed to explore the mechanisms of CLZ by investigating the effects of MK801 and CLZ on tripartite synaptic transmission in the thalamocortical glutamatergic pathway using multi-probe microdialysis and primary cultured astrocytes. l-glutamate release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was unaffected by local MK801 administration into mPFC but was enhanced in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDTN) and reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) via GABAergic disinhibition in the RTN–MDTN pathway. The local administration of therapeutically relevant concentrations of CLZ into mPFC and MDTN increased and did not affect mPFC l-glutamate release. The local administration of the therapeutically relevant concentration of CLZ into mPFC reduced MK801-induced mPFC l-glutamate release via presynaptic group III metabotropic glutamate receptor (III-mGluR) activation. However, toxic concentrations of CLZ activated l-glutamate release associated with hemichannels. This study demonstrated that RTN is a candidate generator region in which impaired N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)/glutamate receptors likely produce thalamocortical hyperglutamatergic transmission. Additionally, we identified several mechanisms of CLZ relating to its superiority in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and its severe adverse effects: (1) the prevention of thalamocortical hyperglutamatergic transmission via activation of mPFC presynaptic III-mGluR and (2) activation of astroglial l-glutamate release associated with hemichannels. These actions may contribute to the unique clinical profile of CLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Fukuyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Ryo Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Murata
- National Hospital Organization Sakakibara Hospital, 777 Sakakibara, Tsu, Mie 514-1292, Japan.
| | - Takashi Shiroyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Motohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
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Son S, Kang SH, Lee NM, Kim DK, Seo KM, Ro HJ. Sustained disconnection in sensorimotor pathways results in poor motor function outcome in a term infant after severe white matter injury: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11585. [PMID: 30075529 PMCID: PMC6081164 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report a case of an infant with severe white matter injury (WMI), which was serially evaluated using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). CASE PRESENTATION A male infant showed decreased muscle tone and weak breathing. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 10 days after birth (first study) revealed diffuse microhemorrhages and encephalomalacia. DTI revealed lack of reconstruction of corticospinal tract (CSTs), minimal reconstruction of medial lemniscus, and related thalamocortical pathways (MLs) from the brain stem to the internal capsule level on the left side. The spinothalamic tract and related thalamocortical pathways (STTs) were reconstructed from the brain stem to the internal capsule level bilaterally. The second study one year later showed the absence of reconstruction of CSTs, but reconstruction of MLs and STTS from the brain stem to above the internal capsule showed increased visualization. The third study 3 years later still showed the absence of CSTs reconstruction and MLs and STTs showed no changes from the second study. During this 3-year observation period, the patient showed minimal motor development, and was unable to walk independently, although Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) scores were slightly increased. LESSONS Sustained disconnection of major sensorimotor pathways after WMI confirmed by DTI was used to predict motor function outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhan Son
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - Si Hyun Kang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - Na Mi Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | | | - Hee Joon Ro
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
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Tsukano H, Horie M, Ohga S, Takahashi K, Kubota Y, Hishida R, Takebayashi H, Shibuki K. Corrigendum: Reconsidering Tonotopic Maps in the Auditory Cortex and Lemniscal Auditory Thalamus in Mice. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:39. [PMID: 28579946 PMCID: PMC5449952 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tsukano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Shinpei Ohga
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Takahashi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Yamato Kubota
- Division of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hishida
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Katsuei Shibuki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
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Tsukano H, Horie M, Ohga S, Takahashi K, Kubota Y, Hishida R, Takebayashi H, Shibuki K. Reconsidering Tonotopic Maps in the Auditory Cortex and Lemniscal Auditory Thalamus in Mice. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:14. [PMID: 28293178 PMCID: PMC5330090 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory thalamus and auditory cortex (AC) are pivotal structures in the central auditory system. However, the thalamocortical mechanisms of processing sounds are largely unknown. Investigation of this process benefits greatly from the use of mice because the mouse is a powerful animal model in which various experimental techniques, especially genetic tools, can be applied. However, the use of mice has been limited in auditory research, and thus even basic anatomical knowledge of the mouse central auditory system has not been sufficiently collected. Recently, optical imaging combined with morphological analyses has enabled the elucidation of detailed anatomical properties of the mouse auditory system. These techniques have uncovered fine AC maps with multiple frequency-organized regions, each of which receives point-to-point thalamocortical projections from different origins inside the lemniscal auditory thalamus, the ventral division of the medial geniculate body (MGv). This precise anatomy now provides a platform for physiological research. In this mini review article, we summarize these recent achievements that will facilitate physiological investigations in the mouse auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tsukano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinpei Ohga
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Takahashi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Yamato Kubota
- Division of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hishida
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsuei Shibuki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
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Alcaraz F, Marchand AR, Courtand G, Coutureau E, Wolff M. Parallel inputs from the mediodorsal thalamus to the prefrontal cortex in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:1972-86. [PMID: 27319754 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in determining the functional contribution of thalamic inputs to cortical functions. In the context of adaptive behaviours, identifying the precise role of the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) in particular remains difficult despite the large amount of experimental data available. A better understanding of the thalamocortical connectivity of this region may help to capture its functional role. To address this issue, this study focused exclusively on the specific connections from the MD to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by means of direct comparisons of labelling produced by single and dual injections of retrograde tracers in the different subdivisions of the PFC in the rat. We show that at least three parallel and essentially separate thalamocortical pathways originate from the MD, as follows: projections to the dorsal (1) and the ventral (2) subdivisions of the mPFC follow a mediolateral topography at the thalamic level (i.e. medial thalamic neurons target the mPFC ventrally whereas lateral thalamic neurons project dorsally), whereas a considerable innervation to the OFC (3) includes thalamic cells projecting to both the lateral and the ventral OFC subdivisions. These observations provide new insight on the functions of the MD and suggest a specific focus on each of these pathways for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Alcaraz
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alain R Marchand
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gilles Courtand
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Etienne Coutureau
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Wolff
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33076, Bordeaux, France
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Abstract
Our brain contains a multiplicity of neuronal networks. In many of these, information sent from presynaptic neurons travels through a variety of pathways of different distances, yet arrives at the postsynaptic cells at the same time. Such isochronicity is achieved either by changes in the conduction velocity of axons or by lengthening the axonal path to compensate for fast conduction. To regulate the conduction velocity, a change in the extent of myelination has recently been proposed in thalamocortical and other pathways. This is in addition to a change in the axonal diameter, a previously identified, more accepted mechanism. Thus, myelination is not a simple means of insulation or acceleration of impulse conduction, but it is rather an exquisite way of actively regulating the timing of communication among various neuronal connections with different length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Kimura
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
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