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Stockwell CE, Bela MM, Coggon MM, Gkatzelis GI, Wiggins E, Gargulinski EM, Shingler T, Fenn M, Griffin D, Holmes CD, Ye X, Saide PE, Bourgeois I, Peischl J, Womack CC, Washenfelder RA, Veres PR, Neuman JA, Gilman JB, Lamplugh A, Schwantes RH, McKeen SA, Wisthaler A, Piel F, Guo H, Campuzano-Jost P, Jimenez JL, Fried A, Hanisco TF, Huey LG, Perring A, Katich JM, Diskin GS, Nowak JB, Bui TP, Halliday HS, DiGangi JP, Pereira G, James EP, Ahmadov R, McLinden CA, Soja AJ, Moore RH, Hair JW, Warneke C. Airborne Emission Rate Measurements Validate Remote Sensing Observations and Emission Inventories of Western U.S. Wildfires. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:7564-7577. [PMID: 35579536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous emissions from wildfires are a dynamic mixture of gases and particles that have important impacts on air quality and climate. Emissions that feed atmospheric models are estimated using burned area and fire radiative power (FRP) methods that rely on satellite products. These approaches show wide variability and have large uncertainties, and their accuracy is challenging to evaluate due to limited aircraft and ground measurements. Here, we present a novel method to estimate fire plume-integrated total carbon and speciated emission rates using a unique combination of lidar remote sensing aerosol extinction profiles and in situ measured carbon constituents. We show strong agreement between these aircraft-derived emission rates of total carbon and a detailed burned area-based inventory that distributes carbon emissions in time using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite FRP observations (Fuel2Fire inventory, slope = 1.33 ± 0.04, r2 = 0.93, and RMSE = 0.27). Other more commonly used inventories strongly correlate with aircraft-derived emissions but have wide-ranging over- and under-predictions. A strong correlation is found between carbon monoxide emissions estimated in situ with those derived from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) for five wildfires with coincident sampling windows (slope = 0.99 ± 0.18; bias = 28.5%). Smoke emission coefficients (g MJ-1) enable direct estimations of primary gas and aerosol emissions from satellite FRP observations, and we derive these values for many compounds emitted by temperate forest fuels, including several previously unreported species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Stockwell
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Megan M Bela
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Georgios I Gkatzelis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wiggins
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | | | - Taylor Shingler
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Marta Fenn
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Debora Griffin
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Christopher D Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Xinxin Ye
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Pablo E Saide
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Caroline C Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | | | - Patrick R Veres
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - J Andrew Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Rebecca H Schwantes
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Stuart A McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
| | - Felix Piel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
- Ionicon Analytik, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Thomas F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - Anne Perring
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Madison County, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Joseph M Katich
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Glenn S Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - John B Nowak
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - T Paul Bui
- Atmospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Hannah S Halliday
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Joshua P DiGangi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Gabriel Pereira
- Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Sao Joao del-Rei, Sao Joao del-Rei, MG 36307, Brazil
| | - Eric P James
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Ravan Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Chris A McLinden
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Amber J Soja
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Richard H Moore
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Johnathan W Hair
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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Lim S, Hwang J, Lee M, Czimczik CI, Xu X, Savarino J. Robust Evidence of 14C, 13C, and 15N Analyses Indicating Fossil Fuel Sources for Total Carbon and Ammonium in Fine Aerosols in Seoul Megacity. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:6894-6904. [PMID: 35394741 PMCID: PMC9178921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon- and nitrogen-containing aerosols are ubiquitous in urban atmospheres and play important roles in air quality and climate change. We determined the 14C fraction modern (fM) and δ13C of total carbon (TC) and δ15N of NH4+ in the PM2.5 collected in Seoul megacity during April 2018 to December 2019. The seasonal mean δ13C values were similar to -25.1‰ ± 2.0‰ in warm and -24.2‰ ± 0.82‰ in cold seasons. Mean δ15N values were higher in warm (16.4‰ ± 2.8‰) than in cold seasons (4.0‰ ± 6.1‰), highlighting the temperature effects on atmospheric NH3 levels and phase-equilibrium isotopic exchange during the conversion of NH3 to NH4+. While 37% ± 10% of TC was apportioned to fossil-fuel sources on the basis of fM values, δ15N indicated a higher contribution of emissions from vehicle exhausts and electricity generating units (power-plant NH3 slip) to NH3: 60% ± 26% in warm season and 66% ± 22% in cold season, based on a Bayesian isotope-mixing model. The collective evidence of multiple isotope analysis reasonably supports the major contribution of fossil-fuel-combustion sources to NH4+, in conjunction with TC, and an increased contribution from vehicle emissions during the severe PM2.5 pollution episodes. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of a multiple-isotope approach in providing better insight into the major sources of PM2.5 in the urban atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saehee Lim
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea
University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Joori Hwang
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea
University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Meehye Lee
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea
University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Claudia I. Czimczik
- Department
of Earth System Science, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, 92697, United States
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Department
of Earth System Science, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, 92697, United States
| | - Joel Savarino
- Institute
of Environmental Geosciences (IGE), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD,
Grenoble INP, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Kotze DJ, Ghosh S, Hui N, Jumpponen A, Lee BPYH, Lu C, Lum S, Pouyat R, Szlavecz K, Wardle DA, Yesilonis I, Zheng B, Setälä H. Urbanization minimizes the effects of plant traits on soil provisioned ecosystem services across climatic regions. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:4139-4153. [PMID: 34021965 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An increasingly urbanized world is one of the most prominent examples of global environmental change. Across the globe, urban parks are designed and managed in a similar way, resulting in visually pleasing expansions of lawn interspersed with individually planted trees of varying appearances and functional traits. These large urban greenspaces have the capacity to provide various ecosystem services, including those associated with soil physicochemical properties. Our aim was to explore whether soil properties in urban parks diverge underneath vegetation producing labile or recalcitrant litter, and whether the impact is affected by climatic zone (from a boreal to temperate to tropical city). We also compared these properties to those in (semi)natural forests outside the cities to assess the influence of urbanization on plant-trait effects. We showed that vegetation type affected percentage soil organic matter (OM), total carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N), but inconsistently across climatic zones. Plant-trait effects were particularly weak in old parks in the boreal and temperate zones, whereas in young parks in these zones, soils underneath the two tree types accumulated significantly more OM, C and N compared to lawns. Within climatic zones, anthropogenic drivers dominated natural ones, with consistently lower values of organic-matter-related soil properties under trees producing labile or recalcitrant litter in parks compared to forests. The dominating effect of urbanization is also reflected in its ability to homogenize soil properties in parks across the three cities, especially in lawn soils and soils under trees irrespective of functional trait. Our study demonstrates that soil functions that relate to carbon and nitrogen dynamics-even in old urban greenspaces where plant-soil interactions have a long history-clearly diverged from those in natural ecosystems, implying a long-lasting influence of anthropogenic drivers on soil ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Johan Kotze
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Subhadip Ghosh
- Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology, National Parks Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nan Hui
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ari Jumpponen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin P Y-H Lee
- Wildlife Management Division, National Parks Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Changyi Lu
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Shawn Lum
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Pouyat
- Emeritus USDA Forest Service, NRS, Affiliate Faculty Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Katalin Szlavecz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian Yesilonis
- USDA Forest Service, Baltimore Field Station, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bangxiao Zheng
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Heikki Setälä
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
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Fleck A, Cabelguen V, Couture C, Lachapelle G, Ryan P, Thuot R, Debia M. Comparison between personal sampling methodologies for evaluating diesel particulate matter exposures in mines: submicron total carbon corrected for the adsorption of vapor-phase organic carbon vs. respirable total carbon. J Occup Environ Hyg 2019; 16:1-5. [PMID: 30285551 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1532576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the mining industry, personal measurements of elemental and total carbon are frequently used as surrogates of diesel particulate matter (DPM) exposure, and the respirable or submicron fractions are usually measured. However, vapor-phase organic carbon (OC) can be adsorbed in the filters, interfering with total carbon results. This study presents a comparative evaluation between the submicron fraction of DPM concentrations corrected for the adsorption of the vapor-phase OC (dynamic blank), and the respirable fraction of DPM corrected for a field blank. Respirable and submicron fractions of total carbon (TCR and TC1) and elemental carbon (ECR and EC1) concentrations were sampled in parallel, in the workers' breathing zone, in an underground gold mine. A total of 20 full-shift personal samples were taken for each size fraction. Field blanks were collected each day for both the submicron and respirable fractions, while dynamic blank correction was also applied for the submicron fraction. TCR presented a larger and statistically different geometric mean concentration compared to TC1 (98 µg/m3 vs. 72 µg/m3; p = 0.01), while the concentrations of ECR and EC1 were not statistically different (58 µg/m3 vs. 54 µg/m3; p = 0.74). Average TCR/ECR ratio was 1.7, while the TC1/EC1 ratio was 1.3. In addition, 93% of EC had an aerodynamic size lower than 1 µm, while the proportion of TC particles in the submicron fraction was lower (73%). Finally, a similar quantity of OC was found when analyzing the dynamic and field blanks of the filters with the submicron fraction selective size (24 µg and 22 µg, respectively). In conclusion, the correction for the vapor phase OC by the dynamic blank was not a significant correction in our study design compared to the field blank samples. This study suggests that the differences in TC may be explained by the different aerodynamic fractions of DPM collected. In addition, elemental carbon measurements did not seem to be extensively affected by the aerodynamic size of the particles collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fleck
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
| | - Virginie Cabelguen
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
| | - Caroline Couture
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
| | | | - Patrick Ryan
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
| | - Ross Thuot
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
| | - Maximilien Debia
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Université de Montréal , Montreal , Canada
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