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Lu L, Liu X, Sun Y, Wang S, Liu J, Ge S, Wei T, Zhang H, Su J, Zhang Y, Fan W. Silk-Fabric Reinforced Silk for Artificial Bones. Adv Mater 2024:e2308748. [PMID: 38404231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Bone implants for different body parts require varying mechanical properties, dimensions, and biodegradability rates. Currently, it is still challenging to produce artificial bones with perfect compatibility with human bones. In this study, a silk-fabric reinforced silk material (SFS) composed of pure silk with exceptional biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and biodegradability is reported, and demonstrates its outstanding performance as a bone implant material. The SFS is fabricated using a simple hot-pressing technique, with degummed silk fabric as the reinforcement and silk fibroin as the matrix. The SFS as a self-reinforced composite, has exceptional mechanical properties due to the almost perfect interface between the matrix and reinforcement. More importantly, its mechanical properties, biodegradability rates, and density can be tailored by adjusting the reinforcement structure and the ratio of the reinforcement to the matrix to align with the requirements for bone implantation in different parts of the human body. Besides, the SFS can improve osteoblastic proliferation and increase osteogenic activity, which is not the case with clinically used titanium alloy artificial bone. Therefore, the SFS holds significant potential to replace conventional metal or ceramic implants in the field of medical fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Lu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Xuqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jiantao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shengbo Ge
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forestry Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Tongxue Wei
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Jinhui Su
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Fan
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710048, China
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2
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Dantzler JZR, Gomez SG, Gonzalez S, Gonzalez D, Loera Martinez AO, Marquez C, Hassan MS, Zaman S, Lopez A, Mahmud MS, Lin Y. Porous Polymer Structures with Tunable Mechanical Properties Using a Water Emulsion Ink. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1074. [PMID: 38473546 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the manufacturing of porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with engineered porosity has gained considerable interest due to its tunable material properties and diverse applications. An innovative approach to control the porosity of PDMS is to use transient liquid phase water to improve its mechanical properties, which has been explored in this work. Adjusting the ratios of deionized water to the PDMS precursor during blending and subsequent curing processes allows for controlled porosity, yielding water emulsion foam with tailored properties. The PDMS-to-water weight ratios were engineered ranging from 100:0 to 10:90, with the 65:35 specimen exhibiting the best mechanical properties with a Young's Modulus of 1.17 MPa, energy absorption of 0.33 MPa, and compressive strength of 3.50 MPa. This led to a porous sample exhibiting a 31.46% increase in the modulus of elasticity over a bulk PDMS sample. Dowsil SE 1700 was then added, improving the storage capabilities of the precursor. The optimal storage temperature was probed, with -60 °C resulting in great pore stability throughout a three-week duration. The possibility of using these water emulsion foams for paste extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) was also analyzed by implementing a rheological modifier, fumed silica. Fumed silica's impact on viscosity was examined, revealing that 9 wt% of silica demonstrates optimal rheological behaviors for AM, bearing a viscosity of 10,290 Pa·s while demonstrating shear-thinning and thixotropic behavior. This study suggests that water can be used as pore-formers for PDMS in conjunction with AM to produce engineered materials and structures for aerospace, medical, and defense industries as sensors, microfluidic devices, and lightweight structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z R Dantzler
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Sofia Gabriela Gomez
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Stephanie Gonzalez
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Diego Gonzalez
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Alan O Loera Martinez
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Cory Marquez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Md Sahid Hassan
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Saqlain Zaman
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Alexis Lopez
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Md Shahjahan Mahmud
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Yirong Lin
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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Zhang X, Liang S, Li F, Ding H, Ding L, Bai Y, Zhang L. Flexible Strain-Sensitive Sensors Assembled from Mussel-inspired Hydrogel with Tunable Mechanical Properties and Wide Temperature Tolerance in Multiple Application Scenarios. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:50400-50412. [PMID: 37862705 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels, exhibiting wide applications in electronic skins and soft wearable sensors, often require maturely regulating of the hydrogel mechanical properties to meet specific demands and work for a long-term or under extreme environment. However, in situ regulation of the mechanical properties of hydrogels is still a challenge, and regular conductive hydrogels will inevitably freeze at subzero temperature and easily dehydrate, which leads to a short service life. Herein, a novel adhesive hydrogel (PAA-Dopa-Zr4+) capable of strain sensing is proposed with antifreezing, nondrying, strong surface adhesion, and tunable mechanical properties. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (l-Dopa)-grafted poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and Zr4+ ion are introduced into the hydrogel, which broadly alters the mechanical properties via tuning the in situ aggregation state of polymer chains by ions based on the complexation effect. The catechol groups of l-Dopa and viscous glucose endow the hydrogel with high adhesiveness for skin and device interface (including humid and dry environments) and exhibit an outstanding temperature tolerance under extreme wide temperature spectrum (-35 to 65 °C) or long-lasting moisture retention (60 days). Furthermore, this PAA-Dopa-Zr4+ can be assembled as a flexible strain-sensitive sensor to detect human motions based on specific mechanical properties requirements. This work, enabling superior adhesive and temperature tolerance performance and broad mechanical tenability, presents a new paradigm for numerous applications to wearable sensing and personalized healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P. R. China
| | - Shengyue Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P. R. China
| | - Fan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P. R. China
| | - Liping Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226007, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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Yousefi-Mashouf H, Bailly L, Orgéas L, Henrich Bernardoni N. Mechanics of gelatin-based hydrogels during finite strain tension, compression and shear. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1094197. [PMID: 36714620 PMCID: PMC9877534 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1094197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Among the biopolymers used to make hydrogels, gelatin is very attractive due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability and versatile physico-chemical properties. A proper and complete characterization of the mechanical behavior of these hydrogels is critical to evaluate the relevance of one formulation over another for a targeted application, and to optimise their processing route accordingly. Methods: In this work, we manufactured neat gelatin and gelatin covalently cross-linked with glutaraldehyde at various concentrations, yielding to hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties that we characterized under finite strain, cyclic tension, compression and shear loadings. Results and Discussion: The role of both the chemical formulation and the kinematical path on the mechanical performances of the gels is highlighted. As an opening towards biomedical applications, the properties of the gels are confronted to those of native soft tissues particularly complicated to restore, the human vocal folds. A specific cross-linked hydrogel is selected to mimic vocal-fold fibrous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Yousefi-Mashouf
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble INP, 3SR, Grenoble, France,University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble INP, GIPSA-lab, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Bailly
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble INP, 3SR, Grenoble, France,*Correspondence: Lucie Bailly,
| | - Laurent Orgéas
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble INP, 3SR, Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Henrich Bernardoni
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble INP, GIPSA-lab, Grenoble, France
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5
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Chen X, Liu Y, Yin S, Zang J, Zhang T, Lv C, Zhao G. Construction of Sol-Gel Phase-Reversible Hydrogels with Tunable Properties with Native Nanofibrous Protein as Building Blocks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:44125-44135. [PMID: 36162135 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reversible sol-gel transforming behaviors combined with tunable mechanical properties are vital demands for developing biomaterials. However, it remains challenging to correlate these properties with the hydrogels constructed by denatured protein as building blocks. Herein, taking advantage of naturally high-affinity coordination environments consisting of i, i + 4 His-Glu motifs offered by paramyosin, a ubiquitous nanofibrous protein, we found that Zn2+ rather than Ca2+ or Mg2+ has the ability to trigger the self-assembly of native abalone paramyosin (AbPM) into protein hydrogels under benign conditions, while the addition of EDTA induces the hydrogels back into protein monomers, indicative of a reversible process. By using such sol-gel reversible property, the AbPM gels can serve as a vehicle to encapsulate bioactive molecules such as curcumin, thereby protecting it from degradation from thermal and photo treatment. Notably, based on the high conserved structure of native AbPM, the mechanical property and biological activity of the fabricated AbPM hydrogels can be fined-tuned by its noncovalent interaction with small molecules. All these findings raise the possibility that native paramyosin can be explored as a new class of protein hydrogels which exhibit favorable properties that the traditional hydrogels constructed by denatured protein building blocks do not have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Chen
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuhua Yin
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chenyan Lv
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
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Zhang Y, Wu H, Li P, Liu W, Zhang Y, Dong A. Dual-Light-Triggered In Situ Structure and Function Regulation of Injectable Hydrogels for High-Efficient Anti-Infective Wound Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101722. [PMID: 34569171 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most injectable hydrogels used in biomedical engineering have unsatisfactory and untunable mechanical properties, making it difficult to match them with the mechanical strengths of different tissues and organs, which can cause a series of adverse consequences such as immune rejection and soft tissue contusion. In this contribution, dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-DA) is developed as the backbone for an injectable hydrogel using a catechol-Fe3+ coordination crosslinking strategy. Due to dynamic physical crosslinking, the hydrogel can be easily injected through a single syringe. Into the hydrogel, black phosphorous nanosheets loaded with a Zr-based porphyrinic metal-organic framework (PCN@BP) are introduced that could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under 660 nm laser irradiation, this promotes the oxidative coupling of dopamine in the presence of the ROS, introducing in situ chemical crosslinking into the hydrogel. A physical/chemical double-crosslinked hydrogel is obtained, effectively improving the hydrogel's mechanical properties, which are tuned in situ by adjusting the irradiation time to match the mechanical modulus of different biological tissues. Combining the excellent photothermal properties and photodynamic performance of the PCN@BP nanosheets yields effective sterilization under mild conditions (below 50 °C, low ROS production). The results show that this hydrogel is an excellent multifunctional wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Engineering Research Center of Dairy Quality and Safety Control Technology Ministry of Education Inner Mongolia University 235 University West Street Hohhot 010021 China
| | - Haixia Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Engineering Research Center of Dairy Quality and Safety Control Technology Ministry of Education Inner Mongolia University 235 University West Street Hohhot 010021 China
| | - Peipei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Engineering Research Center of Dairy Quality and Safety Control Technology Ministry of Education Inner Mongolia University 235 University West Street Hohhot 010021 China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Engineering Research Center of Dairy Quality and Safety Control Technology Ministry of Education Inner Mongolia University 235 University West Street Hohhot 010021 China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Engineering Research Center of Dairy Quality and Safety Control Technology Ministry of Education Inner Mongolia University 235 University West Street Hohhot 010021 China
| | - Alideertu Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Engineering Research Center of Dairy Quality and Safety Control Technology Ministry of Education Inner Mongolia University 235 University West Street Hohhot 010021 China
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7
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Han X, Tang S, Wang L, Xu X, Yan R, Yan S, Guo Z, Hu K, Yu T, Li M, Li Y, Zhang F, Gu N. Multicellular Spheroids Formation on Hydrogel Enhances Osteogenic/Odontogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells Under Magnetic Nanoparticles Induction. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5101-5115. [PMID: 34349510 PMCID: PMC8327189 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s318991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Promotion odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) is essential for dentin regeneration. Physical cellular microenvironment is of critical importance for stem cells differentiation and influences the function of other biological/chemical factors to differentiation. Methods Based on adjusting the mechanical/interfacial properties of hydrogels, multicellular spheroids (MCSs) of DPSCs generated through self-organization. The spheroids were characterized by immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, ALP staining and Alizarin Red S staining were performed to evaluate the osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs with or without magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) induction. Results MCSs of DPSCs exhibited a significant upregulation of E-cadherin and N-cadherin and enriched CD146 positive subpopulation, along with a stronger osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation ability. Moreover, DPSCs spheroids showed more substantial osteogenic differentiation tendency than the classical two-dimensional cultured DPSCs under the stimulation of magnetic IONPs. Conclusion Three-dimensional spheroids culture of DPSCs based on composite viscoelastic materials combined with mechanical/magnetic stimulation may provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent development of dentin or bone regeneration technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Oral Regenerative Medicine Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijia Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Xu
- Laboratory of Oral Regenerative Medicine Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruhan Yan
- Laboratory of Oral Regenerative Medicine Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaobin Guo
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ke Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Oral Regenerative Medicine Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengping Li
- Laboratory of Oral Regenerative Medicine Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Li
- Laboratory of Oral Regenerative Medicine Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Oral Regenerative Medicine Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Gu
- Laboratory of Oral Regenerative Medicine Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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8
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Wu S, Hua M, Alsaid Y, Du Y, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Lo CY, Wang C, Wu D, Yao B, Strzalka J, Zhou H, Zhu X, He X. Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels with Broad-Range Tunable Mechanical Properties via the Hofmeister Effect. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2007829. [PMID: 33554414 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels, exhibiting wide applications in soft robotics, tissue engineering, implantable electronics, etc., often require sophisticately tailoring of the hydrogel mechanical properties to meet specific demands. For examples, soft robotics necessitates tough hydrogels; stem cell culturing demands various tissue-matching modulus; and neuron probes desire dynamically tunable modulus. Herein, a strategy to broadly alter the mechanical properties of hydrogels reversibly via tuning the aggregation states of the polymer chains by ions based on the Hofmeister effect is reported. An ultratough poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel as an exemplary material (toughness 150 ± 20 MJ m-3 ), which surpasses synthetic polymers like poly(dimethylsiloxane), synthetic rubber, and natural spider silk is fabricated. With various ions, the hydrogel's various mechanical properties are continuously and reversibly in situ modulated over a large window: tensile strength from 50 ± 9 kPa to 15 ± 1 MPa, toughness from 0.0167 ± 0.003 to 150 ± 20 MJ m-3 , elongation from 300 ± 100% to 2100 ± 300%, and modulus from 24 ± 2 to 2500 ± 140 kPa. Importantly, the ions serve as gelation triggers and property modulators only, not necessarily required to remain in the gel, maintaining the high biocompatibility of PVA without excess ions. This strategy, enabling high mechanical performance and broad dynamic tunability, presents a universal platform for broad applications from biomedicine to wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mutian Hua
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yousif Alsaid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yingjie Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yanfei Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yusen Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chiao-Yueh Lo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Canran Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bowen Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ximin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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9
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Sun M, Cheng J, Zhang J, Wu N, Zhao F, Li Z, Yu H, Duan X, Fu X, Hu X, Chen H, Ao Y. Stepwise Cross-Linking of Fibroin and Hyaluronic for 3D Printing Flexible Scaffolds with Tunable Mechanical Properties. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:916-925. [PMID: 33715368 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of 3D printing techniques has provided a promising platform to study tissue engineering and mechanobiology; however, the pursuit of printability limits the possibility of tailoring scaffolds' mechanical properties. The brittleness of those scaffolds also hinders potential clinical application. To overcome these drawbacks, a double-network ink composed of only natural biomaterials is developed. A shear-thinning hydrogel made of silk fibroin (SF) and methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MAHA) presents a high mechanical modulus with a low concentration of macromers. The physical cross-linking due to protein folding further increases the strength of the scaffolds. The proposed SF/MAHA scaffold exhibits a storage modulus 10 times greater than that of methacrylated gelatin scaffold, along with better flexibility and biodegradation. The synergistic effect between fibroin and hyaluronic allows us to tailor the mechanical strength of scaffolds without compromising their printability. The hierarchy porous structure of the SF/MAHA scaffolds offers a better spatial microenvironment for the migration and proliferation of cells compared to gelatin scaffolds. For the first time, this strategy achieves 3D printing of natural biomaterials with controlled mechanical characteristics by manipulating the cross-linking of peptide chains. The design of such ductile scaffolds with hydrolysis resistance provides a new platform for the mechanobiology research. It also shows promise in the tissue engineering of musculoskeletal system where structural strength is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyang Sun
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Nier Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyuan Zhao
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilei Yu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Duan
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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10
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Xiang D, Wu X, Cao W, Xue B, Qin M, Cao Y, Wang W. Hydrogels With Tunable Mechanical Properties Based on Photocleavable Proteins. Front Chem 2020; 8:7. [PMID: 32047736 PMCID: PMC6997547 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels with photo-responsive mechanical properties have found broad biomedical applications, including delivering bioactive molecules, cell culture, biosensing, and tissue engineering. Here, using a photocleavable protein, PhoCl, as the crosslinker we engineer two types of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels whose mechanical stability can be weakened or strengthened, respectively, upon visible light illumination. In the photo weakening hydrogels, photocleavage leads to rupture of the protein crosslinkers, and decrease of the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. In contrast, in the photo strengthening hydrogels, by properly choosing the crosslinking positions, photocleavage does not rupture the crosslinking sites but exposes additional cryptical reactive cysteine residues. When reacting with extra maleimide groups in the hydrogel network, the mechanical properties of the hydrogels can be enhanced upon light illumination. Our study indicates that photocleavable proteins could provide more designing possibilities than the small-molecule counterparts. A proof-of-principle demonstration of spatially controlling the mechanical properties of hydrogels was also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Integration, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Integration, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Integration, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Integration, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Integration, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Integration, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Integration, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Carlotti M, Mattoli V. Functional Materials for Two-Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication. Small 2019; 15:e1902687. [PMID: 31402578 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser writing methods based on two-photon polymerization (2PP) are powerful tools for the on-demand printing of precise and complex 3D architectures at the micro and nanometer scale. While much progress was made to increase the resolution and the feature size throughout the years, by carefully designing a material, one can confer specific functional properties to the printed structures thus making them appealing for peculiar and novel applications. This Review summarizes the state-of-the-art of functional resins and photoresists used in 2PP, discussing both the range of material functions available and the methods used to prepare them, highlighting advantages and disadvantages of different classes of materials in achieving certain properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Jiang Z, Erol O, Chatterjee D, Xu W, Hibino N, Romer LH, Kang SH, Gracias DH. Direct Ink Writing of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) with Tunable Mechanical Properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:28289-28295. [PMID: 31291075 PMCID: PMC6813788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) is a unique polymer with highly desirable properties such as resistance to chemical degradation, biocompatibility, hydrophobicity, antistiction, and low friction coefficient. However, due to its high melt viscosity, it is not possible to three-dimensional (3D)-print PTFE structures using nozzle-based extrusion. Here, we report a new and versatile strategy for 3D-printing PTFE structures using direct ink writing (DIW). Our approach is based on a newly formulated PTFE nanoparticle ink and thermal treatment process. The ink was formulated by mixing an aqueous dispersion of surfactant-stabilized PTFE nanoparticles with a binding gum to optimize its shear-thinning properties required for DIW. We developed a multistage thermal treatment to fuse the PTFE nanoparticles, solidify the printed structures, and remove the additives. We have extensively characterized the rheological and mechanical properties and processing parameters of these structures using imaging, mechanical testing, and statistical design of experiments. Importantly, several of the mechanical and structural properties of the final-printed PTFE structures resemble that of compression-molded PTFE, and additionally, the mechanical properties are tunable. We anticipate that this versatile approach facilitates the production of 3D-printed PTFE components using DIW with significant potential applications in engineering and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Jiang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ozan Erol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Devina Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Weinan Xu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Narutoshi Hibino
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lewis H. Romer
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Cell Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - David H. Gracias
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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13
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Shi C, Leonardi A, Zhang Y, Ohlendorf P, Ruyack A, Lal A, Ober CK. UV-Triggered Transient Electrospun Poly(propylene carbonate)/Poly(phthalaldehyde) Polymer Blend Fiber Mats. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:28928-28935. [PMID: 30044081 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the first transient electrospun nanofiber mat triggered by UV-irradiation using poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC)/poly(phthalaldehyde) (cPPA) polymer blends. The ability to trigger room temperature transience of nanofiber mats without the need for additional heat or solvent expands its utility in nonbiological fields, especially for transient electronic devices. The addition of a photo-acid-generator to the system, working in combination with UV light, provides an acid source to enhance degradation because both polymer backbones are acid-sensitive. Electrospinning enables the production of PPC/cPPA composite nanofiber mats capable of significant degradation upon exposure to UV radiation while maintaining relatively high mechanical properties. An acid amplifier, an autocatalytically decomposing compound triggered by acid, was used to generate more acid and accelerate nanofiber degradation. The electrospun fiber mats can be post-annealed to achieve an improved mat with a mechanical strength of ∼170 MPa.
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14
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Yi X, He J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Tan G, Zhou Z, Chen J, Chen D, Wang R, Tian W, Yu P, Zhou L, Ning C. Tunable Mechanical, Antibacterial, and Cytocompatible Hydrogels Based on a Functionalized Dual Network of Metal Coordination Bonds and Covalent Crosslinking. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:6190-6198. [PMID: 29381319 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has become a rapidly developing field of research because of the increased demand from regenerative medicine, and hydrogels are a promising tissue engineering scaffold because of their three-dimensional structures. In this study, we constructed novel hydrogels of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels modified with histidine and Zn2+ (GelMA-His-Zn(II)), which possessed fascinating antibacterial properties and tunable mechanical properties because of the formation of a functionalized dual network of covalent crosslinking and metal coordination bonds. The introduction of metal coordination bonds not only improves the strength of the GelMA hydrogels with covalent crosslinking but also makes their mechanical properties tunable via adjustments to the concentration of Zn2+. The synergistic effect of Zn2+ and the imidazole groups gives the GelMA-His-Zn(II) hydrogels fascinating antibacterial properties (up to 100% inhibition). Counting the colony forming units and compression tests confirmed the fascinating antibacterial abilities and tunable mechanical properties, respectively, of the GelMA-His-Zn(II) hydrogels. In addition, Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, cytoskeletal staining assays, and live/dead assays confirmed the excellent cytocompatibility of the GelMA-His-Zn(II) hydrogels. Therefore, the GelMA-His-Zn(II) hydrogels are promising for applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaolan Wang
- Hospital of Orthopedics, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA , Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hospital of Orthopedics, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA , Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Guoxin Tan
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengnan Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Dafu Chen
- Laboratory of Bone Tissue Engineering, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital , Beijing 100035, China
| | - Renxian Wang
- Laboratory of Bone Tissue Engineering, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital , Beijing 100035, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Laboratory of Bone Tissue Engineering, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital , Beijing 100035, China
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15
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Le X, Lu W, Xiao H, Wang L, Ma C, Zhang J, Huang Y, Chen T. Fe 3+-, pH-, Thermoresponsive Supramolecular Hydrogel with Multishape Memory Effect. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:9038-9044. [PMID: 28221748 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Poor, nontunable mechanical properties as well as finite shape memory performance pose a barrier to shape memory hydrogels to realize practical applications. Here, a new shape memory hydrogel with tunable mechanical properties and multishape memory effect was presented. Three programmable reversible systems including PBA-diol ester bonds, AAc-Fe3+, and coil-helix transition of agar were applied to memorize temporary shapes and endow the hydrogel with outstanding multishape memory functionalities. Moreover, through changing the cross-linking densities, the mechanical properties of the as-prepared hydrogel can be adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Le
- Division of Polymer and Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Division of Polymer and Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - He Xiao
- Division of Polymer and Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Division of Polymer and Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Chunxin Ma
- Division of Polymer and Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Division of Polymer and Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Youju Huang
- Division of Polymer and Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Polymer and Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
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