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Zafar Z, Wood MJ, Fatima S, Bhatti MF, Shah FA, Saud Z, Loveridge EJ, Karaca I, Butt TM. Identification of the odorant binding proteins of Western Flower Thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis), characterization and binding analysis of FoccOBP3 with molecular modelling, molecular dynamics simulations and a confirmatory field trial. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38415377 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2317990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory systems are indispensable for insects as they, including Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), use olfactory cues for ovipositing and feeding. F. occidentalis use odorant binding proteins (OBPs) to transport semiochemicals to odorant receptors to induce a behavioural response from the sensillum lymph of the insect's antennae. This study identifies four OBPs of F. occidentalis and analyses their expression at three stages of growth: larvae, adult males and adult females. Further, it investigates the presence of conserved motifs and their phylogenetic relationship to other insect species. Moreover, FoccOBP3 was in silico characterized to analyse its structure along with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to understand its binding with semiochemicals of F. occidentalis. Molecular docking revealed the interactions of methyl isonicotinate, p-anisaldehyde and (S)-(-)-verbenone with FoccOBP3. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations showed bonding stability of these ligands with FoccOBP3, and field trials validated that Lurem TR (commercial product) and p-anisaldehyde had greater attraction as compared to (S)-(-)-verbenone, given the compound's binding with FoccOBP3. The current study helps in understanding the tertiary structure and interaction of FoccOBP3 with lures using computational and field data and will help in the identification of novel lures of insects in the future, given the importance of binding with OBPs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Zafar
- Research and Development, Razbio Limited, Bridgend, UK
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Martyn J Wood
- Research and Development, Razbio Limited, Bridgend, UK
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sidra Fatima
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faraz Bhatti
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farooq A Shah
- Research and Development, Razbio Limited, Bridgend, UK
| | - Zack Saud
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Ismail Karaca
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Tariq M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Cao Q, Zhao Y, Koski TM, Li H, Sun J. Effects of simulated gut pH environment on bacterial composition and pheromone production of Dendroctonus valens. Insect Sci 2024; 31:225-235. [PMID: 37221982 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bark beetles are an economically and ecologically important insect group, with aggregation behavior and thus host colonization success depends on pheromone-mediated communication. For some species, such as the major invasive forest pest in China, red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens), gut microbiota participates in pheromone production by converting tree monoterpenes into pheromone products. However, how variation in gut microenvironment, such as pH, affects the gut microbial composition, and consequently pheromone production, is unknown. In this study, we fed wild caught D. valens with 3 different pH media (main host diet with natural pH of 4.7; a mildly acidic diet with pH 6 mimicking the beetle gut pH; and highly acidic diet with pH 4), and measured their effects on the gut pH, bacterial community and production of the main aggregation and anti-aggregation pheromone (verbenone). We further tested the verbenone production capacity of 2 gut bacterial isolates in different pH environments (pH 6 and 4). Compared to natural state or main host diet, feeding on less acidic diet (pH 6) diluted the acidity of the gut, whereas feeding on highly acidic diet (pH 4) enhanced it. Both changes in gut pH reduced the abundance of dominant bacterial genera, resulting in decreased verbenone production. Similarly, the highest pheromone conversion rate of the bacterial isolates was observed in pH mimicking the acidity in beetle gut. Taken together, these results indicate that changes in gut pH can affect gut microbiota composition and pheromone production, and may therefore have the potential to affect host colonization behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Cao
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Tuuli-Marjaana Koski
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interactions, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Huiping Li
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science/Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interactions, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
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Lee K, Nada H, Kim M, Park H, Lee K, Seo D, Lee K, Choi Y. Cantharidin-Based Verbenone Derivatives as a Novel Insecticide against Plutella xylostella: Design, Synthesis, Insecticidal Activity Evaluation, and 3D QSAR Study. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1272. [PMID: 37627337 PMCID: PMC10452746 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The diamondback moth is a detrimental insect pest of brassicaceous crops which was among the first crop insects to be reported as DDT resistant. It has since proven to be significantly resistant to nearly every synthetic insecticide used in the field in many crucifer-producing regions. Due to insecticide control failures in some parts of the world, economically viable crucifer production is now all but impossible. As a result, there has been an increasing effort to identify new compounds with strong pesticidal activity. Cantharidin is one such compound that has been shown to be highly effective against a variety of insect pests. However, its chemical synthesis and potential toxicity to non-target organisms have been a major source of concern. Herein, using rational design approaches, a new series of cantharidin-based verbenone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their insecticidal activities against the diamondback moth. Among different compounds screened, compounds 6a, 6h, 6i, and 6q emerged as the most potent compounds exhibiting 100% mortality at a concentration of 100 mg/L after four days. These compounds demonstrated a good anti-feeding effect against the diamondback moth on cabbage leaves. Subsequently, a 3D QSAR study was carried out to identify the key structural features of the synthesized compounds and their correlation with insecticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanshik Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anamro, Seungbukgu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Hossam Nada
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, 32 Donggukro, Ilsandonggu, Goyangsi 10326, Republic of Korea; (H.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Minkyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, 32 Donggukro, Ilsandonggu, Goyangsi 10326, Republic of Korea; (H.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Hyejun Park
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anamro, Seungbukgu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Kiho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511, Sejongro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (D.S.)
| | - Dongho Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511, Sejongro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (D.S.)
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, 32 Donggukro, Ilsandonggu, Goyangsi 10326, Republic of Korea; (H.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Yongseok Choi
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anamro, Seungbukgu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (H.P.)
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Williamson ZV, Blaauw BR, Joseph SV. Effects of permethrin on ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in ornamental nurseries. J Insect Sci 2023; 23:4. [PMID: 37418248 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Exotic ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), such as Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford), and Xylosandrus compactus (Eichoff) are serious pests in southeastern ornamental nurseries. Preventative pyrethroid trunk sprays effectively reduce boring damage. However, it is unclear how pyrethroids such as permethrin prevent attack. Thus, the objective was to determine how permethrin-treated bolts interact with invading ambrosia beetles. In 2022, a study with 2 independent trials was conducted in a nursery on red maple (Acer rubrum L.), bolts during March and April, respectively. The treatments were (i) nonbaited, nontreated bolt, (ii) ethanol baited bolt, (iii) nonbaited bolt + glue [painted on bolt], (iv) ethanol baited bolt + glue, (v) ethanol baited bolt + glue + permethrin, (vi) ethanol baited bolt + glue + permethrin + verbenone, and (vii) ethanol baited bolt + glue + verbenone. Ambrosia beetles trapped on glue, beetles which fell into the pail with soap solution under the bolts, and entry holes on bolts were quantified. Permethrin prevented beetle attacks but did not reduce the number of ambrosia beetles landing on the treated bolts. Verbenone reduced ambrosia beetles from landing on the bolts but did not prevent boring into bolts. The numbers of ambrosia beetles in soapy water were not significantly different among treatments. Ambrosia beetles are landing on permethrin-treated bolts but not boring into the bolts, implying that fresh permethrin residues may not be necessary for ambrosia beetle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia V Williamson
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Brett R Blaauw
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, 413 Biological Science, 120 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shimat V Joseph
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
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Cao Q, Koski TM, Li H, Zhang C, Sun J. The effect of inactivation of aldehyde dehydrogenase on pheromone production by a gut bacterium of an invasive bark beetle, Dendroctonus valens. Insect Sci 2023; 30:459-472. [PMID: 36003004 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiochemical-based management strategies are important for controlling bark beetles, such as invasive Red Turpentine Beetle (Denroctonus valens), the causal agent for mass mortality of pine trees (Pinus spp.) in China. It has been previously shown that the pheromone verbenone regulates the attack density of this beetle in a dose-dependent manner and that the gut bacteria of D. valens are involved in verbenone production. However, molecular functional verification of the role of gut bacteria in the pheromone production of D. valens is still lacking. To better understand the molecular function of gut bacterial verbenone production, we chose a facultative anaerobic gut bacterium (Enterobacter xiangfangensis) of D. valens based on its strong ability to convert cis-verbenol to verbenone, as shown in our previous study, and investigated its transcriptomics in the presence or absence of cis-verbenol under anaerobic conditions (simulating the anoxic environment in the beetle's gut). Based on this transcriptome analysis, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) was identified as a putative key gene responsible for verbenone production and was knocked-down by homologous recombination to obtain a mutant E. xiangfangensis strain. Our results show that these mutants had significantly decreased the ability to convert the monoterpene precursor to verbenone compared with the wild-type bacteria, indicating that ALDH1 is primarily responsible for verbenone conversion for this bacterium species. These findings provide further mechanistic evidence of bacterially mediated pheromone production by D. valens, add new perspective for functional studies of gut bacteria in general, and may aid the development of new gene silencing-based pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Cao
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Tuuli-Marjaana Koski
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiping Li
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang H, Cheng H, Lai F, Xiong D. CuAPO-5 as a Multiphase Catalyst for Synthesis of Verbenone from α-Pinene. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8097. [PMID: 36431582 PMCID: PMC9697102 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper(II)-containing aluminum phosphate material (CuAPO-5) was synthesized hydrothermally and used as a multiphase catalyst for the oxidation of α-pinene to verbenone. The catalysts were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ammonia temperature programmed reduction (NH3-TPD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy spectrometry (EDS), inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) were performed to characterize the material. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, n(α-pinene)/n(TBHP), and solvent on the catalytic performance of CuAPO-5 were investigated. The results show that all the prepared catalysts have AFI topology and a large specific surface area. Copper is evenly distributed in the skeleton in a bivalent form. The introduction of copper increases the acid content of the catalyst. Under the optimized reaction conditions, 96.8% conversion of α-pinene and 46.4% selectivity to verbenone were achieved by CuAPO-5(0.06) molecular sieve within a reaction time of 12 h. CuAPO-5(0.06) can be recycled for five cycles without losing the conversion of α-pinene and the selectivity to verbenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Haijun Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Fang Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Deyuan Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Cui Y, Wang X, Lin G, Duan W, Wu X, Lan H, Li B. Synthesis of ( E)/( Z)- Verbenone Oxime Ethers and Photoresponsive Behavior to Herbicidal Activity. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:13862-13872. [PMID: 36278958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of residual active herbicides in the environment can cause a series of problems. It is thus meaningful to explore a photoresponsive herbicide, whose activity can be weakened under the action of light to reduce the negative effect. To this purpose, a series of (E)/(Z)-verbenone oxime ethers were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Oxime ether groups were adopted as the trigger switches. The preliminary screening for herbicidal activity showed that some of them exhibited better or comparable effects than that of the commercial herbicide flumioxazin against Brassica campestris and Echinochloa crusgalli. Meanwhile, five pairs of the target compounds with significantly different herbicidal effects between E- and Z-forms were further investigated for their reversible isomerization reaction and the accompanying variation of herbicidal activity. As a result, the maximum conversion rates were around 50%, and the herbicidal effect of the resulting mixture of E- and Z-isomers decreased outstandingly. The phototransformation mechanism of a pair of isomers (E)-4a and (Z)-4a was preliminarily explored. Besides, a reasonable and effective 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship model (r2 = 0.984 and q2 = 0.571) was established and the binding mode was also investigated by molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi530004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi530004, P. R. China
| | - Guishan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi530004, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi530004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaocui Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi530004, P. R. China
| | - Hailang Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi530004, P. R. China
| | - Baoyu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi530004, P. R. China
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González-Velasco HE, Pérez-Gutiérrez MS, Alonso-Castro ÁJ, Zapata-Morales JR, Niño-Moreno PDC, Campos-Xolalpa N, González-Chávez MM. Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of the Essential Oil of Tagetes parryi A. Gray (Asteraceae) and Verbenone. Molecules 2022; 27:2612. [PMID: 35565963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tagetes parryi is a plant empirically used to treat gastrointestinal and inflammatory diseases, its essential oil (EOTP) was obtained from the aerial parts, and the composition was elucidated by GC-MS. The in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities and the antinociceptive activity of EOTP and (1S)-(-)-verbenone (VERB) were assessed. The major compounds identified for EOTP were verbenone (33.39%), dihydrotagetone (26.88%), and tagetone (20.8%). EOTP and VERB diminished the ear oedema induced with TPA by 93.77 % and 81.13 %, respectively. EOTP and VERB decreased inflammation in a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) chronic model with ED50 = 54.95 mg/kg and 45.24 mg/kg, respectively. EOTP (15 µg/mL) inhibited the in vitro production of the pro-inflammatory mediators NO (67.02%), TNF-α (69.21%), and IL-6 (58.44%) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In the acetic induced writhing test, EOTP and VERB showed antinociceptive effects with ED50 = 84.93 mg/kg and ED50 = 45.24 mg/kg, respectively. In phase 1 of the formalin test, EOTP and VERB showed no antinociceptive effects, whereas in phase 2, EOTP (ED50 = 35.45 mg/kg) and VERB (ED50 = 24.84 mg/kg) showed antinociceptive effects. The antinociceptive actions of ETOP and VERB were blocked with the co-administration of L-NAME. This study suggests that EOTP and VERB might be used in the treatment of pain and inflammatory problems.
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Wróblewska A, Grzeszczak J, Miądlicki P, Kiełbasa K, Kujbida M, Kamińska A, Michalkiewicz B. The Studies on α-Pinene Oxidation over the TS-1. The Influence of the Temperature, Reaction Time, Titanium and Catalyst Content. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7799. [PMID: 34947400 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The work presents the results of studies on α-pinene oxidation over the TS-1 catalysts with different Ti content (in wt%): TS-1_1 (9.92), TS-1_2 (5.42), TS-1_3 (3.39) and TS-1_4 (3.08). No solvent was used in the oxidation studies, and molecular oxygen was used as the oxidizing agent. The effect of titanium content in the TS-1 catalyst, temperature, reaction time and amount of the catalyst in the reaction mixture on the conversion of α-pinene and the selectivities of appropriate products was investigated. It was found that it is most advantageous to carry out the process of α-pinene oxidation in the presence of the TS-1 catalyst with the titanium content of 5.42 wt% (TS-1_2), at the temperature of 85 °C, for 6 h and with the catalyst TS-1 content in the reaction mixture of 1 wt%. Under these conditions the conversion of α-pinene amounted to 34 mol%, and the selectivities of main products of α-pinene oxidation process were: α-pinene oxide (29 mol%), verbenol (15 mol%) and verbenone (12 mol%). In smaller quantities also campholenic aldehyde, trans-pinocarveol, myrtenal, myrtenol, L-carveol, carvone and 1,2-pinanediol were also formed. These products are of great practical importance in food, cosmetics, perfumery and medicine industries. Kinetic studies were also performed for the studied process.
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Kamińska A, Miądlicki P, Kiełbasa K, Serafin J, Sreńscek-Nazzal J, Wróbel RJ, Wróblewska A. FeCl 3-Modified Carbonaceous Catalysts from Orange Peel for Solvent-Free Alpha-Pinene Oxidation. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14247729. [PMID: 34947323 PMCID: PMC8705748 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The work presents the synthesis of FeCl3-modified carbonaceous catalysts obtained from waste orange peel and their application in the oxidation of alpha-pinene in solvent-free reaction conditions. The use of waste orange peel as presented here (not described in the literature) is an effective and cheap way of managing this valuable and renewable biomass. FeCl3-modified carbonaceous materials were obtained by a two-stage method: in the first stage, activated carbon was obtained, and in the second stage, it was modified by FeCl3 in the presence of H3PO4 (three different molar ratios of these two compounds were used in the studies). The obtained FeCl3-modified carbon materials were subjected to detailed instrumental studies using the methods FT-IR (Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), EDXRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence) and XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), while the textural properties of these materials were also studied, such as the specific surface area and total pore volume. Catalytic tests with the three modified activated carbons showed that the catalyst obtained with the participation of 6 M of FeCl3 and 3 M aqueous solutions of H3PO4 was the most active in the oxidation of alpha-pinene. Further tests (influence of temperature, amount of catalyst, and reaction time) with this catalyst made it possible to determine the most favorable conditions for conducting oxidation on this type of catalyst, and allowed study of the kinetics of this process. The most favorable conditions for the process were: temperature of 100 °C, catalyst content of 0.5 wt% and reaction time 120 min (very mild process conditions). The conversion of the organic raw material obtained under these conditions was 40 mol%, and the selectivity of the transformation to alpha-pinene oxide reached the value of 35 mol%. In addition to the epoxy compound, other valuable products, such as verbenone and verbenol, were formed while carrying out the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Kamińska
- Department of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (P.M.); (K.K.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Piotr Miądlicki
- Department of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (P.M.); (K.K.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Karolina Kiełbasa
- Department of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (P.M.); (K.K.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Jarosław Serafin
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Energy Technologies, Technical University of Catalonia, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Joanna Sreńscek-Nazzal
- Department of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (P.M.); (K.K.); (R.J.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.-N.); (A.W.)
| | - Rafał Jan Wróbel
- Department of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (P.M.); (K.K.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Wróblewska
- Department of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (P.M.); (K.K.); (R.J.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.-N.); (A.W.)
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Agnello AM, Combs DB, Filgueiras CC, Willett DS, Mafra-Neto A. Reduced Infestation by Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Apple Trees Treated with Host Plant Defense Compounds. J Econ Entomol 2021; 114:2162-2171. [PMID: 34378779 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) is an invasive pest that has caused tree decline and death in numerous NY dwarf apple orchards during the past ten years, despite efforts to control them using trunk sprays of chlorpyrifos or pyrethroids, either alone or combined with the repellent verbenone. From 2017 to 2019, we tested trunk applications of different repellents and plant defense compounds for protection against X. germanus in potted apple trees adjacent to infested orchards. Treatments included topical formulations of verbenone and methyl salicylate (MeSa), alone and in combination, at different rates and timings. Additional treatments evaluated included the systemic acquired resistance activators acibenzolar-S-methyl, Reynoutria sachalinensis extract, and salicylic acid. The combination verbenone+MeSa treatments had the lowest incidences of attack sites and galleries containing adults or brood, although results varied among years. In a separate trial, we found no significant difference in numbers of adults caught in ethanol-baited traps placed 5-20 m from an apple bolt treated with the verbenone+MeSa repellent, suggesting that the repellent's effect did not extend to those distances from the treated target. Cross-sectional discs of trunk tissue sampled in August were analyzed for levels of phytohormones. Quantities of ergosterol, abscissic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, methyl salicylate, methyl jasmonate, trans-cinnamic acid, and indole-3-cinnamic acid did not significantly vary across treatments; however, trees with greater beetle damage contained higher levels of jasmonic and salicylic acid, which are key molecules in plant defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Agnello
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, 15 Castle Creek Drive, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - David B Combs
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, 15 Castle Creek Drive, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Camila C Filgueiras
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, 15 Castle Creek Drive, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Denis S Willett
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, 15 Castle Creek Drive, Geneva, NY, USA
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12
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Byers JA, Maoz Y, Fefer D, Levi-Zada A. Semiochemicals Affecting Attraction of Ambrosia Beetle Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Quercivorol: Developing Push-Pull Control. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:2120-2127. [PMID: 32596735 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff), the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), is an ambrosia beetle infesting avocado Persea americana Mill. limbs in North America and Israel. We conducted field experiments with sticky traps in avocado orchards to develop push-pull semiochemical methods of managing PSHB. Traps baited with 10-fold increasing doses (0.01 to 100× or 1.26 µg to 12.6 mg/d) of attractant quercivorol were previously shown to increasingly capture female PSHB (males flightless). We converted trap catch of this relationship to a standardized effective attraction radius (EAR) that predicts capture power of baited-traps regardless of insect flight density. Earlier, piperitone and verbenone were shown to strongly inhibit attraction of PSHB to quercivorol-traps. We tested increasing numbers of 1× piperitone dispensers at 0.75-m distance surrounding a quercivorol-trap and found PSHB catch to decline exponentially. Increasing decadic doses (0.01 to 10×) of either verbenone or piperitone released at 1× quercivorol-traps caused a sigmoidal first-order kinetic-decay in catch. Verbenone (1×) placed at increasing distances (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 m) from a 1× quercivorol-trap became increasingly ineffective in reducing catch of PSHB. We found no evidence that ethanol released from 7.5 to 480 mg/d affected attraction of PSHB, but Scobicia chevrieri (Villa and Villa) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) was increasingly attracted. Due to their relatively short-range (<0.5 m) inhibition of attractive sources, piperitone, and verbenone dispensers should be placed on avocado trunks where PSHB aggregations occur before the flight season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yonatan Maoz
- The Israel Fruit Growers Association, Yahud, Israel
| | - Daniela Fefer
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Anat Levi-Zada
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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13
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Cao Q, Wickham JD, Chen L, Ahmad F, Lu M, Sun J. Effect of Oxygen on Verbenone Conversion From cis-Verbenol by Gut Facultative Anaerobes of Dendroctonus valens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:464. [PMID: 29615996 PMCID: PMC5864928 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction from North America, Dendroctonus valens LeConte has become a destructive forest pest in China. Although gut aerobic bacteria have been investigated and some are implicated in beetle pheromone production, little is known about the abundance and significance of facultative anaerobic bacteria in beetle gut, especially with regards to effects of oxygen on their role in pheromone production. In this study, we isolated and identified gut bacteria of D. valens adults in an anaerobic environment, and further compared their ability to convert cis-verbenol into verbenone (a multi-functional pheromone of D. valens) under different O2 concentrations. Pantoea conspicua, Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Staphylococcus warneri were the most frequently isolated species among the total of 10 species identified from beetle gut in anaerobic conditions. Among all isolated species, nine were capable of cis-verbenol to verbenone conversion, and the conversion efficiency increased with increased oxygen concentration. This O2-mediated conversion of cis-verbenol to verbenone suggests that gut facultative anaerobes of D. valens might play an important role in the frass, where there is higher exposure to oxygen, hence the higher verbenone production. This claim is further supported by distinctly differential oxygen concentrations between gut and frass of D. valens females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jacob D Wickham
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Faheem Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Kaneko S, Chen J, Wu J, Suzuki Y, Ma L, Kumazawa K. Potent Odorants of Characteristic Floral/Sweet Odor in Chinese Chrysanthemum Flower Tea Infusion. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:10058-10063. [PMID: 29086561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An investigation using the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) technique applied to the aroma concentrates prepared from the tea infusions of two different types of Chinese chrysanthemum flowers (flower buds, blooming flowers) revealed that 29 aroma peaks were detected in the aroma concentrates, and 17 compounds were newly identified or tentatively identified in the chrysanthemum flower tea. AEDA also revealed that the aroma peaks having high flavor dilution factors mainly consisted of a floral/sweet note in addition to metallic and phenol-like/spicy notes. Among them, four aroma peaks having a floral/sweet were identified as verbenone, ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate, propyl 3-phenylpropanoate, and ethyl cinnamate, and a semiquantitative analysis revealed that the flower buds were rich in these compounds. Furthermore, a chiral analysis revealed that (-)-verbenone existed in both flowers at a 3 times higher concentration than (+)-verbenone. Additionally, because the detection threshold of (-)-verbenone was lower than that of the (+)-verbenone, it is concluded that the (-)-isomer was a main contributor of the aroma peak of verbenone in the chrysanthemum flower tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Kaneko
- Ogawa & Co. Ltd. , Chidori 15-7, 279-0032, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jingxiu Chen
- Ogawa Flavors & Fragrances (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. , 85 Jiangtian Road (East), Songjiang District, Shanghai 201613, China
| | - Jieming Wu
- Ogawa Flavors & Fragrances (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. , 85 Jiangtian Road (East), Songjiang District, Shanghai 201613, China
| | - Yuto Suzuki
- Ogawa Flavors & Fragrances (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. , 85 Jiangtian Road (East), Songjiang District, Shanghai 201613, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Ogawa Flavors & Fragrances (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. , 85 Jiangtian Road (East), Songjiang District, Shanghai 201613, China
| | - Kenji Kumazawa
- Ogawa & Co. Ltd. , Chidori 15-7, 279-0032, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
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Hu Q, Lin GS, Duan WG, Huang M, Lei FH. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel (Z)- and (E)- Verbenone Oxime Esters. Molecules 2017; 22:E1678. [PMID: 29023419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-seven (Z)- and (E)-verbenone derivatives bearing an oxime ester moiety were designed and synthesized in search of novel bioactive molecules. Their structures were confirmed by UV-Vis, FTIR, NMR, ESI-MS, and elemental analysis. The antifungal and herbicidal activities of the target compounds were preliminarily evaluated. As a result, compound (E)-4n (R = β-pyridyl) exhibited excellent antifungal activity with growth inhibition percentages of 92.2%, 80.0% and 76.3% against Alternaria solani, Physalospora piricola, and Cercospora arachidicola at 50 µg/mL, showing comparable or better antifungal activity than the commercial fungicide chlorothalonil with growth inhibition of 96.1%, 75.0% and 73.3%, respectively, and 1.7-5.5-fold more growth inhibition than its stereoisomer (Z)-4n (R = β-pyridyl) with inhibition rates of 22.6%, 28.6% and 43.7%, respectively. In addition, seven compounds displayed significant growth inhibition activity of over 90% against the root of rape (Brassica campestris) at 100 µg/mL, exhibiting much better herbicidal activity than the commercial herbicide flumioxazin with a 63.0% growth inhibition. Among these seven compounds, compound (E)-4n (R = β-pyridyl) inhibited growth by 92.1%, which was 1.7-fold more than its stereoisomer (Z)-4n (R = β-pyridyl) which inhibited growth by 54.0%.
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Agnello AM, Breth DI, Tee EM, Cox KD, Villani SM, Ayer KM, Wallis AE, Donahue DJ, Combs DB, Davis AE, Neal JA, English-Loeb FM. Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Occurrence, Fungal Associations, and Management Trials in New York Apple Orchards. J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:2149-2164. [PMID: 29048587 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) has caused increasing damage in high-density New York apple orchards since 2013, resulting in tree decline and death. We documented their occurrence and timing in > 50 orchards using ethanol-baited traps from 2014 to 2016. First captures ranged from 48 to 83 degree days (base 10 °C) from 1 January. Captures were numerically higher at the orchard-woods interface than within the orchard interior, but differences were not significant in locations with lower populations. Control using insecticide trunk sprays was tested in potted, waterlogged apple trees placed in orchards and nurseries, and inside wooded areas adjacent to orchards. A verbenone repellent was used in combination with trunk sprays to improve control. Overall, insecticide sprays were inconsistent and marginal in preventing new infestations. Chlorpyrifos significantly reduced infestations versus lambda-cyhalothrin and untreated trees at one location in the 2015 orchard trials, and versus untreated trees at one location in the 2016 nursery trials, but otherwise performed no better than other treatments. The addition of verbenone to either the check or permethrin treatments resulted in significantly fewer attack sites containing brood at one orchard site in 2016. Chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin significantly reduced the number of attack sites containing adults compared with untreated trees at one nursery trial location in 2016, but were otherwise ineffective in reducing numbers of trees in other locations and infestation categories. We found several fungal and bacterial species associated with X. germanus and its infestation of apples. These microbes likely play a minimal role in apple decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Agnello
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St, Geneva, NY, 14456
| | - Deborah I Breth
- Cornell Cooperative Extension, Lake Ontario Fruit Program, 12690 Rt. 31, Albion, NY 14411
| | - Elizabeth M Tee
- Cornell Cooperative Extension, Lake Ontario Fruit Program, 12690 Rt. 31, Albion, NY 14411
| | - Kerik D Cox
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Sara M Villani
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, 455 Research Drive, Mills River, NC 28759
| | - Katrin M Ayer
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Anna E Wallis
- Cornell Cooperative Extension, Eastern New York Commercial Horticulture Program, 6064 State Rt. 22, Plattsburgh, NY 12901
| | - Daniel J Donahue
- Cornell Cooperative Extension, Eastern New York Commercial Horticulture Program, 3357 State Rt. 9W, Highland, NY 12528, P.O. Box 727
| | - David B Combs
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St, Geneva, NY, 14456
| | - Abagail E Davis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St, Geneva, NY, 14456
| | - Joshua A Neal
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St, Geneva, NY, 14456
| | - Forrest M English-Loeb
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 630 W. North St, Geneva, NY, 14456
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Jelodarian Z, Shokoohinia Y, Rashidi M, Ghiasvand N, Hosseinzadeh L, Iranshahi M. New polyacetylenes from Echinophora cinerea (Boiss.) Hedge et Lamond. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2256-2263. [PMID: 28281381 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1300797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Echinophora cinerea aerial parts are used in folk medicine to cure gastric diseases and as a food seasoning in cheese and yogurt. Besides several pharmacological effects have been assigned to Echinophora spp., there is no phytochemical investigation on this genus other than our previous publication on flavonoids. An acetone extract of E. cinerea afforded three new (1-3) polyacetylenes, one rare monoterpenoid glycoside as verbenone-5-O-β-D-glycopyranoside (4) and one prenylated coumarin as osthol (5). The structures of all new compounds were elucidated using modern spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR and mass analyses. The potency of the compounds to induce cell death was determined on SKNMC, PC3 and MCF-7 cell lines using MTT method in which compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate cytotoxic effects, especially against PC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jelodarian
- a Students research Committee, School of Pharmacy , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Yalda Shokoohinia
- b Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.,c Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Maryam Rashidi
- a Students research Committee, School of Pharmacy , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghiasvand
- b Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Leila Hosseinzadeh
- b Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- d Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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18
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Fettig CJ, Munson AS, Reinke M, Mafra-Neto A. A Novel Semiochemical Tool for Protecting Pinus contorta From Mortality Attributed to Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J Econ Entomol 2015; 108:173-182. [PMID: 26470118 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tou038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) is an antiaggregant of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a notable forest insect capable of causing extensive levels of tree mortality in western North America. Several formulations of verbenone are registered for tree protection, but failures in efficacy are not uncommon, particularly when applied during large infestations. A formulation of (-)-verbenone was developed (Specialized Pheromone & Lure Application Technology [SPLAT] Verb, ISCA Technologies Inc., Riverside, CA) and evaluated for protecting individual lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon, and small stands of P. contorta from mortality attributed to D. ponderosae. SPLAT Verb applied to individual P. contorta resulted in complete tree protection, while 93.3% mortality occurred in the untreated controls. Significantly fewer P. contorta were killed by D. ponderosae within 0.041-ha circular plots surrounding P. contorta treated with SPLAT Verb compared with the untreated control. In a second study, a smaller percentage of P. contorta were colonized and killed on 0.4-ha square plots treated with SPLAT Verb compared with the untreated control. No significant differences in levels of tree mortality were observed between the untreated control and another formulation of verbenone (7-g pouch) or between the 7-g pouch and SPLAT Verb. In a trapping bioassay, no significant differences were observed among captures in multiple-funnel traps at 1, 2, or 4 m from the point of release of SPLAT Verb. Significantly fewer D. ponderosae were collected at 1 and 2 m compared with 8 m. Significantly more D. ponderosae were captured at the farthest distance evaluated (16 m) than at any other distance. Our data indicate that SPLAT Verb is effective for protecting individual P. contorta and small stands of P. contorta from mortality attributed to D. ponderosae at moderate doses. The high levels of tree protection observed are attributed to the ability of applying release points (dollops) at high densities, and a larger zone of inhibition than reported for other formulations of verbenone. SPLAT Verb was registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use on pines, Pinus spp., in 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Fettig
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1731 Research Park Dr., Davis, CA 95618.
| | - A Steven Munson
- Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, 4746 South 1900 East, Ogden, UT 84403
| | - Michael Reinke
- ISCA Technologies Inc., 1230 Spring St., Riverside, CA 92507
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