1
|
Raghunath G, Chen YC, Marin M, Wu H, Melikyan GB. SERINC5-Mediated Restriction of HIV-1 Infectivity Correlates with Resistance to Cholesterol Extraction but Not with Lipid Order of Viral Membrane. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081636. [PMID: 35893701 PMCID: PMC9332783 DOI: 10.3390/v14081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine incorporator 5 (SER5) is a protein that upon incorporation into virions inhibits HIV-1 infectivity by interfering with the ability of the Env glycoprotein to promote viral fusion. The mechanisms by which SER5 antagonizes HIV-1 fusion are not well understood. A recent study of SER5's structure revealed a lipid-binding pocket, suggesting the ability to sequester lipids. This finding, along with the well-documented modulation of HIV-1 infectivity by viral lipids, especially cholesterol, prompted our examination of SER5's effect on the general lipid order of the HIV-1 membrane. Pseudoviruses bearing the SER5-sensitive HXB2-Env and containing SER5 or SER2, a control protein that lacks antiviral activity, were analyzed using two distinct lipid-order probes. We show that SER5 incorporation does not noticeably affect the lipid order of pseudoviruses. Although viral cholesterol extraction reduces HIV-1 infectivity, SER5+ viruses are less sensitive to cholesterol extraction than the control samples. In contrast, the virus' sensitivity to cholesterol oxidation was not affected by SER5 incorporation. The hydrolytic release of sphingomyelin-sequestered cholesterol had a minimal impact on the apparent resistance to cholesterol extraction. Based on these results, we propose that a subpopulation of more stable Env glycoproteins responsible for the residual infectivity of SER5+ viruses is less sensitive to the cholesterol content of the viral membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Raghunath
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (G.R.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.M.); (H.W.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yen-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (G.R.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.M.); (H.W.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (G.R.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.M.); (H.W.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (G.R.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.M.); (H.W.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (G.R.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.M.); (H.W.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Cell-to-cell variability of infection has long been known, yet it has remained one of the least understood phenomena in infection research. It impacts on disease onset and development, yet only recently underlying mechanisms have been studied in clonal cell cultures by single-virion immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. In this review, we showcase how single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), single-molecule RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click) with alkynyl-tagged viral genomes dissect infection variability in human and mouse cells. We show how the combined use of scRNA-FISH and click-chemistry reveals highly variable onsets of adenoviral gene expression, and how single live cell plaques reveal lytic and nonlytic adenovirus transmissions. The review highlights how scRNA-seq profiling and scRNA-FISH of coxsackie, influenza, dengue, zika, and herpes simplex virus infections uncover transcriptional variability, and how the host interferon response tunes influenza and sendai virus infections. We introduce the concept of "cell state" in infection variability, and conclude with advances by single-cell simultaneous measurements of chromatin accessibility and mRNA counts at high-throughput. Such technology will further dissect the sequence of events in virus infection and pathology, and better characterize the genetic and genomic stability of viruses, cell autonomous innate immune responses, and mechanisms of tissue injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Francis AC, Marin M, Prellberg MJ, Palermino-Rowland K, Melikyan GB. HIV-1 Uncoating and Nuclear Import Precede the Completion of Reverse Transcription in Cell Lines and in Primary Macrophages. Viruses 2020; 12:E1234. [PMID: 33143125 PMCID: PMC7693591 DOI: 10.3390/v12111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An assembly of capsid proteins (CA) form the mature viral core enclosing the HIV-1 ribonucleoprotein complex. Discrepant findings have been reported regarding the cellular sites and the extent of core disassembly (uncoating) in infected cells. Here, we combined single-virus imaging and time-of-drug-addition assays to elucidate the kinetic relationship between uncoating, reverse transcription, and nuclear import of HIV-1 complexes in cell lines and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). By using cyclophilin A-DsRed (CDR) as a marker for CA, we show that, in contrast to TZM-bl cells, early cytoplasmic uncoating (loss of CDR) is limited in MDMs and is correlated with the efficiency of reverse transcription. However, we find that reverse transcription is dispensable for HIV-1 nuclear import, which progressed through an uncoating step at the nuclear pore. Comparison of the kinetics of nuclear import and the virus escape from inhibitors targeting distinct steps of infection, as well as direct quantification of viral DNA synthesis, revealed that reverse transcription is completed after nuclear import of HIV-1 complexes. Collectively, these results suggest that reverse transcription is dispensable for the uncoating step at the nuclear pore and that vDNA synthesis is completed in the nucleus of unrelated target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwanth C. Francis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.M.); (M.J.P.); (K.P.-R.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.M.); (M.J.P.); (K.P.-R.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mathew J. Prellberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.M.); (M.J.P.); (K.P.-R.)
| | - Kristina Palermino-Rowland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.M.); (M.J.P.); (K.P.-R.)
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.M.); (M.J.P.); (K.P.-R.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nault L, Taofifenua C, Anne A, Chovin A, Demaille C, Besong-Ndika J, Cardinale D, Carette N, Michon T, Walter J. Electrochemical atomic force microscopy imaging of redox-immunomarked proteins on native potyviruses: from subparticle to single-protein resolution. ACS Nano 2015; 9:4911-4924. [PMID: 25905663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We show herein that electrochemical atomic force microscopy (AFM-SECM), operated in molecule touching (Mt) mode and combined with redox immunomarking, enables the in situ mapping of the distribution of proteins on individual virus particles and makes localization of individual viral proteins possible. Acquisition of a topography image allows isolated virus particles to be identified and structurally characterized, while simultaneous acquisition of a current image allows the sought after protein, marked by redox antibodies, to be selectively located. We concomitantly show that Mt/AFM-SECM, due to its single-particle resolution, can also uniquely reveal the way redox functionalization endowed to viral particles is distributed both statistically among the viruses and spatially over individual virus particles. This possibility makes Mt/AFM-SECM a unique tool for viral nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Nault
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université, CNRS No 7591, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Cedex 13 Paris, France
| | - Cécilia Taofifenua
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université, CNRS No 7591, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Cedex 13 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Anne
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université, CNRS No 7591, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Cedex 13 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université, CNRS No 7591, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Cedex 13 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Demaille
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université, CNRS No 7591, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Cedex 13 Paris, France
| | - Jane Besong-Ndika
- ‡UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université Bordeaux 2, 71 av. Edouard Bourlaux, 20032-33882 Cedex Villenave d'Ornon, France
- §Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniela Cardinale
- ‡UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université Bordeaux 2, 71 av. Edouard Bourlaux, 20032-33882 Cedex Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Noëlle Carette
- ‡UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université Bordeaux 2, 71 av. Edouard Bourlaux, 20032-33882 Cedex Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Michon
- ‡UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université Bordeaux 2, 71 av. Edouard Bourlaux, 20032-33882 Cedex Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jocelyne Walter
- ‡UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA-Université Bordeaux 2, 71 av. Edouard Bourlaux, 20032-33882 Cedex Villenave d'Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) has emerged as a powerful tool in the study of animal models of viral disease. BLI enables real-time in vivo study of viral infection, host immune response and the efficacy of intervention strategies. Substrate dependent light emitting luciferase enzyme when incorporated into a virus as a reporter gene enables detection of bioluminescence from infected cells using sensitive charge-coupled device (CCD) camera systems. Advantages of BLI include low background, real-time tracking of infection in the same animal and reduction in the requirement for larger animal numbers. Transgenic luciferase-tagged mice enable the use of pre-existing nontagged viruses in BLI studies. Continued development in luciferase reporter genes, substrates, transgenic animals and imaging systems will greatly enhance future BLI strategies in viral research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stewart M Coleman
- Health Science Center, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, 407 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
| | - Alistair McGregor
- Health Science Center, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, 407 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
| |
Collapse
|