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Ziganshina MM, Shilova NV, Khalturina EO, Dolgushina NV, V Borisevich S, Yarotskaya EL, Bovin NV, Sukhikh GT. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement with a Focus on SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-Glycan Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:1584. [PMID: 37515270 PMCID: PMC10384250 DOI: 10.3390/v15071584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon where virus-specific antibodies paradoxically cause enhanced viral replication and/or excessive immune responses, leading to infection exacerbation, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure. ADE has been observed in many viral infections and is supposed to complicate the course of COVID-19. However, the evidence is insufficient. Since no specific laboratory markers have been described, the prediction and confirmation of ADE are very challenging. The only possible predictor is the presence of already existing (after previous infection) antibodies that can bind to viral epitopes and promote the disease enhancement. At the same time, the virus-specific antibodies are also a part of immune response against a pathogen. These opposite effects of antibodies make ADE research controversial. The assignment of immunoglobulins to ADE-associated or virus neutralizing is based on their affinity, avidity, and content in blood. However, these criteria are not clearly defined. Another debatable issue (rather terminological, but no less important) is that in most publications about ADE, all immunoglobulins produced by the immune system against pathogens are qualified as pre-existing antibodies, thus ignoring the conventional use of this term for natural antibodies produced without any stimulation by pathogens. Anti-glycan antibodies (AGA) make up a significant part of the natural immunoglobulins pool, and there is some evidence of their antiviral effect, particularly in COVID-19. AGA have been shown to be involved in ADE in bacterial infections, but their role in the development of ADE in viral infections has not been studied. This review focuses on pros and cons for AGA as an ADE trigger. We also present the results of our pilot studies, suggesting that AGAs, which bind to complex epitopes (glycan plus something else in tight proximity), may be involved in the development of the ADE phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Ziganshina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Shilova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugenia O Khalturina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya V Dolgushina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina L Yarotskaya
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Romanenko YO, Silkina MV, Kartseva AS, Marin MA, Shkuratova MA, Makarova MA, Ryabko AK, Konyshkova DA, Zeninskaya NA, Khlyntseva AE, Shemyakin IG, Firstova VV. Characterization of the C6D7-RBD Human Monoclonal Antibody Specific to the SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Receptor-Binding Domain. Acta Naturae 2023; 15:81-86. [PMID: 37153507 PMCID: PMC10154778 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus infection COVID-19 is an acute viral disease that affects primarily the upper respiratory tract. The etiological agent of COVID-19 is the SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus (Coronaviridae family, Betacoronavirus genus, Sarbecovirus subgenus). We have developed a high-affinity human monoclonal antibody, called C6D7-RBD, which is specific to the S protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) from the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 strain and exhibits virus-neutralizing activity in a test with recombinant antigens: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya. O. Romanenko
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - M. V. Silkina
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - A. S. Kartseva
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - M. A. Marin
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - M. A. Shkuratova
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - M. A. Makarova
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - A. K. Ryabko
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - D. A. Konyshkova
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - N. A. Zeninskaya
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - A. E. Khlyntseva
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - I. G. Shemyakin
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
| | - V. V. Firstova
- Federal Budget Institution of Science State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Moscow region, 142279 Russian Federation
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Kostin NN, Bobik TV, Skryabin GA, Simonova MA, Knorre VD, Abrikosova VA, Mokrushina YA, Smirnov IV, Aleshenko NL, Kruglova NA, Mazurov DV, Nikitin AE, Gabibov AG. An ELISA Platform for the Quantitative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-neutralizing Antibodies As an Alternative to Monitoring of the Virus-Neutralizing Activity. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:109-119. [PMID: 36348715 PMCID: PMC9611858 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of the level of the virus-neutralizing activity of serum immunoglobulins ensures that one can reliably assess the effectiveness of any protection against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. For SARS-CoV-2, the RBD-ACE2 neutralizing activity of sera is almost equivalent to the virus-neutralizing activity of their antibodies and can be used to assess the level of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. We are proposing an ELISA platform for performing a quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-neutralizing antibodies, as an alternative to the monitoring of the virus-neutralizing activity using pseudovirus or "live" virus assays. The advantage of the developed platform is that it can be adapted to newly emerging virus variants in a very short time (1-2 weeks) and, thereby, provide quantitative data on the activity of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-neutralizing antibodies. The developed platform can be used to (1) study herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2, (2) monitor the effectiveness of the vaccination drive (revaccination) in a population, and (3) select potential donors of immune plasma. The protective properties of the humoral immune response in hospitalized patients and outpatients, as well as after prophylaxis with the two most popular SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in Russia, were studied in detail using this platform. The highest RBD-neutralizing activity was observed in the group of hospitalized patients. The protective effect in the group of individuals vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine was 25% higher than that in outpatients and almost four times higher than that in individuals vaccinated with the CoviVac vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Kostin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - T. V. Bobik
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - G. A. Skryabin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - M. A. Simonova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - V. D. Knorre
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - V. A. Abrikosova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - Y. A. Mokrushina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - I. V. Smirnov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - N. L. Aleshenko
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117593 Russia
| | - N. A. Kruglova
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - D. V. Mazurov
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - A. E. Nikitin
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117593 Russia
| | - A. G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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Borgoyakova MB, Karpenko LI, Rudometov AP, Volosnikova EA, Merkuleva IA, Starostina EV, Zadorozhny AM, Isaeva AA, Nesmeyanova VS, Shanshin DV, Baranov KO, Volkova NV, Zaitsev BN, Orlova LA, Zaykovskaya AV, Pyankov OV, Danilenko ED, Bazhan SI, Shcherbakov DN, Taranin AV, Ilyichev AA. Self-Assembled Particles Combining SARS-CoV-2 RBD Protein and RBD DNA Vaccine Induce Synergistic Enhancement of the Humoral Response in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2188. [PMID: 35216301 PMCID: PMC8876144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that a range of vaccines against COVID-19 have already been created and are used for mass vaccination, the development of effective, safe, technological, and affordable vaccines continues. We have designed a vaccine that combines the recombinant protein and DNA vaccine approaches in a self-assembled particle. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was conjugated to polyglucin:spermidine and mixed with DNA vaccine (pVAXrbd), which led to the formation of particles of combined coronavirus vaccine (CCV-RBD) that contain the DNA vaccine inside and RBD protein on the surface. CCV-RBD particles were characterized with gel filtration, electron microscopy, and biolayer interferometry. To investigate the immunogenicity of the combined vaccine and its components, mice were immunized with the DNA vaccine pVAXrbd or RBD protein as well as CCV-RBD particles. The highest antigen-specific IgG and neutralizing activity were induced by CCV-RBD, and the level of antibodies induced by DNA or RBD alone was significantly lower. The cellular immune response was detected only in the case of DNA or CCV-RBD vaccination. These results demonstrate that a combination of DNA vaccine and RBD protein in one construct synergistically increases the humoral response to RBD protein in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya B. Borgoyakova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Larisa I. Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Andrey P. Rudometov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Volosnikova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Iuliia A. Merkuleva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Starostina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexey M. Zadorozhny
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Anastasiya A. Isaeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Valentina S. Nesmeyanova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Daniil V. Shanshin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Konstantin O. Baranov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (K.O.B.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Natalya V. Volkova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Boris N. Zaitsev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Lyubov A. Orlova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Anna V. Zaykovskaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Oleg V. Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Elena D. Danilenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Sergei I. Bazhan
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Dmitry N. Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (K.O.B.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Alexander A. Ilyichev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
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