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Li S, Liu Z, Hei X, Wu C, Ma X, Hu H, Jiao B, Zhu J, Adhikari B, Wang Q, Shi A. Effect of Physical Modifications on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Walnut Protein. Foods 2023; 12:3709. [PMID: 37835362 PMCID: PMC10572237 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Walnut protein is a high-quality vegetable protein with promising applications in the food industry; however, its potential is hindered by low solubility and associated properties. We utilized various physical modification techniques (cold plasma; ball milling; superfine grinding; ultrasound; wet ball milling; and high-pressure microjet) to enhance walnut proteins' physicochemical and functional properties. The changes in particle size, microstructure, surface hydrophobicity, fluorescence, solubility, foaming, and emulsification were investigated. Cold plasma and ultrasound treatments minimally affected particle size and morphology. Cold plasma increased the particle size D4,3 from 145.20 μm to 152.50 μm. Ultrasonication reduced the particle size D4,3 to 138.00 μm. The variation was within ±10 μm, while the particle size of walnut protein significantly decreased after the other four modification treatments. The greatest variation in particle size was in the superfine grinding, with the D4,3 being reduced to 23.80 μm. Ultrasound treatment converted the β-sheet into an α-helix, while the other methods transformed the α-helix into a β-sheet. The dispersion stability notably improved after wet ball milling and high-pressure microjet treatments, which was accompanied by a significant increase in solubility from 6.9% (control) to 13.6% (wet ball milling) and 31.7% (high-pressure microjet). The foaming and emulsification properties were also enhanced through these modifications (foaming improved from 47% to 55.33% and emulsification improved from 4.32 m2/g to 8.27 m2/g). High-pressure microjet treatment proved most effective at improving solubility in the functional properties of walnut protein. These findings are expected to help broaden the potential utilization of walnut protein in the food industry, including in beverages and emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Zhe Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xue Hei
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Hui Hu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Bo Jiao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Aimin Shi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.)
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Wen C, Zhang Z, Cao L, Liu G, Liang L, Liu X, Zhang J, Li Y, Yang X, Li S, Ren J, Xu X. Walnut Protein: A Rising Source of High-Quality Protein and Its Updated Comprehensive Review. J Agric Food Chem 2023. [PMID: 37399339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, plant protein as a necessary nutrient source for human beings, a common ingredient of traditional processed food, and an important element of new functional food has gained prominence due to the increasing demand for healthy food. Walnut protein (WP) is obtained from walnut kernels and walnut oil-pressing waste and has better nutritional, functional, and essential amino acids in comparison with other vegetable and grain proteins. WP can be conveniently obtained by various extraction techniques, including alkali-soluble acid precipitation, salting-out, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, among others. The functional properties of WP can be modified for desired purposes by using some novel methods, including free radical oxidation, enzymatic modification, high hydrostatic pressure, etc. Moreover, walnut peptides play an important biological role both in vitro and in vivo. The main activities of the walnut peptides are antihypertensive, antioxidant, learning improvement, and anticancer, among others. Furthermore, WP could be applied in the development of functional foods or dietary supplements, such as delivery systems and food additives, among others. This review summarizes recent knowledge on the nutritional, functional, and bioactive peptide aspects of WP and possible future products, providing a theoretical reference for the utilization and development of oil crop waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoting Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jixian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Youdong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
| | - Xinquan Yang
- Dongguan Chuangwei Precision Nutrition and Health Innovation Center, Dong guan 523000, China
| | - Shugang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province/School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51064, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yang Zhou 225127, China
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Wang S, Su G, Fan J, Xiao Z, Zheng L, Zhao M, Wu J. Arginine-Containing Peptides Derived from Walnut Protein Against Cognitive and Memory Impairment in Scopolamine-Induced Zebrafish: Design, Release, and Neuroprotection. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:11579-11590. [PMID: 36098553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Arg-containing peptides from walnut storage protein sequences in scopolamine-induced zebrafish and further to validate the potential neuroprotection of Arg-containing peptide enriched walnut hydrolysates prepared by in silico hydrolysis and controlled enzymatic release. Results showed that walnut derived Arg-containing peptides with high abundance and great bioactivity predicted by bioinformatics displayed potent neuroprotection in scopolamine-induced zebrafish, and regulation of neurotransmitter level and antioxidant enzyme activity might be the main target for Arg-containing peptides to exert neuroprotection. Notably, Arg-containing peptides (not free arginine) contributed greater neuroprotection, and the positive charge and cell-penetrating properties also affected their neuroprotection. Subsequently, Arg-containing peptides could be released efficiently from walnut protein following hydrolysis by trypsin, pepsin, papain, and thermolysin (bound arginine content: ranging from 110.43 ± 1.58 to 121.82 ± 1.02 mg/g). Among them, trypsin had excellent potential for releasing Arg-containing peptides in silico hydrolysis, and its hydrolysate was confirmed to have neuroprotective capacity, indicating that the combination of in silico hydrolysis and controlled enzymatic release might be an effective approach to obtain Arg-containing neuroprotective peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guowan Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiangping Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhichao Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2P5, Canada
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Zhou X, Peng X, Pei H, Chen Y, Meng H, Yuan J, Xing H, Wu Y. An overview of walnuts application as a plant-based. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1083707. [PMID: 36589804 PMCID: PMC9797595 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1083707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-based refers to plant-based raw materials or products that are available as the source of protein and fat. Utilization and development of walnuts as a plant-based, resulting in a high-quality protein-rich walnut plant-based product: walnut protein powder and walnut peptides. Progress in research on the application of walnuts as a plant-based has been advanced, solving the problem of wasted resources and environmental pollution caused by the fact that walnut residue, a product of walnuts after oil extraction, is often thrown away as waste, or becomes animal feed or compost. This paper reviews and summarizes the research and reports on walnut plant-based at home and abroad, focusing on the application of walnut plant-based in the preparation process (enzymatic and fermentation methods) and the biological activity of the walnut protein and walnut peptide, to provide a theoretical basis for the further processing of walnuts as a walnut plant-based. It can make full use of walnut resources and play its nutritional and health care value, develop and build a series of walnut plant-based products, improve the competitiveness of walnut peptide products, turn them into treasure, and provide more powerful guidance for the development of food and medicine health industry in Yunnan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xingyu Peng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huan Pei
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiali Yuan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haijing Xing
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Haijing Xing, ; Yueying Wu,
| | - Yueying Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Haijing Xing, ; Yueying Wu,
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