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Frascogna F, Ledermann B, Hartmann J, Pérez Patallo E, Zeqiri F, Hofmann E, Frankenberg-Dinkel N. On the evolution of the plant phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2023; 193:246-258. [PMID: 37311159 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are biliprotein photoreceptors present in plants, algae, certain bacteria, and fungi. Land plant phytochromes use phytochromobilin (PΦB) as the bilin chromophore. Phytochromes of streptophyte algae, the clade within which land plants evolved, employ phycocyanobilin (PCB), leading to a more blue-shifted absorption spectrum. Both chromophores are synthesized by ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductases (FDBRs) starting from biliverdin IXα (BV). In cyanobacteria and chlorophyta, BV is reduced to PCB by the FDBR phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA), whereas, in land plants, BV is reduced to PФB by phytochromobilin synthase (HY2). However, phylogenetic studies suggested the absence of any ortholog of PcyA in streptophyte algae and the presence of only PФB biosynthesis-related genes (HY2). The HY2 of the streptophyte alga Klebsormidium nitens (formerly Klebsormidium flaccidum) has already indirectly been indicated to participate in PCB biosynthesis. Here, we overexpressed and purified a His6-tagged variant of K. nitens HY2 (KflaHY2) in Escherichia coli. Employing anaerobic bilin reductase activity assays and coupled phytochrome assembly assays, we confirmed the product and identified intermediates of the reaction. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed 2 aspartate residues critical for catalysis. While it was not possible to convert KflaHY2 into a PΦB-producing enzyme by simply exchanging the catalytic pair, the biochemical investigation of 2 additional members of the HY2 lineage enabled us to define 2 distinct clades, the PCB-HY2 and the PΦB-HY2 clade. Overall, our study gives insight into the evolution of the HY2 lineage of FDBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Frascogna
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ledermann
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Jana Hartmann
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Eugenio Pérez Patallo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Fjoralba Zeqiri
- Protein Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Eckhard Hofmann
- Protein Crystallography, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
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Yan S, Shao M, Xu M, Zhang X, Yang T, Rao Z. [Efficient production of biliverdin through whole-cell biocatalysis using recombinant Escherichia coli]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2022; 38:2581-2593. [PMID: 35871626 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.220137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biliverdin is an important cellular antioxidant. Traditionally, biliverdin is produced by chemical oxidation of bilirubin, which is a complex process and the final product is of low purity. Here we report an efficient, green and safe process for biotechnological production of biliverdin. A heme oxygenase (HO) gene from Clostridium tetani was screened, and a recombinant strain Escherichia coli BL21/pETDuet-hoCt with the ability of transforming heme into biliverdin was constructed. A biliverdin yield of 32.9 mg/L from 100 mg/L substrate was achieved under pH 7.0 and 35 ℃. In order to improve the supply of reducing power, an NADPH regeneration system using glutamate dehydrogenase (GdhA) was constructed, resulting in a recombinant strain E. coli BL21/pETDuet-gdhAEc-hoCt which was capable of producing 71.5 mg/L biliverdin. Moreover, through introduction of a membrane surface display system, a recombinant strain E. coli BL21/pETDuet-gdhAEc-blc/hoCt was constructed to shorten the transformation time, and the production of biliverdin was further increased to 76.3 mg/L, this is the highest titer of biosynthesized biliverdin reported to date, and the research may thus facilitate the green production of biliverdin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minglong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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Subach OM, Subach FV. GAF-CaMP3-sfGFP, An Enhanced Version of the Near-Infrared Genetically Encoded Positive Phytochrome-Based Calcium Indicator for the Visualization of Neuronal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186883. [PMID: 32961791 PMCID: PMC7555670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first generation of near-infrared, genetically encoded calcium indicators (NIR-GECIs) was developed from bacterial phytochrome-based fluorescent proteins that utilize biliverdin (BV) as the chromophore moiety. However, NIR-GECIs have some main drawbacks such as either an inverted response to calcium ions (in the case of NIR-GECO1) or a limited dynamic range and a lack of data about their application in neurons (in the case of GAF-CaMP2–superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP)). Here, we developed an enhanced version of the GAF-CaMP2–sfGFP indicator, named GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP. The GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP demonstrated spectral characteristics, molecular brightness, and a calcium affinity similar to the respective characteristics for its progenitor, but a 2.9-fold larger ΔF/F response to calcium ions. As compared to GAF-CaMP2–sfGFP, in cultured HeLa cells, GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP had similar brightness but a 1.9-fold larger ΔF/F response to the elevation of calcium ions levels. Finally, we successfully utilized the GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP for the monitoring of the spontaneous and stimulated activity of neuronal cultures and compared its performance with the R-GECO1 indicator using two-color confocal imaging. In the cultured neurons, GAF-CaMP3–sfGFP showed a linear ΔF/F response in the range of 0–20 APs and in this range demonstrated a 1.4-fold larger ΔF/F response but a 1.3- and 2.4-fold slower rise and decay kinetics, respectively, as compared to the same parameters for the R-GECO1 indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana M. Subach
- Correspondence: (O.M.S.); (F.V.S.); Tel.: +07-499-196 7100-3389 (O.M.S. & F.V.S.)
| | - Fedor V. Subach
- Correspondence: (O.M.S.); (F.V.S.); Tel.: +07-499-196 7100-3389 (O.M.S. & F.V.S.)
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Kobachi K, Kuno S, Sato S, Sumiyama K, Matsuda M, Terai K. Biliverdin Reductase-A Deficiency Brighten and Sensitize Biliverdin-binding Chromoproteins. Cell Struct Funct 2020; 45:131-141. [PMID: 32581154 PMCID: PMC10511041 DOI: 10.1247/csf.20010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue absorbance, light scattering, and autofluorescence are significantly lower in the near-infrared (NIR) range than in the visible range. Because of these advantages, NIR fluorescent proteins (FPs) are in high demand for in vivo imaging. Nevertheless, application of NIR FPs such as iRFP is still limited due to their dimness in mammalian cells. In contrast to GFP and its variants, iRFP requires biliverdin (BV) as a chromophore. The dimness of iRFP is at least partly due to rapid reduction of BV by biliverdin reductase-A (BLVRA). Here, we established biliverdin reductase-a knockout (Blvra-/-) mice to increase the intracellular BV concentration and, thereby, to enhance iRFP fluorescence intensity. As anticipated, iRFP fluorescence intensity was significantly increased in all examined tissues of Blvra-/- mice. Similarly, the genetically encoded calcium indicator NIR-GECO1, which is engineered based on another NIR FP, mIFP, exhibited a marked increase in fluorescence intensity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from Blvra-/- mice. We expanded this approach to an NIR light-sensing optogenetic tool, the BphP1-PpsR2 system, which also requires BV as a chromophore. Again, deletion of the Blvra gene markedly enhanced the light response in HeLa cells. These results indicate that the Blvra-/- mouse is a versatile tool for the in vivo application of NIR FPs and NIR light-sensing optogenetic tools.Key words: in vivo imaging, near-infrared fluorescent protein, biliverdin, biliverdin reductase, optogenetic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenju Kobachi
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Sota Kuno
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Shinya Sato
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Kenta Terai
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
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Chaves HV, do Val DR, Ribeiro KA, Lemos JC, Souza RB, Gomes FIF, da Cunha RMS, de Paulo Teixeira Pinto V, Filho GC, de Souza MHLP, Bezerra MM, de Castro Brito GA. Heme oxygenase-1/biliverdin/carbon monoxide pathway downregulates hypernociception in rats by a mechanism dependent on cGMP/ATP-sensitive K + channels. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:407-422. [PMID: 29362850 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN To investigate the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin (BVD) in the zymosan-induced TMJ arthritis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mechanical threshold was assessed before and 4 h after TMJ arthritis induction in rats. Cell influx, myeloperoxidase activity, and histological changes were measured in the TMJ lavages and tissues. Trigeminal ganglion and periarticular tissues were used for HO-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA time course expression and immunohistochemical analyses. Hemin (0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg kg-1), DMDC (0.025, 0.25, or 2.5 µmol kg-1), biliverdin (1, 3, or 10 mg kg-1), or ZnPP-IX (1, 3 or 9 mg kg-1) were injected (s.c.) 60 min before zymosan. ODQ (12.5 µmol kg-1; s.c.) or glibenclamide (10 mg kg-1; i.p.) was administered 1 h and 30 min prior to DMDC (2.5 µmol kg-1; s.c), respectively. RESULTS Hemin (1 mg kg-1), DMDC (2.5 µmol kg-1), and BVD (10 mg kg-1) reduced hypernociception and leukocyte migration, which ZnPP (3 mg kg-1) enhanced. The effects of DMDC were counteracted by ODQ and glibenclamide. The HO-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA expression and immunolabelling increased. CONCLUSIONS HO-1/BVD/CO pathway activation provides anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects on the zymosan-induced TMJ hypernociception in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellíada Vasconcelos Chaves
- Faculty of Dentistry of Sobral, Federal University of Ceará, Avenida Comandante Maurocélio Rocha Pontes, 100, Derby, Sobral, CEP: 62.042-280, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Rocha do Val
- Federal University of Pernambuco, North Eastern Biotechnology Network, Recife, Brazil
| | - Kátia Alves Ribeiro
- Master of Biotechnology Degree Programme, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Basto Souza
- Master of Biotechnology Degree Programme, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Brazil
| | - Francisco Isaac Fernandes Gomes
- Faculty of Dentistry of Sobral, Federal University of Ceará, Avenida Comandante Maurocélio Rocha Pontes, 100, Derby, Sobral, CEP: 62.042-280, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gerly Anne de Castro Brito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Hongo Y, Yasuda N, NagaI S. Identification of Genes for Synthesis of the Blue Pigment, Biliverdin IXα, in the Blue Coral Heliopora coerulea. Biol Bull 2017; 232:71-81. [PMID: 28654333 DOI: 10.1086/692661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heliopora coerulea is the only species in the subclass Octocorallia that has a crystalline aragonite skeleton. The skeleton has been reported to contain the blue pigment, biliverdin IXα, which is formed by heme oxygenase (HO) during heme decomposition. There is little information regarding gene expression in H. coerulea; therefore, the biosynthesis pathway for biliverdin IXα is poorly understood. To identify the genes related to heme synthesis and degradation, metatranscripts of H. coerulea and its symbiont Symbiodinium spp. were sequenced and separated from the host- and symbiont-derived sequences. From the metatranscriptome analyses, all genes for heme synthesis and three HOs were isolated from the host and symbiont. From our phylogenetic and amino acid analysis, we noted that one of the HO isoforms in the host coral was predicted to possess HO activity. However, biliverdin reductase, which reduces biliverdin to bilirubin, was not identified in the present study. Similarly, biliverdin reductase was not identified in the transcripts of the red coral Corallium rubrum, a species that also belongs to Octocorallia. However, genes related to heme synthesis and HO were found in C. rubrum. We speculate that Heliopora coerulea can produce biliverdin and accumulate it in the skeleton, while red corals and other Octocorallia species cannot. Further information from molecular studies of H. coerulea will provide insights into the synthesis of biliverdin IXα, the blue pigment in the hard crystalline aragonite skeleton, and will be fundamental to future ecological and physiological studies.
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Key Words
- ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid
- DDBJ, DNA Data Bank of Japan
- GO, gene ontology
- HO, heme oxygenase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- contig (from contiguous), a group of DNA segments that overlap and, as one, depict a consensus region of DNA
- hcHO-1, 2, 3, three isoforms of heme oxygenase in Heliopora coerulea
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Oh S, Montgomery BL. Phytochrome-induced SIG2 expression contributes to photoregulation of phytochrome signalling and photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:5457-72. [PMID: 24078666 PMCID: PMC3871806 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast-localized sigma factor (SIG) proteins promote specificity of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase. SIG2 function appears to be necessary for light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Specific photoreceptors or light-dependent factors that impact the light-induced accumulation of SIG2 have not been reported. A molecular link between phytochromes and nuclear-encoded SIG2, which impacts photomorphogenesis specifically under red (R) and far-red (FR) light, is described here. Both phyA and phyB promote SIG2 transcript accumulation. Disruption of SIG2 results in R- and FR-specific defects in the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon expansion, although no impairments in these responses are detected for sig2 mutants under blue (B) or white (W) light. SIG2 also impacts root elongation under W and R, and the R-dependent expression of PIF4, encoding a phytochrome-interacting factor, and HY2, which encodes a phytochrome chromophore biosynthetic enzyme. Whereas SIG2 apparently impacts the accumulation of the phytochromobilin (PΦB) phytochrome chromophore, sig2 mutants differ significantly from PΦB mutants, primarily due to wavelength-specific defects in photomorphogenesis and disruption of a distinct subset of phytochrome-dependent responses. The molecular link between phytochromes and SIG2 is likely to be an important part of the co-ordination of gene expression to maintain stoichiometry between the nuclear-encoded phytochrome apoprotein and plastid-derived PΦB, which combine to form photoactive phytochromes, and/or light-dependent SIG2 accumulation is involved in an inductive light signalling pathway co-ordinating components between nucleus and plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyung Oh
- Department of Energy—Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Beronda L. Montgomery
- Department of Energy—Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
Near-infrared light is favourable for imaging in mammalian tissues due to low absorbance of hemoglobin, melanin, and water. Therefore, fluorescent proteins, biosensors and optogenetic constructs for optimal imaging, optical readout and light manipulation in mammals should have fluorescence and action spectra within the near-infrared window. Interestingly, natural Bacterial Phytochrome Photoreceptors (BphPs) utilize the low molecular weight biliverdin, found in most mammalian tissues, as a photoreactive chromophore. Due to their near-infrared absorbance BphPs are preferred templates for designing optical molecular tools for applications in mammals. Moreover, BphPs spectrally complement existing genetically-encoded probes. Several BphPs were already developed into the near-infrared fluorescent variants. Based on the analysis of the photochemistry and structure of BphPs we suggest a variety of possible BphP-based fluorescent proteins, biosensors, and optogenetic tools. Putative design strategies and experimental considerations for such probes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiryl D. Piatkevich
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center and Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Fax: +1 (718) 430-8996; Tel: +1 (718) 430-8591
| | - Fedor V. Subach
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center and Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Fax: +1 (718) 430-8996; Tel: +1 (718) 430-8591
| | - Vladislav V. Verkhusha
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center and Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Fax: +1 (718) 430-8996; Tel: +1 (718) 430-8591
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Hagiwara Y, Sugishima M, Khawn H, Kinoshita H, Inomata K, Shang L, Lagarias JC, Takahashi Y, Fukuyama K. Structural insights into vinyl reduction regiospecificity of phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:1000-7. [PMID: 19887371 PMCID: PMC2801226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.055632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA) is the best characterized member of the ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductase family. Unlike other ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductases that catalyze a two-electron reduction, PcyA sequentially reduces D-ring (exo) and A-ring (endo) vinyl groups of biliverdin IXalpha (BV) to yield phycocyanobilin, a key pigment precursor of the light-harvesting antennae complexes of red algae, cyanobacteria, and cryptophytes. To address the structural basis for the reduction regiospecificity of PcyA, we report new high resolution crystal structures of bilin substrate complexes of PcyA from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, all of which lack exo-vinyl reduction activity. These include the BV complex of the E76Q mutant as well as substrate-bound complexes of wild-type PcyA with the reaction intermediate 18(1),18(2)-dihydrobiliverdin IXalpha (18EtBV) and with biliverdin XIIIalpha (BV13), a synthetic substrate that lacks an exo-vinyl group. Although the overall folds and the binding sites of the U-shaped substrates of all three complexes were similar with wild-type PcyA-BV, the orientation of the Glu-76 side chain, which was in close contact with the exo-vinyl group in PcyA-BV, was rotated away from the bilin D-ring. The local structures around the A-rings in the three complexes, which all retain the ability to reduce the A-ring of their bound pigments, were nearly identical with that of wild-type PcyA-BV. Consistent with the proposed proton-donating role of the carboxylic acid side chain of Glu-76 for exo-vinyl reduction, these structures reveal new insight into the reduction regiospecificity of PcyA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hagiwara
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sugishima
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Htoi Khawn
- the Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hideki Kinoshita
- the Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Inomata
- the Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Lixia Shang
- the Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, and
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- the Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, and
| | - Yasuhiro Takahashi
- the Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuyama
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Mutsuda M, Michel KP, Zhang X, Montgomery BL, Golden SS. Biochemical properties of CikA, an unusual phytochrome-like histidine protein kinase that resets the circadian clock in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:19102-10. [PMID: 12626498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m213255200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described the cikA (circadian input kinase A) gene, whose product supplies environmental information to the circadian oscillator in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. CikA possesses three distinct domains: a GAF, a histidine protein kinase (HPK), and a receiver domain similar to those of the response regulator family. To determine how CikA functions in providing circadian input, we constructed modified alleles to tag and truncate the protein, allowing analysis of each domain individually. CikA covalently bound bilin chromophores in vitro, even though it lacks the expected ligand residues, and the GAF domain influenced but did not entirely account for this function. Full-length CikA and truncated variants that carry the HPK domain showed autophosphorylation activity. Deletion of the GAF domain or the N-terminal region adjacent to GAF dramatically reduced autophosphorylation, whereas elimination of the receiver domain increased activity 10-fold. Assays to test phosphorelay from the HPK to the cryptic receiver domain, which lacks the conserved aspartyl residue that serves as a phosphoryl acceptor in response regulators, were negative. We propose that the cryptic receiver is a regulatory domain that interacts with an unknown protein partner to modulate the autokinase activity of CikA but does not work as bona fide receiver domain in a phosphorelay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinori Mutsuda
- Department of Biology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3258, USA
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Zeidler M, Lamparter T, Hughes J, Hartmann E, Remberg A, Braslavsky S, Schaffner K, Gärtner W. Recombinant phytochrome of the moss Ceratodon purpureus: heterologous expression and kinetic analysis of Pr-->Pfr conversion. Photochem Photobiol 1998; 68:857-63. [PMID: 9867036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb05296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The phytochrome-encoding gene Cerpu;PHY;2 (CP2) of the moss Ceratodon purpureus was heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a polyhistidine-tagged apoprotein and assembled with phytochromobilin (P phi B) and phycocyanobilin (PCB). Nickel-affinity chromatography yielded a protein fraction containing approximately 80% phytochrome. The holoproteins showed photoreversibility with both chromophores. Difference spectra gave maxima at 644/716 nm (red-absorbing phytochrome [Pr]/far-red-absorbing phytochrome [Pfr]) for the PCB adduct, and 659/724 nm for the P phi B-adduct, the latter in close agreement with values for phytochrome extracted from Ceratodon itself, implying that P phi B is the native chromophore in this moss species. Immunoblots stained with the antiphytochrome antibody APC1 showed that the recombinant phytochrome had the same molecular size as phytochrome from Ceratodon extracts. Further, the mobility of recombinant CP2 holophytochrome on native size-exclusion chromatography was similar to that of native oat phytochrome, implying that CP2 forms a dimer. Kinetics of absorbance changes during the Pr-->Pfr photoconversion of the PCB adduct, monitored between 620 and 740 nm in the microsecond range, revealed the rapid formation of a red-shifted intermediate (I700), decaying with a time constant of approximately 110 microseconds. This is similar to the behavior of phytochromes from higher plants when assembled with the same chromophore. When following the formation of the Pfr state, two major processes were identified (with time constants of 3 and 18 ms) that are followed by slow reactions in the range of 166 ms and 8 s, respectively, albeit with very small amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zeidler
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie der FU Berlin, Germany
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