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Machado KLDG, Faria DV, Duarte MBS, Silva LAS, de Oliveira TDR, Falcão TCA, Batista DS, Costa MGC, Santa-Catarina C, Silveira V, Romanel E, Otoni WC, Nogueira FTS. Plant age-dependent dynamics of annatto pigment (bixin) biosynthesis in Bixa orellana. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:1390-1406. [PMID: 37975812 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Age affects the production of secondary metabolites, but how developmental cues regulate secondary metabolism remains poorly understood. The achiote tree (Bixa orellana L.) is a source of bixin, an apocarotenoid used in diverse industries worldwide. Understanding how age-dependent mechanisms control bixin biosynthesis is of great interest for plant biology and for economic reasons. Here we overexpressed miRNA156 (miR156) in B. orellana to comprehensively study the effects of the miR156-SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) module on age-dependent bixin biosynthesis in leaves. Overexpression of miR156 in annatto plants (miR156ox) reduced BoSPL transcript levels, impacted leaf ontogeny, lessened bixin production, and increased abscisic acid levels. Modulation of expression of BoCCD4-4 and BoCCD1, key genes in carotenoid biosynthesis, was associated with diverting the carbon flux from bixin to abscisic acid in miR156ox leaves. Proteomic analyses revealed an overall low accumulation of most secondary metabolite-related enzymes in miR156ox leaves, suggesting that miR156-targeted BoSPLs may be required to activate several secondary metabolic pathways. Our findings suggest that the conserved BomiR156-BoSPL module is deployed to regulate leaf dynamics of bixin biosynthesis, and may create novel opportunities to fine-tune bixin output in B. orellana breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleiton Lima de Godoy Machado
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniele Vidal Faria
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bruno Silva Duarte
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lázara Aline Simões Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Dos Reis de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thais Castilho Arruda Falcão
- Laboratório de Genômica de Plantas e Bioenergia (PGEMBL), Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 12602-810, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Silva Batista
- Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus III, 58220-000, Bananeiras, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Claudete Santa-Catarina
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia (LBT), CBB-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisson Romanel
- Laboratório de Genômica de Plantas e Bioenergia (PGEMBL), Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 12602-810, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais/BIOAGRO, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Frusciante S, Demurtas OC, Sulli M, Mini P, Aprea G, Diretto G, Karcher D, Bock R, Giuliano G. Heterologous expression of Bixa orellana cleavage dioxygenase 4-3 drives crocin but not bixin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2022; 188:1469-1482. [PMID: 34919714 PMCID: PMC8896647 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Annatto (Bixa orellana) is a perennial shrub native to the Americas, and bixin, derived from its seeds, is a methoxylated apocarotenoid used as a food and cosmetic colorant. Two previous reports claimed to have isolated the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) responsible for the production of the putative precursor of bixin, the C24 apocarotenal bixin dialdehyde. We re-assessed the activity of six Bixa CCDs and found that none of them produced substantial amounts of bixin dialdehyde in Escherichia coli. Unexpectedly, BoCCD4-3 cleaved different carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, and zeaxanthin) to yield the C20 apocarotenal crocetin dialdehyde, the known precursor of crocins, which are glycosylated apocarotenoids accumulated in saffron stigmas. BoCCD4-3 lacks a recognizable transit peptide but localized to plastids, the main site of carotenoid accumulation in plant cells. Expression of BoCCD4-3 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves (transient expression), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves (chloroplast transformation, under the control of a synthetic riboswitch), and in conjunction with a saffron crocetin glycosyl transferase, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits (nuclear transformation) led to high levels of crocin accumulation, reaching the highest levels (>100 µg/g dry weight) in tomato fruits, which also showed a crocin profile similar to that found in saffron, with highly glycosylated crocins as major compounds. Thus, while the bixin biosynthesis pathway remains unresolved, BoCCD4-3 can be used for the metabolic engineering of crocins in a wide range of different plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Frusciante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Olivia Costantina Demurtas
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Sulli
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Mini
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprea
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
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Gomes Pacheco T, de Santana Lopes A, Monteiro Viana GD, Nascimento da Silva O, Morais da Silva G, do Nascimento Vieira L, Guerra MP, Nodari RO, Maltempi de Souza E, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Otoni WC, Rogalski M. Genetic, evolutionary and phylogenetic aspects of the plastome of annatto (Bixa orellana L.), the Amazonian commercial species of natural dyes. Planta 2019; 249:563-582. [PMID: 30310983 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plastome of B. orellana reveals specific evolutionary features, unique RNA editing sites, molecular markers and the position of Bixaceae within Malvales. Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a native species of tropical Americas with center of origin in Brazilian Amazonia. Its seeds accumulate the apocarotenoids, bixin and norbixin, which are only found in high content in this species. The seeds of B. orellana are commercially valued by the food industry because its dyes replace synthetic ones from the market due to potential carcinogenic risks. The increasing consumption of B. orellana seeds for dye extraction makes necessary the increase of productivity, which is possible accessing the genetic basis and searching for elite genotypes. The identification and characterization of molecular markers are essential to analyse the genetic diversity of natural populations and to establish suitable strategies for conservation, domestication, germplasm characterization and genetic breeding. Therefore, we sequenced and characterized in detail the plastome of B. orellana. The plastome of B. orellana is a circular DNA molecule of 159,708 bp with a typical quadripartite structure and 112 unique genes. Additionally, a total of 312 SSR loci were identified in the plastome of B. orellana. Moreover, we predicted in 23 genes a total of 57 RNA-editing sites of which 11 are unique for B. orellana. Furthermore, our plastid phylogenomic analyses, using the plastome sequences available in the plastid database belonging to species of order Malvales, indicate a closed relationship between Bixaceae and Malvaceae, which formed a sister group to Thymelaeaceae. Finally, our study provided useful data to be employed in several genetic and biotechnological approaches in B. orellana and related species of the family Bixaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Túlio Gomes Pacheco
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Santana Lopes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gélia Dinah Monteiro Viana
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Odyone Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gleyson Morais da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Leila do Nascimento Vieira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Miguel Pedro Guerra
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rubens Onofre Nodari
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira Pedrosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rogalski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Teixeira da Silva JA, Dobránszki J, Rivera-Madrid R. The biotechnology (genetic transformation and molecular biology) of Bixa orellana L. (achiote). Planta 2018; 248:267-277. [PMID: 29748818 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation allows for greater bixin or norbixin production in achiote. Knowledge of genes that control the biosynthesis of these important secondary metabolites will allow for targeted amplification in transgenic plants. Annatto is a natural dye or coloring agent derived from the seeds, or their arils, of achiote (Bixa orellana L.), and is commercially known as E160b. The main active component of annatto dye is water-insoluble bixin, although water-soluble norbixin also has commercial applications. Relative to other antioxidants, bixin is light- and temperature stable and is thus safe for human consumption. Bixin is, therefore, widely applied as a dye and as an antioxidant in the medico-pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and dye industries. Even though bixin has also been isolated from leaves and bark, yield is lower than from seeds. More biotechnology-based research of this industrial and medicinal plant is needed. Building on provisional genetic transformation studies, it would be advantageous to transform genes that could result in greater bixin or norbixin production. Reliable protocols for the extraction of bixin and norbixin, as well as deeper knowledge of the genes that control the biosynthesis of these important secondary metabolites will allow for targeted amplification in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Dobránszki
- Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, IAREF, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, Nyíregyháza, 4400, Hungary.
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, CP 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Dequigiovanni G, Ramos SLF, Alves-Pereira A, Fabri EG, Picanço-Rodrigues D, Clement CR, Gepts P, Veasey EA. Highly structured genetic diversity of Bixa orellana var. urucurana, the wild ancestor of annatto, in Brazilian Amazonia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198593. [PMID: 29874280 PMCID: PMC5991381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a tropical American crop, commercially valuable due to its application in the food and cosmetics industries as a natural dye. The wild ancestor of cultivated annatto is B. orellana var. urucurana. Although never cultivated, this variety occurs in open forests and anthropogenic landscapes, and is always associated with riparian environments. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity and structure of B. orellana var. urucurana populations in Brazilian Amazonia using 16 microsatellite loci. We used Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) to characterize the potential geographical range of this variety in northern South America. We analyzed 170 samples from 10 municipalities in the states of Rondônia, Pará and Roraima. A total of 194 alleles was observed, with an average of 12.1 alleles per locus. Higher levels of expected (HE) than observed (HO) heterozygosities were found for all populations. Bayesian analysis, Neighbor-Joining dendrograms and PCAs suggest the existence of three strongly structured groups of populations. A strong and positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances was found, suggesting that genetic differentiation might be caused by geographic isolation. From species distribution modelling, we detected that South Rondônia, Madre di Dios River basin, Llanos de Mojos, Llanos de Orinoco and eastern Ecuador are highly suitable areas for wild annatto to occur, providing additional targets for future exploration and conservation. Climatic adaptation analyses revealed strong differentiation among populations, suggesting that precipitation plays a key role in wild annatto’s current and potential distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dequigiovanni
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Alessandro Alves-Pereira
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eliane Gomes Fabri
- Centro de Horticultura, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Doriane Picanço-Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (ICB-UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | | | - Paul Gepts
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Ann Veasey
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Rodríguez-Ávila NL, Narváez-Zapata JA, Ramírez-Benítez JE, Aguilar-Espinosa ML, Rivera-Madrid R. Identification and expression pattern of a new carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene member from Bixa orellana. J Exp Bot 2011; 62:5385-95. [PMID: 21813796 PMCID: PMC3223038 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are a class of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of a broad diversity of secondary metabolites known as apocarotenoids. In plants, CCDs are part of a genetic family with members which cleave specific double bonds of carotenoid molecules. CCDs are involved in the production of diverse and important metabolites such as vitamin A and abscisic acid (ABA). Bixa orellana L. is the main source of the natural pigment annatto or bixin, an apocarotenoid accumulated in large quantities in its seeds. Bixin biosynthesis has been studied and the involvement of a CCD has been confirmed in vitro. However, the CCD genes involved in the biosynthesis of the wide variety of apocarotenoids found in this plant have not been well documented. In this study, a new CCD1 gene member (BoCCD1) was identified and its expression was charaterized in different plant tissues of B. orellana plantlets and adult plants. The BoCCD1 sequence showed high homology with plant CCD1s involved mainly in the cleavage of carotenoids in several sites to generate multiple apocarotenoid products. Here, the expression profiles of the BoCCD1 gene were analysed and discussed in relation to total carotenoids and other important apocarotenoids such as bixin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. L. Rodríguez-Ávila
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - J. A. Narváez-Zapata
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro s/n, Col. Narciso Mendoza, 88710 Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México
| | - J. E. Ramírez-Benítez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - M. L. Aguilar-Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - R. Rivera-Madrid
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
Bixin, also known as annatto, is a seed-specific pigment widely used in foods and cosmetics since pre-Columbian times. We show that three genes from Bixa orellana, native to tropical America, govern bixin biosynthesis. These genes code for lycopene cleavage dioxygenase, bixin aldehyde dehydrogenase, and norbixin carboxyl methyltransferase, which catalyze the sequential conversion of lycopene into bixin. Introduction of these three genes in Escherichia coli engineered to produce lycopene induced bixin synthesis, thus expanding the supply of this economically important plant product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 67084 Strasbourg, Cedex, France
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Michelangeli C, Medina AM, Artioli P, Mata J. [Microsporogenesis y microgametogenesis de annatto (Bixa orellana L.)]. Acta Cient Venez 2003; 53:171-5. [PMID: 12658865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of buds of increasing maturity were individually sampled in order to examine cytological events of annatto (Bixa orellana L.), genotype Portuguesa. They were fixed in Carnoy II at 12:30 am, time of the highest rate of meiotic division. Three stain solutions were attempted. In the microspores mother cells, the use of acetic orcein 1% resulted in a good nucleus coloration and sharpness. In contrast, a well chromosome resolution was achieved with the application of propionic carmin 2%. The pollen grain mother cells (n = 8 chromosomes) at metaphase I were found in floral buds of 0.5 to 0.6 cm long; tetrad stage in buds of 0.6 to 0.7 cm long, uninucleate stage of microspores in buds of 0.7 to 0.8 cm long and the binucleate stage (pollen) in buds longer than 0.8 cm. Microphotographies showing the sequence of meiotic division (microsporogenesis) and subsequent mitosis to originate pollen grains were included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claret Michelangeli
- Centro de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Agrícola (CIBA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado Postal 4579, Maracay 2101, Venezuela
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