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Wang D, Fu L, Shah W, Zhang J, Yan Y, Ge X, He J, Wang Y, Li X. Presence of high risk HPV DNA but indolent transcription of E6/E7 oncogenes in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:1151-1156. [PMID: 27688086 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The causative role of high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) in breast cancer development is controversial, though a number of reports have identified HR-HPV DNA in breast cancer specimens. Nevertheless, most studies to date have focused primarily on viral DNA rather than the viral transcription. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of HR-HPV in breast cancer tissues at HPV DNA level and HPV oncogenes mRNA level by in situ hybridization (ISH). METHODS One hundred and forty six (146) cases of breast invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC) and 83 cases of benign breast lesions were included in the study. Type specific oligonucleotide probes were used for the DNA detection of HPV 16,18 and 58 by ISH. HR-HPV oncogenes mRNA was assayed by novel RNAscope HR-HPV HR7 assay ISH. p16 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS HR-HPV 16,18 and 58 DNA were detected in 52 out of 146 (35.6%) IDC and in 3 out of 83 (3.6%) benign breast lesions by ISH. The HR-HPV mRNAs was detected only in a few specimens with strong HPV DNA positivity(4/25) in a few scattered cancer cells with very weak punctate nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining. p16 over-expression did not correlate with the HPV DNA positive breast cancer samples(17/52 HPVDNA+ vs 28/94 HPV DNA-, p=0.731). CONCLUSIONS HR-HPVs certainly exist in breast cancer tissue with less active transcription, which implies that the causal role of HPV in breast cancer development need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depu Wang
- Center of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, #227 YanTaXiLu, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, #76 YanTaXiLu, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Walayat Shah
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, #76 YanTaXiLu, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, #76 YanTaXiLu, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xinhong Ge
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, #76 YanTaXiLu, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jianjun He
- Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, #227 YanTaXiLu, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yili Wang
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, #76 YanTaXiLu, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Xu Li
- Center of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, #227 YanTaXiLu, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Zekri ARN, Bahnassy AA, Mohamed WS, El-Kassem FA, El-Khalidi SJ, Hafez MM, Hassan ZK. Epstein-Barr virus and breast cancer: epidemiological and molecular study on Egyptian and Iraqi women. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2012; 24:123-31. [PMID: 22929918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in breast carcinogenesis is still controversial. Unraveling this relationship is potentially important for better understanding of breast cancer etiology, early detection and possibly prevention of breast cancer. The aim of the current study is to unravel the association between EBV and primary invasive breast cancer (PIBC) in two different Arab populations (Egyptian and Iraqi women). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was done on paraffin-embedded tissues of 40 Egyptian and 50 Iraqi patients with PIBC in addition to 20 normal breast tissues as controls for each group. Both controls and neoplastic tissues were assessed for the expression of EBV genes and proteins (EBNA-1, LMP-1, and EBER) as well as CD21 marker by immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH) and PCR techniques. RESULTS Our gold standard for EBV reactivity in breast cancer cases was positivity of both EBNA1 by PCR and EBER by in situ hybridization. EBV was detected in 18/40 (45%) and 14/50 (28%) of Egyptian and Iraqi women; respectively where p=0.073, compared to 0/20 (0%) of their control groups (p<0.05). Regarding the association between EBV positivity and tumor grade, there was not any statistical significant difference between EBV presence and tumor grade in both populations where p=0.860 and p=0.976 and the calculated rank biserial correlation coefficient was 0.114 and 0.269 for Egyptian and Iraqi women respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings show that EBV might act as a promoter for the development of PIBC and it might contribute to increased tumor aggressiveness in Egyptian and Iraqi patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/virology
- Egypt/epidemiology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/epidemiology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Humans
- Iraq/epidemiology
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Receptors, Complement 3d/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahman N Zekri
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11976, Egypt.
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Baltzell K, Buehring GC, Krishnamurthy S, Kuerer H, Shen HM, Sison JD. Epstein-Barr virus is seldom found in mammary epithelium of breast cancer tissue using in situ molecular methods. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 132:267-74. [PMID: 22042367 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been proposed as a possible etiological agent of breast cancer based on 21 reports of EBV in malignant breast tissues. Most of these studies used standard and nested solution polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, both disadvantaged by susceptibility to contamination from laboratory EBV, and the inability to localize the signal to a specific cell type. To avoid these issues, we used in situ molecular methods of viral detection to reassess the frequency of EBV in malignant breast tissue. We used a commercial in situ hybridization (ISH) system with an EBER genome target, and a non-commercial in situ PCR (IS-PCR) method using primers specific for the BamH1 region. The assays were performed on malignant breast tissue sections from 70 breast cancer patients at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. EBV was found in mammary epithelial cells, the cell type from which most breast cancers arise, in 2/70 (2.9%) of specimens using IS-PCR and in none of the specimens using ISH. Based on these findings that EBV was present in human mammary epithelial cells so infrequently, it is unlikely to play a causative role in most types of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/virology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/virology
- Epithelium/virology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Leukocytes/virology
- Middle Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Baltzell
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, N431-M, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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4
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Frega A, Lorenzon L, Bononi M, De Cesare A, Ciardi A, Lombardi D, Assorgi C, Gentile M, Moscarini M, Torrisi MR, French D. Evaluation of E6 and E7 mRNA expression in HPV DNA positive breast cancer. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2012; 33:164-167. [PMID: 22611956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested a possible role for HPV in the pathogenesis of the breast cancer. We investigated the presence of the HPV DNA in breast cancers and non malignant disease breast tissues by the use of a standard HPV detection method (INNO-Lipa HPV), in order to detect HPV DNA in metastatic nodes, to investigate a possible cervical HPV co-infection, and to evaluate the E6/E7 mRNA expression in HPV DNA positive breast cancer tissues. The rate of HPV infection was significantly higher in the cancer group than in controls (9/31 vs. 0/12, p = 0.04). One out of eight metastatic axillary nodes was positive for HPV infection; 2/3 of the positive HPV breast cancer patients were co-infected at the cervical site. The role of the virus in breast oncogenesis is still unclear, since our analysis failed in demonstrating the expression of viral E6 and E7 in positive HPV positive breast tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Frega
- Department of Woman's Health and Territorial Medicine, Sant' Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Italy
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5
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Herrera-Goepfert R, Khan NA, Koriyama C, Akiba S, Pérez-Sánchez VM. High-risk human papillomavirus in mammary gland carcinomas and non-neoplastic tissues of Mexican women: no evidence supporting a cause and effect relationship. Breast 2010; 20:184-9. [PMID: 21146410 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in breast carcinogenesis. Consecutive and non-selected mastectomy specimens from Mexican patients harboring breast carcinomas were sampled in order to look for the presence of HPV DNA. HPV-16 was detected in 6 (10%) of 60 breast carcinomas. Two of these also had HPV genome in adjacent non-neoplastic mammary-tissues. Seven cases had HPV DNA only in non-neoplastic tissue specimens. HPV DNA was also detected in 4 (25%) of 10 tumor-bed specimens without residual neoplastic lesions that were obtained from patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy. HPV-positive tumors tended to be smaller in size, than HPV-negative tumors (p=0.047). Histological distributions of HPV-positive and -negative cases showed no significant difference. Although all the HPV-16 DNA were found integrated, its low viral load rendered it difficult to incriminate this virus in breast carcinogenesis. However, the possibility that HPV infection occurred during carcinoma development cannot be ruled out.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Lobular/virology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/therapy
- Carcinoma, Papillary/virology
- Female
- Human papillomavirus 16/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Human/virology
- Mexico
- Middle Aged
- Nipples/virology
- Papillomavirus Infections/complications
- Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Herrera-Goepfert
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Avenida San Fernando #22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico, DF, Mexico.
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6
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Grenier J, Soria JC, Mathieu MC, Andre F, Abdelmoula S, Velasco V, Morat L, Besse B, Dunant A, Spielmann M, Delaloge S. Differential immunohistochemical and biological profile of squamous cell carcinoma of the breast. Anticancer Res 2007; 27:547-55. [PMID: 17348440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pure or metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the breast is a rare entity with an unclear pathogeny and aggressive clinical behaviour. An attempt was made to characterize its differential immunohistochemical and biological profile. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-seven cases of SCC (pure or not) of the breast were matched with 27 ductal invasive carcinomas (IDC) for age, tumour size, nodal involvement and year of diagnosis. The expression levels of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Ki-67, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2, Cyclin Bl, hTERT, cytokeratins (CK) 5/6 and p63 were determined immunohistochemically in both cohorts. The presence of the human papilloma virus (HPV) genome was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Pure and metaplastic SCC displayed common profiles typifying a basal origin: they never expressed ER or PR, were HER2-negative in 93% of cases, exhibited positivity for CK5/6 or EGF-R in 75% and 85%, and for p63 in 70% of cases and were highly proliferative. These profiles were markedly different from those of matched controls (p<0.001 for five markers) except for HER2 and hTERT. The HPVgenome was detected in 2 out of 14 cases (14%) of SCC. CONCLUSION The expression profile of SCC of the breast was markedly different from that of IDC. A typical "basal-like" phenotype was displayed that may explain part of their behaviour and justify specific therapeutic approaches. HPV infection was not a leading oncogenic event in SCC of the breast.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alphapapillomavirus/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
- Cohort Studies
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- ErbB Receptors/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Keratin-5/analysis
- Keratin-6/analysis
- Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
- Middle Aged
- Papillomavirus Infections/metabolism
- Papillomavirus Infections/pathology
- Papillomavirus Infections/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
- Survival Analysis
- Trans-Activators/analysis
- Transcription Factors
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Grenier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif.
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7
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Bao DM, Shen DH. [Glandular neoplasia of cervix]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2006; 35:744-6. [PMID: 17374260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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8
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Lawson JS, Tran DD, Carpenter E, Ford CE, Rawlinson WD, Whitaker NJ, Delprado W. Presence of mouse mammary tumour-like virus gene sequences may be associated with morphology of specific human breast cancer. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:1287-92. [PMID: 16698952 PMCID: PMC1860546 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.035907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) has a proven role in breast carcinogenesis in wild mice and genetically susceptible in-bred mice. MMTV-like env gene sequences, which indicate the presence of a replication-competent MMTV-like virus, have been identified in some human breast cancers, but rarely in normal breast tissues. However, no evidence for a causal role of an MMTV-like virus in human breast cancer has emerged, although there are precedents for associations between specific histological characteristics of human cancers and the presence of oncogenic viruses. AIM To investigate the possibility of an association between breast cancer and MMTV-like viruses. METHODS Histological characteristics of invasive ductal human breast cancer specimens were compared with archival MMTV-associated mammary tumours from C3H experimental mice. The presence of MMTV-like env DNA sequences in the human breast cancer specimens was determined by polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by Southern hybridisation. RESULTS MMTV-like env gene sequences were identified in 22 of 59 (37.3%) human breast cancer specimens. Seventeen of 43 (39.5%) invasive ductal carcinoma breast cancer specimens and 4 of 16 (25%) ductal carcinoma in situ specimens had some histological characteristics, which were similar to MMTV-associated mouse mammary tumours. However, these similarities were not associated with the presence or absence of MMTV-like gene sequences in the human breast tumour specimens. A significant (p = 0.05) correlation was found between the grade of the human breast cancer and similarity to the mouse mammary tumours. The lower the grade, the greater the similarity. CONCLUSION Some human breast cancer specimens, in which MMTV-like env DNA sequences have been identified, were shown to have histological characteristics (morphology) similar to MMTV-associated mouse mammary tumours. These observations are compatible with, but not conclusive of, an association between the presence of MMTV-like env DNA sequences and some human breast cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/virology
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Retroviridae Infections/complications
- Tumor Virus Infections/complications
- Viral Envelope Proteins/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lawson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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9
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Perkins RS, Sahm K, Marando C, Dickson-Witmer D, Pahnke GR, Mitchell M, Petrelli NJ, Berkowitz IM, Soteropoulos P, Aris VM, Dunn SP, Krueger LJ. Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus reservoirs in paired blood and breast cancer primary biopsy specimens by real time PCR. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8:R70. [PMID: 17163997 PMCID: PMC1797024 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in over 90% of the world's population. This infection is considered benign, even though in limited cases EBV is associated with infectious and neoplastic conditions. Over the past decade, the EBV association with breast cancer has been constantly debated. Adding to this clinical and biological uncertainty, different techniques gave contradictory results for the presence of EBV in breast carcinoma specimens. In this study, minor groove binding (MGB)-TaqMan real time PCR was used to detect the presence of EBV DNA in both peripheral blood and tumor samples of selected patients. METHODS Peripheral blood and breast carcinoma specimens from 24 patients were collected. DNA was extracted and then amplified by MGB-TaqMan real time PCR. RESULTS Of 24 breast tumor specimens, 11 (46%) were positive for EBV DNA. Of these 11 breast tumor specimens, 7 (64%) were also positive for EBV DNA in the peripheral blood, while 4 (36%) were positive for EBV DNA in the tumor, but negative in the blood. CONCLUSION EBV was found at extremely low levels, with a mean of 0.00004 EBV genomes per cell (range 0.00014 to 0.00001 EBV genomes per cell). Furthermore, our finding of the presence of EBV in the tumor specimens coupled to the absence of detection of EBV genomic DNA in the peripheral blood is consistent with the epithelial nature of the virus. Because of the low levels of viral DNA in tumor tissue, further studies are needed to assess the biological input of EBV in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Serene Perkins
- Molecular Genetics, Cellular and Tissue Transplantation, Nemours Biomedical Research, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Surgery of the Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Department of Surgery, Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Surgery, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Katherine Sahm
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Cindy Marando
- Molecular Genetics, Cellular and Tissue Transplantation, Nemours Biomedical Research, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Surgery of the Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Diana Dickson-Witmer
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Gregory R Pahnke
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Mark Mitchell
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Nicholas J Petrelli
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Irving M Berkowitz
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Center for Applied Genomics, Public Health Research Institute, Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Virginie M Aris
- Center for Applied Genomics, Public Health Research Institute, Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Stephen P Dunn
- Department of Surgery of the Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Department of Surgery, Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Leslie J Krueger
- Molecular Genetics, Cellular and Tissue Transplantation, Nemours Biomedical Research, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
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10
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Fonseca R, Tomás AR, André S. Absence of Epstein-Barr virus EBER transcripts in male breast cancer. Virchows Arch 2005; 447:113-4. [PMID: 15926072 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-005-1230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
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11
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Burmeister T, Ebert AD, Pritze W, Loddenkemper C, Schwartz S, Thiel E. Insertional polymorphisms of endogenous HERV-K113 and HERV-K115 retroviruses in breast cancer patients and age-matched controls. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:1223-9. [PMID: 15588344 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2004.20.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviral sequences resulting from ancient retrovirus infections of germline cells account for up to 8% of the human genome. Most of these sequences are highly truncated, have been altered by mutations, and do not encode functional genes. However, some members of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-K family are remarkably intact and display high genetic homology to mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), a retrovirus causing breast cancer in mice. Two full-length HERVs (K113 and K115) have been reported to show insertional polymorphism. We used PCR to investigate the presence of these two HERVs in 102 female breast cancer patients and an equal number of age-matched controls with no history of malignancy (age range: 25-92 years). The two groups showed no significant difference in frequency (HERV-K113, 16.7% vs. 12.7%; HERV-K115, 4.9% vs. 9.8%) and no apparent association with histology, age at diagnosis, receptor status, HER-2/neu status, or TNM stage at diagnosis. This suggests that the two HERV-Ks do not play a pathogenetic role in the majority of breast cancer patients, though they may be involved in a minority of patients. The results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Burmeister
- Medizinische Klinik III, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Lawson JS, Tran DD, Ford C, Rawlinson WD. Elevated Expression of the Tumor Suppressing Protein p53 is Associated with the Presence of Mouse Mammary Tumor-Like env Gene Sequences (MMTV-like) in Human Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 87:13-7. [PMID: 15377846 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000041573.09142.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has a proven role in breast carcinogenesis in wild mice and genetically susceptible laboratory inbred mice. The carcinogenic characteristics of this virus are enhanced by estrogen and other steroid hormones. MMTV-like envelope gene sequences, with 95% homology to MMTV have been identified in approximately 40% of breast cancers in US, Australian and Argentinian women. The presence of such sequences indicates the presence of a replication competent MMTV-like virus in human breast tumors. Whether an MMTV-like virus contributes to human breast cancer remains to be demonstrated. Non-statistically significant differences in p53 expression between MMTV-like positive and negative human breast cancers have previously been observed. As high p53 protein expression is associated with aggressive breast carcinogenesis we sought to determine if there were associations between the presence of MMTV-like gene sequences and elevated p53 expression in both invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) and ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS). We also investigated the expression of other biomarkers which are commonly associated with human breast cancer. These included estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, Ki67, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and HER-2. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses, MMTV-like envelope gene sequences were detected in 15 (75%) of 20 IDC specimens and 5 (23%) of 22 DCIS specimens. The average percentage of p53 positive cells in MMTV-like positive IDC specimens was 69% as compared to 44% in MMTV-like negative specimens (p for difference = 0.067). The average percentage of p53 positive cells in MMTV-like positive DCIS specimens was 93% as compared to 35% in MMTV-like negative specimens (numbers too few for statistical analysis). There was an increased intensity of p53 expression in IDC and DCIS specimens that were MMTV-like positive compared to those that were MMTV-like negative. There were no statistically significant differences in age, grade, and percentage of average positive cells for ERa, PR, Ki67, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and HER-2, between MMTV-like positive and negative breast cancer specimens. Although these observations do not provide evidence of causality, they are consistent with a role for MMTV-like viruses in some human breast cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/virology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, env/genetics
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/pathogenicity
- Mice
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lawson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Ribeiro-Silva A, Ramalho LNZ, Garcia SB, Zucoloto S. Does the correlation between EBNA-1 and p63 expression in breast carcinomas provide a clue to tumorigenesis in Epstein-Barr virus-related breast malignancies? Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:89-95. [PMID: 14689049 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several investigators have identified Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) particles in breast carcinomas, a fact that supports a role for EBV in mammary tumorigenesis. The possible mechanism involved in this process is not clear. The present study was carried out in an attempt to determine whether there is a relationship between latent infection with EBV and p53 and p63 expression in breast carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry developed with 3.3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride was performed in 85 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas using anti-EBV EBNA-1, anti-p63, anti-p53, anti-estrogen receptor (ER) and anti-progesterone receptor (PR) antibodies. The cases were selected to represent each of the various histologic types: intraductal carcinoma (N=12), grade I invasive ductal carcinoma (N=15), grade II invasive ductal carcinoma (N=15), grade III invasive ductal carcinoma (N=15), tubular carcinoma (N=8), lobular carcinoma (N=10), and medullary carcinoma (N=10). The ductal breast carcinomas were graded I, II and III based on the Scarff-Bloom and Richardson grading system modified by Elston and Ellis. One slide containing at least 1000 neoplastic cells was examined in each case. ER, PR, p63, p53 and EBNA-1 were positive in 60, 40, 11.8, 21.2 and 37.6% of carcinomas, respectively. There was a correlation between EBNA-1 and p63 expression (P<0.001), but not between EBNA-1 and p53 (P=0.10). These data suggest a possible role for p63 in the mammary tumorigenesis associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Middle Aged
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcription Factors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ribeiro-Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
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14
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Kleer CG, Tseng MD, Gutsch DE, Rochford RA, Wu Z, Joynt LK, Helvie MA, Chang T, Van Golen KL, Merajver SD. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in rapidly growing fibroadenomas of the breast in immunosuppressed hosts. Mod Pathol 2002; 15:759-64. [PMID: 12118114 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumors of the female breast and are associated with a slight increase in the risk of subsequent breast cancer. Multiple fibroadenomas have been described in patients after renal transplantation and are thought to be secondary to drug-related growth stimulation. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been detected in many neoplasms, including breast cancer. We set out to investigate whether EBV plays a role in the development of rapidly growing fibroadenomas in immunocompromised patients. We studied 19 fibroadenomas and one invasive ductal carcinoma that developed after organ transplantation or treatment for lupus erythematosus. As a control group we included 11 fibroadenomas from non-immunocompromised patients. DNA was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER-2) DNA sequence. EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) transcripts were amplified using reverse transcription (RT) PCR. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for LMP-1 protein was performed. A total of 9 out of 20 tumors (45%) were concordantly positive by PCR and IHC. IHC stained exclusively the epithelial cells. All the fibroadenomas in non-immunocompromised patients were negative for LMP-1 (Fisher's exact test P =.0006). These data suggest that EBV is associated with fibroadenomas in this immunosuppressed population and that the infection is specifically localized to epithelial cells. This is the first study suggesting a role for EBV in the pathogenesis of fibroadenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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15
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Abstract
We studied 48 cases of invasive breast carcinoma for evidence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is associated with many human malignancies. In situ hybridization studies to detect the presence of EBV-encoded small nonpolyadenylated RNA (EBER)-1 were performed in paraffin sections. Immunohistochemical studies to detect EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1, latent membrane protein (LMP)-1, and the transactivating immediate-early BZLF1 (ZEBRA) protein were also performed in paraffin sections. The presence of EBV genomic DNA was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using sets of primers flanking the EBNA-4 and the EBV-LMP-1 genes in frozen tissues. Southern blot analysis using a probe flanking the EBV terminal repeat region was then attempted in cases that were PCR-positive. Five of 48 cases (10%) of breast carcinoma showed focal EBER-positive tumor cells. Twelve cases (25%) were positive for EBNA-1 by immunohistochemistry, all but one different from the EBER-positive cases. None of the cases were positive for LMP-1 or ZEBRA protein by immunohistochemistry. PCR studies for EBNA-4 and LMP-1 were each positive in five cases (including three cases in common). However, Southern blot studies successfully performed in all but one of the PCR-positive cases were completely negative. The identification of EBV by any methodology was not correlated with tumor size, grade, or lymph node status. This study demonstrated evidence of EBV infection in tissues involved by invasive breast carcinomas in a significant subset of cases. However, the lack of localization of EBV infection to a significant population of the tumor cells in any case, the negativity by Southern blot hybridization, and the lack of expression of multiple antigens in any case strongly argue against a significant role for EBV in the pathogenesis of breast carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/virology
- Carrier Proteins/analysis
- Cytoskeletal Proteins
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/analysis
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- LIM Domain Proteins
- Lymph Node Excision
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/virology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Retrospective Studies
- Trans-Activators/analysis
- Viral Proteins/analysis
- Zinc Fingers
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Chu
- Division of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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16
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Fina F, Romain S, Ouafik L, Palmari J, Ben Ayed F, Benharkat S, Bonnier P, Spyratos F, Foekens JA, Rose C, Buisson M, Gérard H, Reymond MO, Seigneurin JM, Martin PM. Frequency and genome load of Epstein-Barr virus in 509 breast cancers from different geographical areas. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:783-90. [PMID: 11259092 PMCID: PMC2363823 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the few data exploring a possible association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and breast cancer are conflicting, we investigated this association together with the influences of geographical areas. 509 breast cancers were sampled from areas with varying risks of nasopharynx carcinoma (NPC) such as North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia, high-risk area); southern France (Marseille, intermediate-risk area); and northern Europe (northern France, the Netherlands and Denmark; low-risk areas). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a subregion of EBV BamHIC encoding the EBERs demonstrated that 31.8% of the tumours contained the viral genome. No significant differences were observed among the geographical areas. However, positive samples showed higher loads of the EBV genome in the NPC high- and intermediate-risk areas than in the low-risk areas. EBV type 1 was the dominant strain. In situ hybridization studies using a(35)S-labelled riboprobe for EBER1 and a laser capture microdissection, combined with quantitative PCR, showed that EBV localization was restricted to some tumour epithelial cell clusters. EBV could not be detected in the stroma. Considering the whole population covered, the presence of the EBV genome was not correlated with age, menopausal status, tumour, size, nodal status or histological grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fina
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Laboratoire de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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17
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McCall SA, Lichy JH, Bijwaard KE, Aguilera NS, Chu WS, Taubenberger JK. Epstein-Barr virus detection in ductal carcinoma of the breast. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:148-50. [PMID: 11208885 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S A McCall
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Cellular Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA.
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18
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du Pleiss DG, Schneider JW, Treurnicht FK, Engelbrecht S, van Rensburg EJ. Absence of human herpesvirus-8 DNA in Kaposi's sarcoma following postmastectomy lymphoedema. Histopathology 2000; 36:474-5. [PMID: 10866529 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.0956g.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Axilla
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Female
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Lymph Node Excision
- Lymphedema/etiology
- Lymphedema/pathology
- Lymphedema/virology
- Mastectomy, Radical/adverse effects
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
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19
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Yu Y, Morimoto T, Sasa M, Okazaki K, Harada Y, Fujiwara T, Irie Y, Takahashi E, Tanigami A, Izumi K. Human papillomavirus type 33 DNA in breast cancer in Chinese. Breast Cancer 2000; 7:33-6. [PMID: 11029768 DOI: 10.1007/bf02967185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and anogenital tumors, especially cervical cancer, is well documented. However, it remains unclear whether there is also a correlation between HPV infection and human breast cancer. METHODS We used PCR and Southern blot hybridization to analyze HPV-related DNA specimens from 32 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma operated upon in the Shanghai region of China. RESULTS DNA derived from HPV33 was detected in 14 cases (43.8%). No HPV16 or HPV18 DNA was detected in any of the cases in this study. This is the first report demonstrating a correlation between HPV33 infection and breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HPV33 infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer in Chinese.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Blotting, Southern
- Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Breast Neoplasms/ethnology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/ethnology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- China/epidemiology
- DNA Probes, HPV
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Female
- Genes, Viral
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Papillomaviridae/classification
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification
- Papillomaviridae/pathogenicity
- Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Papillomavirus Infections/ethnology
- Papillomavirus Infections/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Virus Infections/epidemiology
- Tumor Virus Infections/ethnology
- Tumor Virus Infections/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, China
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20
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Yin H, Medstrand P, Kristofferson A, Dietrich U, Aman P, Blomberg J. Characterization of human MMTV-like (HML) elements similar to a sequence that was highly expressed in a human breast cancer: further definition of the HML-6 group. Virology 1999; 256:22-35. [PMID: 10087223 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we found a retroviral sequence, HML-6.2BC1, to be expressed at high levels in a multifocal ductal breast cancer from a 41-year-old woman who also developed ovarian carcinoma. The sequence of a human genomic clone (HML-6.28) selected by high-stringency hybridization with HML-6.2BC1 is reported here. It was 99% identical to HML-6.2BC1 and gave the same restriction fragments as total DNA. HML-6.28 is a 4.7-kb provirus with a 5'LTR, truncated in RT. Data from two similar genomic clones and sequences found in GenBank are also reported. Overlaps between them gave a rather complete picture of the HML-6.2BC1-like human endogenous retroviral elements. Work with somatic cell hybrids and FISH localized HML-6.28 to chromosome 6, band p21, close to the MHC region. The causal role of HML-6.28 in breast cancer remains unclear. Nevertheless, the ca. 20 Myr old HML-6 sequences enabled the definition of common and unique features of type A, B, and D (ABD) retroviruses. In Gag, HML-6 has no intervening sequences between matrix and capsid proteins, unlike extant exogenous ABD viruses, possibly an ancestral feature. Alignment of the dUTPase showed it to be present in all ABD viruses, but gave a phylogenetic tree different from trees made from other ABD genes, indicating a distinct phylogeny of dUTPase. A conserved 24-mer sequence in the amino terminus of some ABD envelope genes suggested a conserved function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 17, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden.
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21
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Widrick P, Boguniewicz A, Nazeer T, Remick SC. Breast cancer in a man with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72:761-4. [PMID: 9276605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining neoplasms are being increasingly recognized in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of Hodgkin's disease and seminoma has recently been reported to be increasing in these patients. This article describes the second case of breast cancer in an HIV-infected male patient. A total of 11 cases of coincident breast cancer and HIV infection have previously been reported. It may be prudent to consider breast cancer in the differential diagnosis of an axillary mass in an HIV-infected patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Widrick
- Division of Medical Oncology, Albany Medical College, New York, USA
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22
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Abstract
The first known member of the Polyomavirus family, murine Polyomavirus (MPyV), was discovered because of its oncogenic properties. The genetic simplicity of MPyV (shared with all members of the Py family), the wide spectrum of tumors induced by MPyV, and the convenient properties of its natural host, the mouse, make it a particularly interesting model system to study oncogenesis. This paper briefly reviews the virus infectious cycle and our current understanding of the viral proteins that are involved in oncogenesis, and focuses on recent studies on oncogenesis of the mammary gland. Mammary gland ductal adenocarcinomas develop at high frequency and with short latency in infected immunoincompetent adult female or normal neonatal mice or in transgenic mice expressing the viral oncogene, middle T. These tumors provide excellent model systems for the study of human breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Polyomavirus/physiology
- Polyomavirus Infections/genetics
- Polyomavirus Infections/virology
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/virology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Fluck
- Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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