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Chen X, Luo X, Hu H, Xu Q. NBTI attenuates neuroinflammation and apoptosis partly by ENT1/NLRP3/Bcl2 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Neuroreport 2021; 32:1341-1348. [PMID: 34718248 PMCID: PMC8560159 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuroinflammation and apoptosis are two key factors contributing to early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and are strongly associated with a poor prognosis. Recently, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) was emerged to accelerate the severity of inflammation and cell apoptosis in several nervous system diseases, including cerebral ischemia, neurodegeneration and epilepsy. However, no study has yet elaborated the expression levels and effects of ENT1 in EBI after SAH. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to SAH by endovascular perforation. Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI) was intranasally administered at 0.5 h after SAH. The protein expression levels of ENT1, NLRP3, Bcl2, Bax, ACS, Caspase-1, IL-1 were detected by western blot. The modified Garcia score and beam balance score were employed to evaluate the neurologic function of rats following SAH. In addition, hematoxylin-eosin, fluoro-jade C and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining were then used to evaluate brain tissue damage and neuronal apoptosis. RESULTS Analysis indicated that endogenous levels of ENT1 were significantly upregulated at 24-hour post-SAH, accompanied by NLRP3 inflammasome activation and Bcl2 decline. The administration of NBTI, an inhibitor of ENT1, at a dose of 15 mg/kg, ameliorated neurologic deficits and morphologic lesions at both 24 and 72 h after SAH. Moreover, ENT1 inhibition efficiently mitigated neuronal degeneration and cell apoptosis. In addition, NBTI at 15 mg/kg observably increased Bcl2 content and decreased Bax level. Furthermore, suppression of ENT1 notably reduced the expression levels of NLRP3, apoptosis associated speck like protein containing CARD, caspase-1 and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS NBTI relieved SAH-induced EBI partly through ENT1/NLRP3/Bcl2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaocheng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City, Hubei, China
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City, Hubei, China
| | - Qianghua Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City, Hubei, China
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Silva D, Moreira D, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Quintas C, Gonçalves J, Fresco P. Intracellular adenosine released from THP-1 differentiated human macrophages is involved in an autocrine control of Leishmania parasitic burden, mediated by adenosine A 2A and A 2B receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173504. [PMID: 32858046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infected macrophages have conditions to produce adenosine. Despite its known immunosuppressive effects, no studies have yet established whether adenosine alter Leishmania parasitic burden upon macrophage infection. This work aimed at investigating whether endogenous adenosine exerts an autocrine modulation of macrophage response towards Leishmania infection, identifying its origin and potential pharmacological targets for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), using THP-1 differentiated macrophages. Adenosine deaminase treatment of infected THP-1 cells reduced the parasitic burden (29.1 ± 2.2%, P < 0.05). Adenosine A2A and A2B receptor subtypes expression was confirmed by RT-qPCR and by immunocytochemistry and their blockade with selective adenosine A2A and A2B antagonists reduced the parasitic burden [14.5 ± 3.1% (P < 0.05) and 12.3 ± 3.1% (P < 0.05), respectively; and 24.9 ± 2.8% (P < 0.05), by the combination of the two antagonists)], suggesting that adenosine A2 receptors are tonically activated in infected THP-1 differentiated macrophages. The tonic activation of adenosine A2 receptors was dependent on the release of intracellular adenosine through equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT1/ENT2): NBTI or dipyridamole reduced (~25%) whereas, when ENTs were blocked, adenosine A2 receptor antagonists failed to reduce and A2 agonists increase parasitic burden. Effects of adenosine A2 receptors antagonists and ENT1/2 inhibitor were prevented by L-NAME, indicating that nitric oxide production inhibition prevents adenosine from increasing parasitic burden. Results suggest that intracellular adenosine, released through ENTs, elicits an autocrine increase in parasitic burden in THP-1 macrophages, through adenosine A2 receptors activation. These observations open the possibility to use well-established ENT inhibitors or adenosine A2 receptor antagonists as new therapeutic approaches in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Diana Moreira
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Clara Quintas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Epithelial Interactions in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Fresco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Logie L, Lees Z, Allwood JW, McDougall G, Beall C, Rena G. Regulation of hepatic glucose production and AMPK by AICAR but not by metformin depends on drug uptake through the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1). Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2748-2758. [PMID: 29962100 PMCID: PMC6282725 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recently we have observed differences in the ability of metformin and AICAR to repress glucose production from hepatocytes using 8CPT-cAMP. Previous results indicate that, in addition to activating protein kinase A, 8CPT-modified cAMP analogues suppress the nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR)-sensitive equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT1. We aimed to exploit 8CPT-cAMP, 8CPT-2-Methyl-O-cAMP and NBMPR, which is highly selective for a high-affinity binding-site on ENT1, to investigate the role of ENT1 in the liver-specific glucose-lowering properties of AICAR and metformin. METHODS Primary mouse hepatocytes were incubated with AICAR and metformin in combination with cAMP analogues, glucagon, forskolin and NBMPR. Hepatocyte glucose production (HGP) and AMPK signalling were measured, and a uridine uptake assay with supporting LC-MS was used to investigate nucleoside depletion from medium by cells. RESULTS AICAR and metformin increased AMPK pathway phosphorylation and decreased HGP induced by dibutyryl cAMP and glucagon. HGP was also induced by 8CPT-cAMP, 8CPT-2-Methyl-O-cAMP and NBMPR; however, in each case this was resistant to suppression by AICAR but not by metformin. Cross-validation of tracer and mass spectrometry studies indicates that 8CPT-cAMP, 8CPT-2-Methyl-O-cAMP and NBMPR inhibited the effects of AICAR, at least in part, by impeding its uptake into hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time that suppression of ENT1 induces HGP. ENT1 inhibition also impedes uptake and the effects of AICAR, but not metformin, on HGP. Further investigation of nucleoside transport may illuminate a better understanding of how metformin and AICAR each regulate HGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Logie
- Division of Cellular MedicineNinewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Zoe Lees
- Division of Cellular MedicineNinewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundeeUK
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - J. William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Gordon McDougall
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Craig Beall
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical ScienceUniversity of Exeter Medical SchoolExeterUK
| | - Graham Rena
- Division of Cellular MedicineNinewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundeeUK
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Mata JF, Scrideli CA, Queiroz RP, Mori BO, Emerenciano M, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Tone LG. Cytosine arabinoside-metabolizing enzyme genes are underexpressed in children with MLL gene-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Braz J Med Biol Res 2007; 39:1417-23. [PMID: 17146554 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006001100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (IALL) is characterized by mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements, unique gene expression profiles, poor prognosis, and drug resistance. One exception is cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) to which IALL cells seem to be more sensitive. We quantified mRNA expression of Ara-C key enzymes in leukemic lymphoblasts from 64 Brazilian ALL children, 15 of them presenting MLL gene rearrangement, and correlated it with clinical and biological features. The diagnosis was based on morphological criteria and immunophenotyping using monoclonal antibodies. MLL gene rearrangements were detected by conventional cytogenetic analysis, RT-PCR and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization. The DCK and HENT1 expression levels were determined by real-time quantitative PCR using SYBR Green I. Relative quantification was made by the standard curve method. The results were analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Fisher exact tests. A P value of <or=0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. DCK and HENT1 expression levels were significantly lower in children with MLL gene-rearranged ALL compared to children with MLL germ line ALL (P = 0.0003 and 0.03, respectively). Our results differ from previous ones concerning HENT1 mRNA expression that observed a higher expression level in MLL gene-rearranged leukemias. In conclusion, the expression of the genes related to Ara-C metabolism was lower in MLL-positive children in the sample studied, suggesting the presence of population differences in the expression profile of these genes especially for HENT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mata
- Departamento de Pediatria e Puericultura, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Mey V, Giovannetti E, Braud FD, Nannizzi S, Curigliano G, Verweij F, De Cobelli O, Pece S, Del Tacca M, Danesi R. In vitro synergistic cytotoxicity of gemcitabine and pemetrexed and pharmacogenetic evaluation of response to gemcitabine in bladder cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:289-97. [PMID: 16868547 PMCID: PMC2360654 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the capability of gemcitabine and pemetrexed to synergistically interact with respect to cytotoxicity and apoptosis in T24 and J82 bladder cancer cells, and to establish a correlation between drug activity and gene expression of selected genes in tumour samples. The interaction between gemcitabine and pemetrexed was synergistic; indeed, pemetrexed favoured gemcitabine cytotoxicity by increasing cellular population in S-phase, reducing Akt phosphorylation as well as by inducing the expression of a major gemcitabine uptake system, the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1), and the key activating enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) in both cell lines. Bladder tumour specimens showed an heterogeneous gene expression pattern and patients with higher levels of dCK and hENT1 had better response. Moreover, human nucleoside concentrative transporter-1 was detectable only in 3/12 patients, two of whom presented a complete response to gemcitabine. These data provide evidence that the chemotherapeutic activity of the combination of gemcitabine and pemetrexed is synergistic against bladder cancer cells in vitro and that the assessment of the expression of genes involved in gemcitabine uptake and activation might be a possible determinant of bladder cancer response and may represent a new tool for treatment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mey
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 55, Via Roma, I-56100, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Giovannetti
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 55, Via Roma, I-56100, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- E-mail:
| | - F De Braud
- Department of Medical Oncology and Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, I-20141 Milan, Italy
| | - S Nannizzi
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 55, Via Roma, I-56100, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Curigliano
- Department of Medical Oncology and Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, I-20141 Milan, Italy
| | - F Verweij
- Department of Medical Oncology and Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, I-20141 Milan, Italy
| | - O De Cobelli
- Department of Medical Oncology and Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, I-20141 Milan, Italy
| | - S Pece
- Department of Medical Oncology and Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, I-20141 Milan, Italy
| | - M Del Tacca
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 55, Via Roma, I-56100, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Danesi
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 55, Via Roma, I-56100, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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