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Kandler T, Cortez E, Clinton L, Hemmerich A, Ahmed O, Wong R, Forns T, MacNeill AJ, Hamilton TD, Khorasani M, Feng X. A Case Series of Metastatic Malignant Gastrointestinal Neuroectodermal Tumors and Comprehensive Genomic Profiling Analysis of 20 Cases. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:1279-1297. [PMID: 35200608 PMCID: PMC8870546 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor (GNET) is an ultra-rare soft tissue sarcoma, therefore often misdiagnosed and has no available standard treatment. Here, we report 3 cases of metastatic GNET with variable clinical courses. Our small case series as well as extensive literature review, further support that GNET is a spectrum of diseases with variable inherent biology and prognosis. Surgical management in the setting of recurrent/metastatic disease may be appropriate for GNET with indolent nature. Response to systemic treatments including chemotherapy and targeted treatments is variable, likely related to heterogenous biology as well. Furthermore, we retrospectively identified 20 additional GNET cases from Foundation Medicine’s genomic database and expanded on their clinicopathological and genomic features. Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) with DNA and RNA sequencing of this cohort, in the course of clinical care, demonstrated recurrent EWSR1 chromosomal rearrangements and a sparsity of additional recurrent or driver genomic alterations. All cases had low tumor mutational burden (TMB) and were microsatellite stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Kandler
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Eliane Cortez
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA;
| | - Lani Clinton
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (L.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Amanda Hemmerich
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (L.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Osama Ahmed
- Department of Medical Oncology, Saskatoon Cancer Center, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada;
| | - Ralph Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Taylor Forns
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Andrea J. MacNeill
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (A.J.M.); (T.D.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Trevor D. Hamilton
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (A.J.M.); (T.D.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Mohammadali Khorasani
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (A.J.M.); (T.D.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Xiaolan Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- S Batchu
- Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, 401 Broadway, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.
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3
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Sbaraglia M, Zanatta L, Toffolatti L, Spallanzani A, Bertolini F, Mattioli F, Lami F, Presutti L, Dei Tos AP. Clear cell sarcoma-like/malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor of the tongue: a clinicopathologic and molecular case report. Virchows Arch 2020; 478:1203-1207. [PMID: 33005982 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor (M-GNET) and clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of soft tissue represent closely related, extremely rare, malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of uncertain differentiation. Both entities are characterized genetically by the same molecular alterations represented by the presence of EWSR1-ATF1 and, more rarely, EWSR1-CREB1 fusion genes. The latter translocation seems to be more represented in M-GNET that, despite significant morphologic overlap with CCS, tends to lack overt features of melanocytic differentiation. Most M-GNET occur in the lower gastrointestinal tract, whereas occurrence in the upper tract has been reported only exceptionally. The differential diagnosis represents a major challenge, and accurate diagnosis impact significantly on therapeutic planning. We herein report the clinicopathologic features of a molecularly confirmed M-GNET that arose at the base of the tongue and review the pertinent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sbaraglia
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Lucia Zanatta
- Department of Pathology, Azienda ULSS N. 2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Luisa Toffolatti
- Department of Pathology, Azienda ULSS N. 2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Andrea Spallanzani
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Bertolini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Mattioli
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Federico Lami
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Presutti
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Angelo P Dei Tos
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
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4
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Abstract
Pediatric central nervous system primitive neuro-ectodermal brain tumors (CNS-PNETs) are rare tumors with ill-defined biological features. In this issue of Cell, Sturm et al. used state-of-the-art methods to interrogate these tumors' biology. Their integrated molecular analyses led them to propose a new molecular classification, with four new entities identified, that should get oncologists' attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafik Zaky
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kervarrec T, Lecointre C, Kerdraon R, Bens G, Piquard A, Michenet P. [Gastro-intestinal neuroectodermal tumor (GNET): A case report of a small intestine tumor with hepatic metastases]. Ann Pathol 2015; 35:506-10. [PMID: 26586017 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gastro-intestinal neuroectodermal tumor (GNET) is a rare sarcoma of the digestive tract, which was recently recognised. The knowledge of the morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostic criteria is necessary to not mistake it for the metastasis of a melanoma or for another sarcoma of the digestive tract as the gastro-intestinal clear cells sarcoma or the malignant peripheral nervous system tumor (MPNST). We report the case of a 41-year-old patient with a GNET of the small intestine with hepatic metastasis. The histological examination showed a diffuse proliferation of epithelioid cells, which only express PS100. The presence EWSR1-ATF1 gene fusions with any melanocytic differentiation leads to the diagnosis of GNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Kervarrec
- Service d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital de la Source, 14, avenue de l'Hôpital, 45067 Orléans, France.
| | - Claire Lecointre
- Service d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital de la Source, 14, avenue de l'Hôpital, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Rémy Kerdraon
- Service d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital de la Source, 14, avenue de l'Hôpital, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Guido Bens
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Porte-Madeleine, 1, rue Porte-Madeleine, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Arnaud Piquard
- Service de chirurgie viscérale, hôpital de la Source, 14, avenue de l'Hôpital, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Patrick Michenet
- Service d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital de la Source, 14, avenue de l'Hôpital, 45067 Orléans, France
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Kim SB, Lee SH, Gu MJ. Esophageal subepithelial lesion diagnosed as malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:5739-5743. [PMID: 25987801 PMCID: PMC4427700 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i18.5739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A 21-year-old male visited our hospital with a complaint of aggravating dysphagia and odynophagia for a few days. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed huge bulging mucosa with an intact surface causing luminal narrowing at 35 cm from the incisor teeth. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed an about 35 mm sized irregular margined in-homogenous hypoechoic lesion with an obscure layer of origin. Endoscopic ultrasonography fine needle aspiration revealed spindle cell proliferation without immunoreactivity for CD117, SMA, and cytokeratin. The patient underwent excision of the subepithelial lesion at the distal esophagus. On pathologic examination of the specimen, the tumor was composed of short fascicles of oval to spindle cells with eosinophilic and clear cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei. The tumor cells were positive for S-100 and SOX10 and negative for CD117, SMA, HMB-45, melan-A, cytokeratin, and CD99. The split-apart signal was detected in EWSR1 on FISH, suggesting a malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor. At the time of writing, the patient is on radiation therapy at the operated site of esophagus and doing well, with no recurrence for three months. Malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor is a rare gastrointestinal tumor with features of clear cell sarcoma, without melanocytic differentiation, and shows a poor prognosis. This is the first reported case of malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor arising as subepithelial lesion in the esophagus.
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Zhao Z, Zhang D, Li W, Zhang L, Li Z, Zhou J. Primary malignant neuroectodermal tumor of the ileum with predominantly uncommon pseudopapillary architecture. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:8967-8971. [PMID: 25674274 PMCID: PMC4313982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor (GNET), a distinctive entity covering the characteristics of clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of gastrointestinal tract described recently, arising primarily in the ileum of a 33-year-old woman is reported. Histologically, the neoplasm involved the full thickness of the intestinal wall. Tumor cells, mainly displayed epithelioid or polygonal appearance with oval or round nuclei, arranged in strand, nested, and solid pattern with prominent pseudopapillary architecture instead of the familiar histological image with multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells. They were positive for vimentin, S-100, synaptophysin, CD56 and CD99 protein, but negative for AE1/AE3, EMA, CEA, LCA, Desmin, CK7, CK20, Villin, CgA, CD117, Dog-1, GFAP, Melan-A, HMB-45, CD34, CR, WT1, D2-40. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed the presence of chromosomal translocation involving EWSR. The patients lived through a calm period after a tumor resection and 4 cycles of chemotherapy combining ifosfamide and epirubicin. This case demonstrates that GNET is a rare tumor in gastrointestinal tract, and furthermore, various misleading histological characteristics should been taken into consideration in the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wencai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
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Miura Y, Keira Y, Ogino J, Nakanishi K, Noguchi H, Inoue T, Hasegawa T. Detection of specific genetic abnormalities by fluorescence in situ hybridization in soft tissue tumors. Pathol Int 2011; 62:16-27. [PMID: 22192800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Child, Preschool
- DNA Probes
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/diagnosis
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/genetics
- Male
- Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue/genetics
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/diagnosis
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/genetics
- Paraffin Embedding
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/diagnosis
- Rhabdomyosarcoma/genetics
- Sarcoma/diagnosis
- Sarcoma/genetics
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Synovial/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Synovial/genetics
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Translocation, Genetic
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Miura
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Amant F, Tousseyn T, Coenegrachts L, Decloedt J, Moerman P, Debiec-Rychter M. Case report of a poorly differentiated uterine tumour with t(10;17) translocation and neuroectodermal phenotype. Anticancer Res 2011; 31:2367-2371. [PMID: 21737666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) with primitive neuroectodermal differentiation is a very uncommon entity. Such a case presenting as stage IIIc (International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2010) disease in a 51-year-old female is described. Microscopy suggested a small blue round cell tumour. Cytogenetic and multicolour fluorescent in situ hybridisation (M-FISH) analysis revealed a complex karyotype with the presence of unbalanced t(10;17)(q22;p13) translocation, indicating ESS. Peripheral Ewing´s sarcoma was excluded based on FISH and RT-PCR fusion transcripts analysis. After surgical staging, the patient received bleomycin-etoposide-cisplatin combination chemotherapy. A detailed analysis of the histopathology and genetic findings forms the basis of this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Amant
- Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, and Department of Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Krzysztolik K, Cybulski C, Sagan L, Nowacki P, Lubiński J. Endolymphatic sac tumours and von Hippel-Lindau disease - case report, molecular analysis and histopathological characterization. Folia Neuropathol 2009; 47:75-80. [PMID: 19353437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endolymphatic sac tumours (ELST) are aggressive papillary tumours of the temporal bone. The name was finally determined after the endolymphatic sac was determined as the site of their origin. They should be considered in patients with tumours eroding the petrous part of the temporal bone, extending to the cerebellopontine angle or other adjacent structures. These very rare tumours in the general population have much higher prevalence in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Hence molecular analysis of the VHL gene should be performed in patients with ELST and their relatives. The purpose of this study is to present a case report, histopathological characterization of endolymphatic sac tumours, their association with von Hippel-Lindau disease and use of molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Krzysztolik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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Zenali MJ, Zhang PL, Bendel AE, Brown RE. Morphoproteomic confirmation of constitutively activated mTOR, ERK, and NF-kappaB pathways in Ewing family of tumors. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2009; 39:160-166. [PMID: 19429803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In 3 patients with the Ewing family of tumors (EFT), morphoproteomic analyses of the tumors revealed constitutive activation of the mTOR, ERK, and NF-kappaB pathways, as evidenced by: (a) expression of phosphorylated (p)-mTOR, p-p70S6K, p-ERK 1/2, and p-NF-kappaB proteins using phosphospecific immunohistochemical probes directed against the activation sites; (b) nuclear translocation of p-p70S6K, p-ERK 1/2, and p-NF-kappaB p65; and (c) correlative expression of Ki-67 and Skp2 proteins consistent with cell cycling consequent to signal transduction by these pathways of convergence. This study examines the cytogenetic and molecular correlates and provides insight into therapeutic strategies relevant to this morphoproteomic profile. Based on a literature review, these observations appear to be the first morphoproteomic study of such pathways of convergence in tumors from EFT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam J Zenali
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center-Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 2.286, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
The identification of molecular genetic abnormalities in specific types of pediatric brain tumors is beginning to play a role in the stratification of patients into treatment groups. The finding of an INI1 alteration in an atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor or malignant neoplasm with overlapping histologic features will be required for entry onto disease-specific protocols within the Children's Oncology Group. Refinement in the classification of medulloblastoma and malignant glioma patients will likely depend on the genetic and signaling pathways that characterize these tumors. Advances in this area will depend on the ability to identify new disease genes, validate prognostic markers, and develop biologically based therapeutic strategies to tailor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Biegel
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor/Ewing sarcoma (PN/ES) is a single clinical, morphologic, and molecular small round cell tumor entity. These are generally found in deep soft tissue or bone of young male patients, with poor behavior. Location in dermis is unexpected; only rare cases are reported. Cases coded as "dermal," "cutaneous," or "skin" PN/ES were retrieved from our consultation files. Only primary dermal cases were included. Those otherwise diagnosed or with incomplete material were excluded. There were 13 dermal PN/ES cases, consisting of 10 women and 3 men. Ages ranged from 2 to 67 years (mean, 28 years). Locations included groin or thigh (4), back or shoulder (3), neck (1), chest (1), scalp (1), forehead (1), hand (1), and foot (1). Most cases were small (0.5-2.3 centimeters) and painful, and persisted for less than 1 year. All were located within the dermis. Three caused pedunculation; 9 also involved superficial subcutis. All but 1 of the metastasizing tumors were round and encapsulated. All were composed of round to oval cells with a vague rosetting pattern, slightly overlapping nuclei, finely stippled chromatin, clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm, and collagenous stroma. Median mitotic activity was 8 per 10 high-power fields. Necrosis was present in three cases. All had globular periodic acid Schiff positivity and distinctive cytoplasmic membrane CD99 reactivity. One case studied was positive for Fli-1. All were negative for leukocyte common antigen, Tdt, CD3, CD20, CD79, CK20, pankeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, chromogranin, neurofilament protein, carcinoembryonic antigen, desmin, actin, diffuse S100 protein, and HMB45. Nine cases with material for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed 1 positive type 2 translocation (EWS exon 7 to Fli-1 exon 5), 4 negative, and 4 "unable to amplify." Treatment was by wide excision; 9 received chemotherapy and 6 radiation. Follow-up of 11 (85%) cases revealed the following: 1 metastasis to stomach and death at 3 years; 10 years without disease (median, 9.0 years). Cutaneous PN/ES is a superficial round cell tumor in older women, with better prognosis than deep PN/ES. These may have a hitherto unrecognized variant genetic abnormality.
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MESH Headings
- 12E7 Antigen
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/diagnosis
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/genetics
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/pathology
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/diagnosis
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/genetics
- Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive/pathology
- Prognosis
- Retrospective Studies
- Sarcoma, Ewing/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/pathology
- Sex Characteristics
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Vimentin/genetics
- Vimentin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Ehrig
- Dermatopathology Laboratory of New England, Meriden, CT 06450, USA
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14
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De Bustos C, Smits A, Strömberg B, Collins VP, Nistér M, Afink G. A PDGFRA promoter polymorphism, which disrupts the binding of ZNF148, is associated with primitive neuroectodermal tumours and ependymomas. J Med Genet 2006; 42:31-7. [PMID: 15635072 PMCID: PMC1735903 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.024034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha) expression is typical for a variety of brain tumours, while in normal adult brain PDGFRalpha expression is limited to a small number of neural progenitor cells. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the PDGFRalpha expression in tumours are not known, but in the absence of amplification, changes in transcriptional regulation might be an important factor in this process. METHODS AND RESULTS We have investigated the link between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the PDGFRalpha gene promoter and the occurrence of brain tumours (medulloblastomas, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNETs), ependymal tumours, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and mixed gliomas). These SNPs give rise to five different promoter haplotypes named H1 and H2alpha-delta. It is apparent from the haplotype frequency distribution that both PNET (10-fold) and ependymoma (6.5-fold) patient groups display a significant over-representation of the H2delta haplotype. The precise functional role in PDGFRalpha gene transcription for the H2delta haplotype is not known yet, but we can show that the H2delta haplotype specifically disrupts binding of the transcription factor ZNF148 as compared to the other promoter haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS The specific over-representation of the H2delta haplotype in both patients with PNETs and ependymomas suggests a functional role for the ZNF148/PDGFRalpha pathway in the pathogenesis of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De Bustos
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Abstract
The supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are a group of highly malignant lesions primarily affecting young children. Although these tumors are histologically indistinguishable from infratentorial medulloblastoma, they often respond poorly to medulloblastoma-specific therapy. Indeed, existing molecular genetic studies indicate that supratentorial PNETs have transcriptional and cytogenetic profiles that are different from those of medullo-blastomas, thus pointing to unique biological derivation for the supratentorial PNET. Due to the rarity of these tumors and disagreement about their histopathological diagnoses, very little is known about the molecular characteristics of the supratentorial PNET. Clearly, future concerted efforts to characterize the molecular features of these rare tumors will be necessary for development of more effective supratentorial PNET treatment protocols and appropriate disease models. In this article the authors review existing molecular genetic data derived from human and mouse studies, with the aim of providing some insight into the putative histogenesis of these rare tumors and the underlying transforming pathways that drive their development. Studies of the related but distinct pineoblastoma PNET are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua Li
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Cancer Research Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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16
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Pastorino F, Brignole C, Marimpietri D, Di Paolo D, Zancolli M, Pagnan G, Ponzoni M. Targeted delivery of oncogene-selective antisense oligonucleotides in neuroectodermal tumors: therapeutic implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1028:90-103. [PMID: 15650235 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1322.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroectodermal tumors are highly malignant and increasingly common tumors. Because the cure rate of these neoplasias by conventional treatment is very low, new therapeutic approaches are needed. Entrapping high concentrations of cytotoxic drugs and/or oligonucleotides within stabilized liposomal formulations represents an emerging modality of antitumor treatment. Here, we tested the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of a novel antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (asODN) liposomal formulation, the coated cationic liposomes (CCL), by targeting the c-myc and the c-myb oncogenes on melanoma and neuroblastoma, respectively, through the use of a monoclonal antibody against the disialoganglioside GD2, selectively expressed by neuroectoderma-derived tumors. Our methods produced GD2-targeted liposomes that stably entrapped 90 percent of added asODNs. These liposomes showed selective binding for GD2-positive tumor cells in vitro. Neuroblastoma cells treated with free myb-as or nontargeted CCL-myb-as showed the same level of c-myb protein expression as control cells. In contrast, c-myb protein expression of cells treated with aGD2-CCL-myb-as was inhibited by approximately 70 percent. Melanoma and neuroblastoma cell proliferation was inhibited to a greater extent by GD2-targeted liposomes containing c-myc or c-myb asODNs than by nontargeted liposomes or free asODNs. Mice bearing established subcutaneous human melanoma xenografts treated with aGD2-CCL-myc-as exhibited significantly reduced tumor growth and increased survival. The mechanism for the antitumor effects appears to be downregulation of the expression of the c-myc protein, induction of p53, and inhibition of Bcl-2 proteins, leading to extensive tumor cell apoptosis. In contrast, the increased life span obtained in a neuroblastoma pseudometastatic mouse model with the liposomal c-myb asODNs seems to be due to a synergistic mechanism: specific targeting to neuroblastoma cancer cells, downmodulation of c-myb protein expression, and stimulation of the innate immune system. These results suggest that inhibition of c-myc or c-myb proto-oncogenes by GD2-targeted antisense therapy could provide an effective approach for the treatment of neuroectodermal tumors in an adjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pastorino
- Differentiation Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, G. Gaslini Children's Hospital, Largo G. Gaslini 5, 16148, Genoa, Italy
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17
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Abstract
It is well known that the cell cycle is controlled by several cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) complexes whose expression and phosphorylation states vary with orderly periodicity. During the cell cycle, activity of the cyclin/Cdk complexes can be regulated directly or indirectly by a number of molecules, including protein kinases and phosphatases, p53, and Cdk inhibitors. Here, we show that the addition of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) induced G2/M cell cycle delay in human SK-N-MC neuroectodermal tumor cells that express RET tyrosine kinase, accompanying actin reorganization. Cell cycle delay at G2/M was characterized by accelerated and prolonged Cdc2 phosphorylation and stabilization of cyclin B1 and Wee1 kinase expression. Interestingly, we found that phosphorylation and/or expression of Cdc2, cyclinB1, and Wee1 was controlled by the Rac1/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Immunohistochemical analysis suggested that the G2/M cell cycle delay may be necessary to prevent the mitotic progression of SK-N-MC cells with perturbed actin cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Fukuda
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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18
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Tannapfel A, Vomschloss S, Karhoff D, Markwarth A, Hengge UR, Wittekind C, Arnold R, Hörsch D. BRAF gene mutations are rare events in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 123:256-60. [PMID: 15842051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRAF gene, one of the human isoforms of RAF, is activated by ras, leading to cooperative effects in cells responsive to growth factor signals. We studied the frequency of BRAF and k-ras-2 mutations in primary neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumors. Mutation analysis of the BRAF and k-ras-2 genes was performed in 40 primary neuroendocrine tumors of the GEP system. The expression of extracellular signaling-related kinase (ERK) 1/2, an important downstream point of convergence in the ras-RAF-mitogen-activated protein-ERK pathway was analyzed immunohistochemically. We detected one 1796 T-->A BRAF mutation that led to a substitution of valine by glutamic acid at position 599 (V599E) in 40 primary neuroendocrine GEP tumors (3%). We failed to detect specific mutation of the k-ras-2 gene. We identified constitutively activated ERK in almost all neuroendocrine tumor tissues tested irrespective of BRAF mutation or localization or functional activity. These results suggest that BRAF mutations do not have a role in tumorigenesis of neuroendocrine tumors. Nevertheless, activation of the RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway might have a causative role in the development of neuroendocrine tumors, independent of BRAF or k-ras-2 mutation.
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19
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Massimo LME. Marrying pediatric oncology to biological research: cell communication in neuroectodermal tumors: introduction to the workshop. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1028:56-8. [PMID: 15650231 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1322.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M E Massimo
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit G. Gaslini, Scientific Children's Hospital, 16147 Genova, Italy.
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20
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Yang HW, Kutok JL, Lee NH, Piao HY, Fletcher CDM, Kanki JP, Look AT. Targeted expression of human MYCN selectively causes pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in transgenic zebrafish. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7256-62. [PMID: 15492244 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish model organism has been used extensively for studies of genetic pathways in development, indicating its potential applicability to cancer. Here we show that targeted expression of MYCN in cells of the pancreatic islet induces neuroendocrine carcinoma. Four transgenic fish developed abdominal tumors between 4 and 6 months of age, and histologic analysis revealed lobulated arrangements of neoplastic cells with expression of the MYCN transgene. The tumors also expressed insulin mRNA, and pancreatic exocrine cells and ducts were identified within the neoplasms, indicating a pancreatic origin for the tumor. Transmission electron microscopy revealed cytoplasmic, endocrine-dense core granules, analogous to those found in human neuroendocrine tumors. Our studies establish a zebrafish transgenic model of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, setting the stage to evaluate molecular pathways downstream of MYCN in this vertebrate forward genetic model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Best DH, Butz GM, Moller K, Coleman WB, Thomas DB. Molecular analysis of an immature ovarian teratoma with gliomatosis peritonei and recurrence suggests genetic independence of multiple tumors. Int J Oncol 2004; 25:17-25. [PMID: 15201985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immature ovarian teratoma is a common germ cell tumor of young women. Patients with immature teratoma often exhibit multiple neoplasms, including tumors outside the ovaries, and occasionally a rare benign condition termed gliomatosis peritonei (GP). These multiple neoplasms are generally believed genetically-linked progeny of the ovarian tumor resulting from local recurrence/spread. In this study, we performed a molecular analysis of a single patient clinically diagnosed with immature ovarian teratoma, GP, and recurrent pelvic mucinous teratoma. Microsatellite PCR and amplicon analysis was performed to genetically characterize tissue samples from omental glial implants and multiple peritoneal tumors. PCR-based amplification of microsatellite markers identifies unique genetic differences (allelic variation) between tumors resulting from divergent natural histories among multiple tumor nodules in a single patient. A total of 21 different microsatellite markers were employed, and seven provided informative results (D3S1744, D6S1056, D7S2846, D14S306, D16S764, D18S858, D22S420). These markers demonstrated mutually exclusive genetic differences among the tumors from this patient, establishing the neoplasms as genetically distinct from each other (non-identical), and that no lineage relationship exists among them. This observation suggests that the multiple tumors arising in this patient with immature ovarian teratoma, GP, and recurrent pelvic mucinous neoplasm represent multiple independent tumors rather than true tumor recurrence/spread. The results of this study suggest strongly that patients with recurrent teratoma may be afflicted with a tumor-prone syndrome where one or more peritoneal cell types or populations are predisposed to neoplastic conversion and formation of tumors as a result of an endogenous or exogenous neoplastic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hunter Best
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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22
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De Vos M, Hayward BE, Picton S, Sheridan E, Bonthron DT. Novel PMS2 pseudogenes can conceal recessive mutations causing a distinctive childhood cancer syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:954-64. [PMID: 15077197 PMCID: PMC1181988 DOI: 10.1086/420796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated a family with an autosomal recessive syndrome of cafe-au-lait patches and childhood malignancy, notably supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor. There was no cancer predisposition in heterozygotes; nor was there bowel cancer in any individual. However, autozygosity mapping indicated linkage to a region of 7p22 surrounding the PMS2 mismatch-repair gene. Sequencing of genomic PCR products initially failed to identify a PMS2 mutation. Genome searches then revealed a previously unrecognized PMS2 pseudogene, corresponding to exons 9-15, within a 100-kb inverted duplication situated 600 kb centromeric from PMS2 itself. This information allowed a redesigned sequence analysis, identifying a homozygous mutation (R802X) in PMS2 exon 14. Furthermore, in the family with Turcot syndrome, in which the first inherited PMS2 mutation (R134X) was described, a further truncating mutation was identified on the other allele, in exon 13. Further whole-genome analysis shows that the complexity of PMS2 pseudogenes is greater than appreciated and may have hindered previous mutation studies. Several previously reported PMS2 polymorphisms are, in fact, pseudogene sequence variants. Although PMS2 mutations may be rare in colorectal cancer, they appear, for the most part, to behave as recessive traits. For technical reasons, their involvement in childhood cancer, particularly in primitive neuroectodermal tumor, may have been underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel De Vos
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, and Departments of Paediatric Oncology and Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce E. Hayward
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, and Departments of Paediatric Oncology and Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Picton
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, and Departments of Paediatric Oncology and Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, and Departments of Paediatric Oncology and Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David T. Bonthron
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, and Departments of Paediatric Oncology and Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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23
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Algros MP, Collonge-Rame MA, Bedgejian I, Tropet Y, Delattre O, Kantelip B. [Neurectodermal differentiation of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: a classical feature?]. Ann Pathol 2003; 23:244-8. [PMID: 12909828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a phenotypically and genotypically distinct entity with a protracted course. A documented case of an extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma characterized by a t(9; 17) (q22; q11) translocation with a neuroendocrine and neural differentiation is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Algros
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU Jean Minjoz, Boulevard du Dr Fleming, 25030 Besançon cedex. univ-fcomte.fr
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24
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Abstract
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) have rarely been described in solid organs. We report a series of seven PNETs of the pancreas. The clinical, gross, microscopic, and immunohistochemical features of these seven PNETs of the pancreas are described, as are the genetic analyses in five cases. The patients ranged in age from 6 to 25 years (mean 18 years). Four of the patients were male. All of the patients presented with jaundice and/or abdominal pain. All of the tumors were located in the head of the pancreas, and they ranged in size from 3.5 to 9.0 cm. Light microscopy revealed the typical morphologic features of PNETs. By immunohistochemistry the neoplastic cells in all seven cases expressed O13 (CD99, p30/32MIC2). In five of six tested cases, the neoplastic cells also expressed cytokeratin. All of the tumors expressed neural-neuroendocrine markers. Two of the three cases examined ultrastructurally showed prominent epithelial features. There was cytogenetic or molecular genetic evidence of the t(11;22)(q24;q12) in four of five cases examined. Clinical follow-up was available in five cases. Two of the patients were alive with no evidence of disease at 33 and 43 months. One patient was alive with disease at 27 months. One patient died of postoperative complications. Another patient died of disease 4 years after diagnosis. PNET can sometimes arise as a primary neoplasm of the pancreas. Like PNETs arising in more conventional sites, pancreatic PNETs occur in the pediatric and adolescent population, show the characteristic staining with O13, and typically harbor the t(11;22)(q24;q12) chromosomal translocation. PNETs should be included in the differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated small round cell tumors of the pancreas. Moreover, they should not be confused with pancreatic endocrine tumors, which also demonstrate dual epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation by immunohistochemistry and express O13 in 30% of cases.
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25
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Abstract
Neuroectodermal tumors comprise a large proportion of childhood neoplasms. Neuroblastic tumors, including neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma, are the most frequent extracranial solid cancers of childhood, occurring primarily in infants and toddlers. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors, including Ewing sarcoma and peripheral neuroepitheliomas, occur most frequently in older children and adolescents, and as pediatric sarcomas are second in frequency only to rhabdomyosarcomas. Rarer neuroectodermal tumors include desmoplastic small cell tumors, esthesioneuroblastomas, and melanotic neuroectodermal tumors, the first two entities occurring as rather site-specific lesions in the abdomen and nose, respectively. Diagnosis can be difficult due to the undifferentiated nature of many of these cancers, but ancillary studies, including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics, enhance their recognition. The molecular nature of childhood neuroectodermal tumors is as diverse as their histology, ranging from the fusion genes characterizing the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors to the proto-oncogene amplification seen in aggressive neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Parham
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 77202, USA
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26
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Abstract
The mouse Fli-1 proto-oncogene is activated by proviral integration of four murine leukemia retroviruses and its human counterpart is translocated (11,22) in Ewing tumors. We have identified two alternative exons 1 by RACE analysis from a human neuroectodermal tumor. Exons 1a and 1b are located respectively 1.3 and 2.5 kb upstream from the published exon 1. Translation of these alternative messengers is predicted to generate very similar proteins. The sequence upstream from exon 1b showed functional promoter activity. Exon 1b was not conserved in the mouse but was detected in every analyzed human cell, whereas exon 1a was present only in a subset of them and also in various mouse cell lines. These results suggest that both mouse and human Fli-1 gene expression might be under the control of several independent promoter regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barat
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Universite à Québec à Montréal, Canada
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27
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Abstract
Brain tumors are among the most common forms of cancer in children and account for most cancer-related deaths in this age group. The incidence of brain tumors appears to be increasing in children, while therapeutic advances have been modest. Few genetic studies exist on pediatric brain tumors, in part because tissue from low-grade and brain stem tumors is not readily available, and also because individual centers have relatively few cases. Genetic changes in infiltrating astrocytomas involve genes in the p53 and RB pathways, and show alterations that are similar to infiltrating astrocytomas in adults. The PTC gene is mutated in a subgroup of medulloblastomas, and may lead to increased proliferation in granule cells that normally express this receptor. Further studies are needed to identify genetic alterations in pilocytic and low-grade astrocytomas, which account for 40% of brain tumors in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0114, USA.
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28
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Zagzag D, Miller DC, Knopp E, Farmer JP, Lee M, Biria S, Pellicer A, Epstein FJ, Allen JC. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the brainstem: investigation of seven cases. Pediatrics 2000; 106:1045-53. [PMID: 11061774 DOI: 10.1542/peds.106.5.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We discuss the clinical aspects, pathology, and molecular genetics of 7 patients with primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) arising in the brainstem that were treated at our institution from 1986 through 1995. Most neuro-oncologists avoid performing biopsies in children with pontine tumors. This article raises the question as to whether biopsies should be performed, because treatment recommendations might differ if a PNET was diagnosed rather than a pontine glioma. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the clinical neuro-oncology database and the files of the Division of Neuropathology at New York University Medical Center from 1986 through 1995 and identified 7 histologically confirmed PNETs arising in the brainstem among 146 pediatric brainstem tumors. The clinical, neuroradiological, and neuropathological data were reviewed. Postmortem examinations were performed in 2 cases. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were also available in 6 of 7 patients that were tested for p53 gene mutations using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. We also tested 9 cerebellar PNETs, 9 brainstem gliomas, and 3 normal brains for p53 gene mutations as controls. RESULTS All 7 patients presented with focal cranial nerve deficits, and 2 were also hemiparetic. The median age at diagnosis was 2.7 (1-8 years). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics included a focal intrinsic exophytic nonenhancing brainstem lesion that had low T1-weighted and high T2-weighted signals. Hydrocephalus was present in 5 patients at diagnosis, 3 of whom had leptomeningeal dissemination. Meningeal dissemination occurred later in the course of the disease in 3 other patients. Five children required shunts at diagnosis and another 2 at recurrence. Despite therapy, all 7 PNET patients died within 17 months of diagnosis with a mean survival of 8 (4-17) months. No mutation in the p53 gene was detected. CONCLUSIONS Brainstem PNETs tend to arise at a younger age than brainstem gliomas and medulloblastomas. The MRI pattern suggests a localized rather than a diffuse intrinsic nonenhancing brainstem tumor. Like other PNETs, brainstem PNETs have a high predilection to disseminate within the central nervous system. The absence of p53 mutations is similar to other PNETs. Despite their origin close to the cerebellum, brainstem PNETs exhibit a more aggressive behavior and result in worse clinical outcomes than do cerebellar PNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zagzag
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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29
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Coulson JM, Edgson JL, Woll PJ, Quinn JP. A splice variant of the neuron-restrictive silencer factor repressor is expressed in small cell lung cancer: a potential role in derepression of neuroendocrine genes and a useful clinical marker. Cancer Res 2000; 60:1840-4. [PMID: 10766169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The neuron-restrictive silencer factor [NRSF (RE-1 silencing transcription factor/X box repressor)] is a transcriptional silencer, which we have previously implicated in deregulation of the vasopressin promoter in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Here we describe a novel splice variant of the NRSF transcript, which is highly expressed in SCLCs. The variant was detected in both established cell lines and primary SCLC cultures as well as in some primitive neuroectodermal tumor biopsies. It was present at very low levels in human brain tissue, non-SCLC tumors, and normal bronchial epithelium. This human splice variant, which is massively overexpressed in SCLCs, incorporates a 50-bp insert between exons 5 and 6, introducing a stop codon and predicting translation of a truncated NRSF isoform. We propose that the encoded isoform may antagonize repression of the vasopressin promoter and other "neuronal" genes with neuron-restrictive silencer elements in SCLCs. Thus, up-regulated expression of this NRSF isoform may be a key early factor in defining the neuroendocrine phenotype of these tumors. The NRSF splice variant represents a specific clinical marker that could prove useful in detection of the majority of SCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Coulson
- Cancer Research Campaign Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, United Kingdom.
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30
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Vang R, Taubenberger JK, Mannion CM, Bijwaard K, Malpica A, Ordonez NG, Tavassoli FA, Silver SA. Primary vulvar and vaginal extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor: diagnostic confirmation with CD99 immunostaining and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2000; 19:103-9. [PMID: 10782405 DOI: 10.1097/00004347-200004000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor arising in unusual, superficial sites are reported. One tumor involved the vaginal wall of a 35-year-old woman, and the other neoplasm arose in the dermis of the vulva in a 28-year-old woman. The tumors showed characteristic microscopic features of Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor with nodular monotonous proliferations of undifferentiated, small, round, hyperchromatic cells with a low mitotic index. Rare rosette-like formations were apparent only in the vulvar neoplasm. The tumors displayed intense immunoreactivity in a membranous pattern for CD99, the cell surface glycoprotein encoded by the MIC2 gene. Genetically, the tumors expressed the EWS/FLI-1 chimeric transcript, derived from the t(11;22)(q24;q12) chromosomal translocation. Both patients had localized disease treated with wide local excision; one received postoperative chemotherapy, and the other received chemotherapy and radiotherapy. To date, 18 and 19 months after diagnosis, neither patient has had clinical evidence of local recurrence or metastasis. To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of vaginal and vulvar Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor, confirmed with molecular genetic analysis, in the English literature.
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MESH Headings
- 12E7 Antigen
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/diagnosis
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/genetics
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/therapy
- Radiotherapy
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Ewing/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/therapy
- Surgical Procedures, Operative
- Translocation, Genetic
- Vaginal Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Vaginal Neoplasms/genetics
- Vaginal Neoplasms/therapy
- Vulvar Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Vulvar Neoplasms/genetics
- Vulvar Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, USA
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31
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Le Menuet D, Viengchareun S, Penfornis P, Walker F, Zennaro MC, Lombès M. Targeted oncogenesis reveals a distinct tissue-specific utilization of alternative promoters of the human mineralocorticoid receptor gene in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7878-86. [PMID: 10713103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.11.7878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human mineralocorticoid receptor (hMR) is a nuclear receptor mediating aldosterone action, whose expression is driven by two alternative promoters, P1 and P2, flanking the two first 5'-untranslated exons. In vivo characterization of hMR regulatory regions was performed by targeted oncogenesis in mice using P1 or P2 directing expression of the large T antigen of SV40 (TAg). While transgenic P1.TAg founders rapidly developed lethal hibernomas from brown fat, cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumors and facial leiomyosarcomas occurred in P2.TAg mice. Quantitative analyses of mouse MR (mMR) and transgene expression indicate that P1 promoter was transcriptionally active in all MR-expressing tissues, directing strong TAg expression in testis and salivary glands, moderate in lung, brain, uterus, liver, and heart but, unlike mMR, rather low in colon and kidney. Importantly, the renal transgene expression colocalized with mMR in the distal nephron. In contrast, P2 promoter was approximately 10 times less potent than P1, with no activity in the brain and colon. Several immortalized cell lines were established from both neoplastic and normal tissues of transgenic mice. These cells exhibited differentiated characteristics and maintained MR expression, thus providing useful models for further studies exploring the widespread expression and functions of MR. Our results demonstrate that hMR gene expression in vivo is controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms involving distinct tissue-specific utilization of alternative promoters.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leiomyosarcoma/genetics
- Leiomyosarcoma/pathology
- Lipoma/genetics
- Lipoma/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mineralocorticoids/metabolism
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/genetics
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/pathology
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Simian virus 40
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- D Le Menuet
- INSERM U478, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Cellules Epithéliales, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, France
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32
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Shimono R, Matsubara S, Takamatsu H, Fukushige T, Ozawa M. The expression of cadherins in human neuroblastoma cell lines and clinical tumors. Anticancer Res 2000; 20:917-23. [PMID: 10810377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins are Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules which play crucial roles in the cell-cell interactions during development, tumorigenesis and metastasis. The absence of N (neural)-cadherin is correlated with the onset of neural crest migration and its reappearance is correlated with the cessation of migration and precedes gangliogenesis. We investigated the expression of cadherins including N-cadherin in five cell lines and eleven clinical specimens of human neuroblastomas, which originated from neural crest cells. We found that three of the neuroblastoma cell lines and all the clinical specimens were positive for the expression of the N-cadherin protein. The other two neuroblastoma cell lines were negative for the expression suggesting they originated from migrating neural crest cells. All these cell lines and clinical samples expressed either cadherin-6, cadherin-11 or both, i.e. cadherins expressed on neural crest cells, supporting their neural crest origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shimono
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Tarkkanen M, Kiuru-Kuhlefelt S, Blomqvist C, Armengol G, Böhling T, Ekfors T, Virolainen M, Lindholm P, Monge O, Picci P, Knuutila S, Elomaa I. Clinical correlations of genetic changes by comparative genomic hybridization in Ewing sarcoma and related tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1999; 114:35-41. [PMID: 10526533 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) study of Ewing sarcoma and related tumors showed that DNA sequence copy number increases of 1q21-q22 and of chromosomes 8 and 12 were associated with trends toward poor survival (Armengol et al., Br J Cancer 1997, 75, 1403-1409). These trends were not statistically significant. In the present study, we analyzed 28 primary Ewing sarcomas and related tumors by CGH to study whether these (or other) changes have prognostic value in these tumors. Twenty-one tumors (75%) had changes with a mean of 1.9 changes per tumor. The most frequent aberration was gain of chromosome 8 in 10 tumors (36%). Five tumors (18%) had copy number increases at 1q21-22 and 5 had gain of 7q. Copy number increase of 6p21.1-pter, gain of chromosome 12, and loss of 16q were seen in 11%. Copy number increases of 1q21-q22 and of chromosomes 8 and 12 were associated with trends toward worse outcome, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. A novel finding is the association of copy number increase at 6p with worse distant disease-free (P = 0.04) and overall survival (P = 0.004). To confirm this finding and to see whether copy number increases of 1q21-q22 and of chromosomes 8 and 12 have definite prognostic value, a larger number of cases needs to be studied.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- Bone Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Child
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory/genetics
- Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory/pathology
- Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory/physiopathology
- Female
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/genetics
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/pathology
- Neuroectodermal Tumors/physiopathology
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Prognosis
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/pathology
- Sarcoma, Ewing/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tarkkanen
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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35
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Kappler R, Pietsch T, Weggen S, Wiestler OD, Scherthan H. Chromosomal imbalances and DNA amplifications in SV40 large T antigen-induced primitive neuroectodermal tumor cell lines of the rat. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:1433-8. [PMID: 10426788 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.8.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic in situ hybridization analysis of four cell lines derived from SV40 large T antigen-induced primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the rat revealed non-recurrent chromosomal copy number changes and DNA amplifications at chromosomal bands 2q34, 4q43qter and 15q12qter in cell lines TZ102, TZ103 and TZ107, respectively. Semi-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated amplification and over-expression of the rat N-ras proto-oncogene in TZ102. Furthermore, all cell lines displayed aneuploid cell populations and variable chromosome numbers as assessed by flow cytometry and cytogenetics. These findings suggest that DNA amplification as well as genomic instability may contribute to the pathogenesis of SV40 large T antigen-induced primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kappler
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany
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36
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Kato S, Ishihara K, Shinozawa T, Yamaguchi H, Asano Y, Saito M, Kato M, Terada T, Awaya A, Hirano A, Dickson DW, Yen SH, Ohama E. Monoclonal antibody to human midkine reveals increased midkine expression in human brain tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1999; 58:430-41. [PMID: 10331431 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199905000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We produced a rat IgG2a monoclonal antibody against the carboxyl terminal region of human midkine (MK), a novel growth factor. This monoclonal antibody was used in immunohistochemical studies to compare the expression of MK, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and p53 protein in 133 primary brain tumors and 21 carcinoma metastases to the central nervous system. Approximately half of the glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs) (19/32), medulloblastomas (8/14), primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) (5/11), breast carcinoma metastases (Br-Mts) (6/10) and lung carcinoma metastases (L-Mts) (5/11) as well as some astrocytomas (2/14) had tumor cells that expressed MK; however, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, schwannomas, meningiomas, and pituitary adenomas did not express MK. The values of the PCNA-labeling index were statistically higher in GBMs, medulloblastomas, PNETs, Br-Mts, and L-Mts that expressed MK than in those that did not (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between MK and p53 protein in all tumor types. Normal and non-neoplastic brain tissues were negative for MK, PCNA, and p53 protein. We conclude that primary and metastatic tumors of the brain express MK and that the MK expression in brain tumors may depend, in part, on the proliferating potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kato
- Division of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Monforte-Muñoz H, Lopez-Terrada D, Affendie H, Rowland JM, Triche TJ. Documentation of EWS gene rearrangements by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) in frozen sections of Ewing's sarcoma-peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23:309-15. [PMID: 10078922 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199903000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prompt and accurate diagnosis of small round cell tumors warrants ancillary studies. Recently, two-color fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) using probes for specific gene rearrangements has gained wide acceptance. EWS gene rearrangements, present in essentially 100% of Ewing's Sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, were evaluated by FISH on frozen sections (FS) of tumor biopsies from 10 patients, plus a negative control, and in seven other malignant neoplasms of childhood. 4mu FS were hybridized overnight, using a single EWS gene-specific probe spanning the EWS breakpoint. We identified EWS rearrangements in 8 of 10 cases (80%) of Ewing's Sarcoma/pPNET. There are no known false positives in diploid or near-diploid tumors, or in any of the non-EWS tumors tested; the uncommon false negative can be confirmed by RT-PCR. Hyperdiploid cases with multiple copies of chromosome 22 may be better evaluated by two-color FISH. This is the first use on FS biopsy material of a single probe for EWS, capable of detecting all known EWS rearrangements, in ES and other tumors. Utilization of this ancillary technique on FS for ES/pPNET and other tumors with distinctive chromosomal translocation is highly specific, reliable, expeditious (24-36 hours) and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Monforte-Muñoz
- Department of Pathology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California School of Medicine, 90027, USA
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Hampl M, Hampl J, Plaschke J, Fitze G, Schackert G, Saeger HD, Schackert HK. Evidence that TSG101 aberrant transcripts are PCR artifacts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 248:753-60. [PMID: 9704000 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Critical analysis of the data published so far concerning the TSG101 gene revealed some inconsistencies leading us to its re-evaluation in 80 breast, brain, colon, and neuroectodermal tumors and 37 normal tissue specimens. In this study, the occurrence of TSG101 cDNA aberrant transcripts was verified, but in addition we made observations that are in apparent conflict with the aberrant splicing theory supposed as the underlying mechanism for transcript formation: the location of most deletion breakpoints within exons and nonconformity of these putative splice sites with the highly conserved GT-AG rule, detection of insertions as well as nonreproducible and highly variable results in repeated RT-nested PCRs. Furthermore, we found that reamplification of full-length TSG101 cDNA products leads to the generation of deleted transcripts. In summary, for the first time we provide evidence that the acquired TSG101 transcripts are caused by PCR artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hampl
- Department of General/Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Technical University of Dresden, Germany
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Mozziconacci MJ, Sobol H, Costello R, Sainty D, Fernandez F, Birnbaum D, Lafage-Pochitaloff M. Askin tumor and acute myeloid leukemia in a patient with constitutional partial Y disomy. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1998; 103:11-4. [PMID: 9595038 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(97)00354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a young adult male carrying a constitutional unbalanced t(Y;13)(q11-12;p13) leading to a partial Y disomy, and presenting successively, in a 39-month interval, with an Askin tumor and a t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. The origin of the two neoplasias in this patient is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mozziconacci
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique Hématologique, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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40
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Granowetter L, West DC. The Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors: Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone and soft tissue. Cancer Treat Res 1998; 92:253-308. [PMID: 9494764 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5767-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Granowetter
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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41
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Abstract
The p53 gene is mutated in pluripotential human neuroectodermal tumor DAOY cells which express both glial and neuronal markers. In most cells, nuclear m-p53 immunostaining was intense while cytoplasmic glial specific proteins (GSPs) were present at low levels. Conversely, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS) were expressed in the few cells devoid of nuclear m-p53 immunoreactivity. The level of neuron specific enolase (NSE) staining was low and not different between p53 positive and p53 negative cells. Therefore, a selective, mutually exclusive expression relationship exists between cytoplasmic GSPs and nuclear m-p53. Upon treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and dibutyrylcyclic AMP, overall cytoplasmic GFAP and GS levels were increased while nuclear p53 was suppressed but a mutually exclusive expression pattern between these proteins was maintained. In cells which also express NSE, GFAP was selectively stimulated suggesting that nuclear expression of m-p53 and cytoplasmic expression of GSPs may be functionally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S U
- Division of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 92103, USA
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Murgia A, Anglani F, Vinanzi C, Polli R, Basso G, Perilongo G, Giangaspero F, Zacchello F. The guanine triphosphatase (GTPase) activating protein (GAP)-related domain of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene is not mutated in neural crest-derived sporadic tumours. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:577-9. [PMID: 9713312 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)10078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a mutation analysis of the most conserved region of the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene, the guanine triphosphatase (GTPase) activating protein (GAP)-related domain (NF1 GRD), to which the function of tumour suppressor is attributed. Sixty primary neuroectodermal tumours were analysed. The rationale for the study was based on the likelihood of finding structural alterations resulting in loss of function of this region in tumours of neuroepithelial tissues, where the activity of neurofibromin seems to be crucial in regulating the mechanisms of signal transduction and cell transformation mediated by p21 ras. Following analysis of the whole NF1 GRD sequence, no mutations were identified in the tumours analysed. We conclude that the loss of NF1 gene tumour suppressor function, that might lead or contribute to the development of malignancies in neuroectodermal tissues, is not due to structural abnormalities of the region of the gene which interacts with p21 ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Murgia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Padua, Italy
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43
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Abstract
There has been an explosion of new knowledge regarding the Ewing family of tumors over the past 5 to 10 years. Classical Ewing's sarcoma and PNET are now known to be the same tumor with variable differentiation, defined by a translocation between the EWS gene on chromosome 22 with one of three ETS-like genes, especially the FLI-1 gene on chromosome 11. Molecular techniques used to identify this translocation along with the knowledge that the protein product of the MIC2 gene is highly expressed on the cell surface have greatly improved our diagnostic abilities in this family of tumors. Controversy still exists as to whether surgery improves event-free survival when compared with radiotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma. The high second tumor rate, if nothing else, has started moving many physicians to preferentially use surgery when the functional results are predicted to be reasonable. The addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to standard therapy in Ewing's sarcoma has improved survival for patients without metastases at presentation. However, outcome for patients with metastases or who develop metastases while on therapy or shortly thereafter remains poor. Preliminary reports of better outcome with megatherapy are interesting but not yet definitive. The decades ahead will probably see marked changes in therapy for Ewing's sarcoma. The unique translocation seen in virtually all of these tumors is a potential target for a "magic bullet" therapy, because the protein product of this translocation is present only in the malignant cells. Hopefully either immune modulation against this unique protein or further knowledge of how to use antisense genes will move us toward exquisitely targeted therapy in the Ewing family of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Grier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Although primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) is a well-recognized entity, its renal localization as a primary site has not been appreciated. Only nine cases of renal PNET exist in the literature. The paucity of renal PNET could be explained by the lack of objective diagnostic techniques that would facilitate its distinction from other primitive round cell tumors of the kidney, such as the more widely recognized monophasic Wilms' tumor and clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK), as well as renal carcinoid, or neuroblastoma invading the kidney from the adjacent adrenal gland. The recently identified specific fusion transcripts detectable by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have provided us with a valuable tool for the detection of renal PNET. This article reports three renal PNET that expressed EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcripts by RT-PCR, in addition to positive staining for MIC2 protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). One also exhibited dense core granules in cell processes by electron microscopy. Employment of such methodology will lead to a more accurate classification of renal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
The proto-oncogene MYCN is often amplified in human neuroblastomas. The assumption that the amplification contributes to tumorigenesis has never been tested directly. We have created transgenic mice that overexpress MYCN in neuroectodermal cells and develop neuroblastoma. Analysis of tumors by comparative genomic hybridization revealed gains and losses of at least seven chromosomal regions, all of which are syntenic with comparable abnormalities detected in human neuroblastomas. In addition, we have shown that increases in MYCN dosage or deficiencies in either of the tumor suppressor genes NF1 or RB1 can augment tumorigenesis by the transgene. Our results provide direct evidence that MYCN can contribute to the genesis of neuroblastoma, suggest that the genetic events involved in the genesis of neuroblastoma can be tumorigenic in more than one chronological sequence, and offer a model for further study of the pathogenesis and therapy of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Weiss
- G.W. Hooper Foundation, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0552, USA
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Scheurlen WG, Seranski P, Mincheva A, Kühl J, Sörensen N, Krauss J, Lichter P, Poustka A, Wilgenbus KK. High-resolution deletion mapping of chromosome arm 17p in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors reveals a common chromosomal disruption within the Smith-Magenis region, an unstable region in chromosome band 17p11.2. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1997; 18:50-8. [PMID: 8993980 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199701)18:1<50::aid-gcc6>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome arm 17p is the most common genetic aberration in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). To determine the frequency and extent of 17p deletions, 29 loci on 17p were investigated in 24 tumors by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and microsatellite analysis. LOH on 17p was found in 9 of 24 tumors. In all tumors with LOH, a continuous stretch from the telomere to chromosome band 17p11.2 was completely deleted, and no interstitial or terminal small-scale deletions were detected in the remaining 15 tumors. In four tumors with LOH on 17p, the chromosomal breakpoint was located between D17S953 and D17S805. To identify this deletion breakpoint on the cytogenetic map of chromosome 17 and to exclude uniparental disomy, we verified our data by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses. By using two yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones that were positive for D17S689 and D17S953, the same breakpoint was confirmed in two specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metastases by using FISH on interphase preparations. We demonstrate that, in most childhood PNETs with LOH on 17p, the breakpoint is close to, but not within, the centromere. It varies, and it occurs predominantly between the two markers D17S689 and D17S953, which is an unstable chromosomal region that is deleted or duplicated in the Smith-Magenis syndrome. Because LOH of 17p is associated with the formation of isochromosome 17q in the majority of PNETs, this study provides entry points to determine the molecular nature of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Scheurlen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Oda Y, Dockhorn-Dworniczak B, Jürgens H, Roessner A. Expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein gene in Ewing's sarcoma and malignant peripheral neuroectodermal tumor of bone. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1997; 123:237-9. [PMID: 9177499 DOI: 10.1007/bf01240323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) mRNA was examined in ten samples of Ewing's sarcoma of bone (ES) and in one nude mice transplantable ES and two malignant peripheral neuroectodermal tumor (MPNT) cell lines using an RT-PCR assay. MRP mRNA expression was recognized in eight of the ten clinical specimen and in all three cell lines. On the other hand, the expression of multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) was demonstrated in three of the ten clinical samples and all three cell lines. Our results may contribute to elucidation of the mechanism of anti-cancer-drug resistance in this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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48
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Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on the Biology of Neuroectodermal Tumours. Rome, Italy, June 12-14, 1995. J Neurooncol 1997; 31:1-223. [PMID: 9148032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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49
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Giunta C, Youil R, Venter D, Chow CW, Somers G, Lafferty A, Kemper B, Cotton RG. Rapid diagnosis of germline p53 mutation using the enzyme mismatch cleavage method. Diagn Mol Pathol 1996; 5:265-70. [PMID: 8955618 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-199612000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most commonly altered gene in human cancers. Germline mutations in p53 are the genetic alteration underlying predisposition to multiple cancers in Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome. We describe a patient who presented with developed adrenocortical carcinoma at age 19 months and a cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor at age 5 years. The patient did not have a family history of cancer. We used the enzyme mismatch cleavage (EMC) method to screen for mutations in the p53 gene and found a germline mutation in exon 7 (codon 248). Loss of heterozygosity analysis in one tumor revealed loss of the wild-type p53 allele. In our report we demonstrate the EMC method to be a rapid and sensitive method for mutation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giunta
- Murdoch Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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50
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Franks RR, Rencic A, Gordon J, Zoltick PW, Curtis M, Knobler RL, Khalili K. Formation of undifferentiated mesenteric tumors in transgenic mice expressing human neurotropic polymavirus early protein. Oncogene 1996; 12:2573-8. [PMID: 8700516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The human polyomavirus, JCV, is the established etiologic agent of the human demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) seen in immunosuppressed individuals. In PML patients, the viral early protein, which is produced exclusively in glial cells is responsible for initiation of the viral lytic cycle. The JCV early protein, T-antigen, has greater than 70% homology to the well characterized SV40 early protein which has established oncogenic properties. To investigate the role of JCV T-antigen in tumorigenesis, transgenic mice containing the viral early genome were produced. Of the four positive transgenic animals, one developed severe neurological abnormalities and succumbed to death at 3 weeks of age. Another animal died with no visible gross pathology and the cause of death was not determined. The remaining two founders developed massive, undifferentiated, solid mesenteric tumors with no obvious neurological symptoms. Results from histologic analysis demonstrated the presence of highly cellular, poorly differentiated neoplastic cells in the tumor tissue. Electron microscopic evaluation of the tumor revealed the presence of a small blue cell-like tumor of epithelial/neuroectodermal origin. Results from RNA analysis by non-quantitative and highly sensitive RT-PCR indicated the presence of the JCV early transcript in various tissues, including kidney, liver, spleen, heart, lung, and brain, as well as in the tumors. However, analysis of the viral early protein by Western blot and immunohistochemistry indicated high level production of JCV early protein in the tumor tissue, but not in any other tissues. These observations present the first evidence for the development of inheritable neuroectodermal tumors induced by the human polyomavirus, JCV, early protein in a whole animal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Franks
- Molecular Neurovirology Section, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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