1
|
Huang Y, Hong H, Xu M, Yan J, Dai J, Wu J, Feng Z, Zhu M, Zhang Z, Yuan X, Ding X, Tao X. Developmentally regulated Arabidopsis thaliana susceptibility to tomato spotted wilt virus infection. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:985-998. [PMID: 32441865 PMCID: PMC7280033 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most devastating plant viruses and often causes severe crop losses worldwide. Generally, mature plants become more resistant to pathogens, known as adult plant resistance. In this study, we demonstrated a new phenomenon involving developmentally regulated susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to TSWV. We found that Arabidopsis plants become more susceptible to TSWV as plants mature. Most young 3-week-old Arabidopsis were not infected by TSWV. Infection of TSWV in 4-, 5-, and 6-week-old Arabidopsis increased from 9%, 21%, and 25%, respectively, to 100% in 7- to 8-week-old Arabidopsis plants. Different isolates of TSWV and different tospoviruses show a low rate of infection in young Arabidopsis but a high rate in mature plants. When Arabidopsis dcl2/3/4 or rdr1/2/6 mutant plants were inoculated with TSWV, similar results as observed for the wild-type Arabidopsis plants were obtained. A cell-to-cell movement assay showed that the intercellular movement efficiency of TSWV NSm:GFP fusion was significantly higher in 8-week-old Arabidopsis leaves compared with 4-week-old Arabidopsis leaves. Moreover, the expression levels of pectin methylesterase and β-1,3-glucanase, which play critical roles in macromolecule cell-to-cell trafficking, were significantly up-regulated in 8-week-old Arabidopsis leaves compared with 4-week-old Arabidopsis leaves during TSWV infection. To date, this mature plant susceptibility to pathogen infections has rarely been investigated. Thus, the findings presented here should advance our knowledge on the developmentally regulated mature host susceptibility to plant virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiaoling Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jianyan Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agri‐BiotechnologyInstitute of Biotechnology and Genetic ResourcesYunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural University, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyTai’anChina
| | - Xinshun Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu CH, Wang PQ, Zhang PP, Nie XM, Li BB, Tai L, Liu WT, Li WQ, Chen KM. NADPH Oxidases: The Vital Performers and Center Hubs during Plant Growth and Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:E437. [PMID: 32069961 PMCID: PMC7072856 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs), mostly known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs), are the key producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. A lot of literature has addressed ROS signaling in plant development regulation and stress responses as well as on the enzyme's structure, evolution, function, regulation and associated mechanisms, manifesting the role of NOXs/RBOHs as the vital performers and center hubs during plant growth and signaling. This review focuses on recent advances of NOXs/RBOHs on cell growth, hormone interaction, calcium signaling, abiotic stress responses, and immunity. Several primary particles, including Ca2+, CDPKs, BIK1, ROPs/RACs, CERK, FER, ANX, SnRK and SIK1-mediated regulatory mechanisms, are fully summarized to illustrate the signaling behavior of NOXs/RBOHs and their sophisticated and dexterous crosstalks. Diverse expression and activation regulation models endow NOXs/RBOHs powerful and versatile functions in plants to maintain innate immune homeostasis and development integrity. NOXs/RBOHs and their related regulatory items are the ideal targets for crop improvement in both yield and quality during agricultural practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, Henan, China
| | - Peng-Qi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiu-Min Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal defence hypothesis (ODH) predicts that tissues that contribute most to a plant's fitness and have the highest probability of being attacked will be the parts best defended against biotic threats, including herbivores. In general, young sink tissues and reproductive structures show stronger induced defence responses after attack from pathogens and herbivores and contain higher basal levels of specialized defensive metabolites than other plant parts. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms responsible for these developmentally regulated defence patterns remain unknown. SCOPE This review summarizes current knowledge about optimal defence patterns in above- and below-ground plant tissues, including information on basal and induced defence metabolite accumulation, defensive structures and their regulation by jasmonic acid (JA). Physiological regulations underlying developmental differences of tissues with contrasting defence patterns are highlighted, with a special focus on the role of classical plant growth hormones, including auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins and brassinosteroids, and their interactions with the JA pathway. By synthesizing recent findings about the dual roles of these growth hormones in plant development and defence responses, this review aims to provide a framework for new discoveries on the molecular basis of patterns predicted by the ODH. CONCLUSIONS Almost four decades after its formulation, we are just beginning to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the patterns of defence allocation predicted by the ODH. A requirement for future advances will be to understand how developmental and defence processes are integrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of plants are the self-renewable reservoir for leaf, stem, and flower organogenesis. Stem-cell fate and population size are subject to regulation by complex intrinsic signals and environmental cues to ensure balanced plant development, survival, and longevity. Peptides secreted from the shoot stem cells have pivotal roles in controlling cell identity, proliferation, and differentiation through multiple receptor kinase complexes. The best-characterized in vivo and in vitro peptide ligands are the 12-amino acid (aa) and the arabinosylated 13-aa CLAVATA3 peptides (CLV3p) that are perceived by multiple receptors with partially overlapping and distinct expression patterns and functions in the SAM. The primary molecular and cellular signaling mechanisms after the occurrence of ligand-receptor interaction remain elusive. Integrated analyses provide novel evidence for differential peptide-receptor signaling in the dynamic regulation of stem-cell homeostasis and fitness. Surprisingly, the 12-aa CLV3p can trigger immune signaling and limit pathogen invasion via the flagellin receptor kinase FLS2, suggesting a previously unrecognized molecular mechanism underlying enhanced immunity in the SAM area. Because pattern recognition receptor signaling in immune responses also profoundly intercepts plant development, peptide-receptor kinase signaling in immunity and development may share a common evolutionary origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|