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Sayed S, Al-Otaibi S, El-Shehawi A, Elarnaouty SA, El-Shazly S, Gaber A, Ibrahim R. Field Evaluation of Native Fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin Against some Piercing-Sucking Insects on the Grapevine. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:158-164. [PMID: 33683043 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.158.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The Taify cultivar of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is the second important economical fruit after pomegranate at high altitudes of the Taif region in Saudi Arabia. The grapevine trees are infested with different piercing-sucking insect pests especially aphids, whiteflies and thrips. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of an indigenous endophytic entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana to control the important piercing-sucking insect pests on grapevines. MATERIALS AND METHODS This investigation was carried out through 5, 10 and 15 day intervals between sprays for controlling Aphis illinoisensis, Bemisia tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis with a concentration of 6×106 conidia mL-1 under field conditions. RESULTS The higher infestation in the untreated control was by aphids followed by whitefly and thrips. At the end of the experiment in the treated trees, aphid and whitefly reduction percentages with 5 day intervals of sprays (98.5 and 96.12%, respectively) were not significantly different from 10 day intervals (95.17 and 91.81%, respectively) while these reductions were significantly higher than the reduction occurred by 15 day intervals of sprays (65.93 and 44.51%, respectively). Meanwhile, the 3 intervals of sprays did not differ significantly in the thrips reduction occurred by them with a range from 93.62-96.46%. CONCLUSION This indigenous B. bassiana as 6×106 conidia mL-1 with 10 day intervals of the spray-on grapevine can suppress the piercing-sucking insect pests. This also will participate in grapevine organic production and furthermore, it could replace the chemical treatment.
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Tzec-Interián JA, Desgarennes D, Carrión G, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Guerrero-Analco JA, Ferrera-Rodríguez O, Santos-Rodríguez DL, Liahut-Guin N, Caballero-Reyes GE, Ortiz-Castro R. Characterization of plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with avocado trees (Persea americana Miller) and their potential use in the biocontrol of Scirtothrips perseae (avocado thrips). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231215. [PMID: 32267901 PMCID: PMC7141680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with a great variety of microorganisms that inhabit the rhizosphere or the epiphytic and endophytic phyllosphere and that play critical roles in plant growth as well as the biocontrol of phytopathogens and insect pests. Avocado fruit damage caused by the thrips species Scirtothrips perseae leads to economic losses of 12–51% in many countries. In this study, a screening of bacteria associated with the rhizosphere or endophytic phyllosphere of avocado roots was performed to identify bacterial isolates with plant growth-promoting activity in vitro assays with Arabidopsis seedlings and to assess the biocontrol activity of the isolates against Scirtothrips perseae. The isolates with beneficial, pathogenic and/or neutral effects on Arabidopsis seedlings were identified. The plant growth-promoting bacteria were clustered in two different groups (G1 and G3B) based on their effects on root architecture and auxin responses, particularly bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus (MRf4-2, MRf4-4 and TRf2-7) and one Serratia sp. (TS3-6). Twenty strains were selected based on their plant growth promotion characteristics to evaluate their potential as thrips biocontrol agents. Analyzing the biocontrol activity of S. perseae, it was identified that Chryseobacterium sp. shows an entomopathogenic effect on avocado thrips survival. Through the metabolic profiling of compounds produced by bacteria with plant growth promotion activity, bioactive cyclodipeptides (CDPs) that could be responsible for the plant growth-promoting activity in Arabidopsis were identified in Pseudomonas, Serratia and Stenotrophomonas. This study unravels the diversity of bacteria from the avocado rhizosphere and highlights the potential of a unique isolate to achieve the biocontrol of S. perseae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damaris Desgarennes
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Gloria Carrión
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- * E-mail: (ROC); (GC)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nut Liahut-Guin
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Randy Ortiz-Castro
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Catedratico-CONACyT en el Instituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- * E-mail: (ROC); (GC)
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Yu D, Huang P, Lin Y, Yao J, Lan Y, Akutse KS, Hou X. Immunocompetence of Gynaikothrips uzeli (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) populations from different latitudes against Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 171:107343. [PMID: 32057749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gynaikothrips uzeli gall thrips are protected from insecticide exposure by their leaf gall habitat. A biocontrol strategy based on entomopathogenic fungi is an alternative approach for the control of G. uzeli. Higher temperatures can promote the reproduction and spread of pests; however, the impact of higher temperatures on biological control is unclear. We studied the immunocompetence of thrips from different latitudes and determined the effect of degree days on thrips immunity. We examined the potential impact of temperature on the biocontrol provided by entomopathogenic fungi. Beauveria bassiana pathogenicity against thrips increased with decreasing latitude, suggesting that immunity of thrips increased as latitude increased. The phenoloxidase activity of G. uzeli increased with increasing latitude but there was no significant change in hemocyte concentration. This indicated that the humoral immunity of thrips was significantly associated with degree days, and this was confirmed by transcriptome data. Transcriptome and RT-PCR results showed that the expression of key genes in eight toll pathways increased with increasing latitude. The relative expression of key genes in the Toll pathway of thrips and the activity of phenoloxidase decreased with increasing degree days that are characteristic of lower latitudes. These changes led to a decrease in humoral immunity. The immunity of G. uzeli against entomopathogenic fungi increased as degree days characteristic of lower latitudes decreased. Increased temperatures associated with lower latitude may therefore increase biocontrol efficacy. This study clarified immune level changes and molecular mechanisms of thrips under different degree days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, PR China.
| | - Peng Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, PR China
| | - Yongwen Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jinai Yao
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, PR China
| | - Yanyang Lan
- Research and Development Centre of Zhangzhou National Agricultural Science and Technology Zone, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, PR China
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Xiangyu Hou
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, PR China
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Gawande SJ, Anandhan S, Ingle A, Roylawar P, Khandagale K, Gawai T, Jacobson A, Asokan R, Singh M. Microbiome profiling of the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223281. [PMID: 31568480 PMCID: PMC6768462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbial community structure of adult Thrips tabaci collected from 10 different agro-climatically diverse locations of India was characterized by using the Illumina MiSeq platform to amplify the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria present in the sampled insects. Analyses were performed to study the bacterial communities associated with Thrips tabaci in India. The complete bacterial metagenome of T. tabaci was comprised of 1662 OTUs of which 62.25% belong to known and 37.7% of unidentified/unknown bacteria. These OTUs constituted 21 bacterial phyla of 276 identified genera. Phylum Proteobacteria was predominant, followed by Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria. Additionally, the occurrence of the reproductive endosymbiont, Wolbachia was detected at two locations (0.56%) of the total known OTUs. There is high variation in diversity and species richness among the different locations. Alpha-diversity metrics indicated the higher gut bacterial diversity at Bangalore and lowest at Rahuri whereas higher bacterial species richness at T. tabaci samples from Imphal and lowest at Jhalawar. Beta diversity analyses comparing bacterial communities between the samples showed distinct differences in bacterial community composition of T. tabaci samples from different locations. This paper also constitutes the first record of detailed bacterial communities associated with T. tabaci. The location-wise variation in microbial metagenome profile of T. tabaci suggests that bacterial diversity might be governed by its population genetic structure, environment and habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh J. Gawande
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune, India
| | | | - Ashish Ingle
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune, India
| | - Praveen Roylawar
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune, India
| | - Kiran Khandagale
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune, India
| | - Tushar Gawai
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune, India
| | - Alana Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ramasamy Asokan
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake, Bengaluru, India
| | - Major Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune, India
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Grode AS, Brisco-McCann E, Wiriyajitsonboom P, Hausbeck MK, Szendrei Z. Managing Onion Thrips can Limit Bacterial Stalk and Leaf Necrosis in Michigan Onion Fields. Plant Dis 2019; 103:938-943. [PMID: 30893026 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-18-1271-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) is a major insect pest of onion and it has been identified as a likely vector of Pantoea agglomerans (bacterial stalk and leaf necrosis), a relatively new pathogen to Michigan's onion industry. Our objective was to develop an integrated insect and disease management program by examining the efficacy of bactericides and insecticides alone and in combination to limit bacterial stalk and leaf necrosis caused by P. agglomerans. We also examined the association of onion thrips and disease incidence in the field, because thrips are known to transmit this pathogen. In the pesticide trial, insecticides reduced both thrips abundance and bacterial stalk and leaf necrosis incidence whereas bactericides alone did not reduce disease severity. Positive correlations among thrips population density, numbers of thrips positive for P. agglomerans, and bacterial stalk and leaf necrosis incidence in onion fields were determined. This study suggests that onion thrips feeding can facilitate the development of bacterial stalk and leaf necrosis in Michigan's commercial onion fields, and results from the pesticide trials indicate that thrips feeding damage is positively correlated with disease incidence. Therefore, in order to reduce bacterial stalk and leaf necrosis incidence in onion, management efforts should include reducing onion thrips populations through the use of insecticides and other cultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Grode
- 1 Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - E Brisco-McCann
- 2 Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A.; and
| | - P Wiriyajitsonboom
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - M K Hausbeck
- 2 Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A.; and
| | - Z Szendrei
- 1 Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
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Kaczmarczyk A, Kucharczyk H, Kucharczyk M, Kapusta P, Sell J, Zielińska S. First insight into microbiome profile of fungivorous thrips Hoplothrips carpathicus (Insecta: Thysanoptera) at different developmental stages: molecular evidence of Wolbachia endosymbiosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14376. [PMID: 30258200 PMCID: PMC6158184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects' exoskeleton, gut, hemocoel, and cells are colonized by various microorganisms that often play important roles in their host life. Moreover, insects are frequently infected by vertically transmitted symbionts that can manipulate their reproduction. The aims of this study were the characterization of bacterial communities of four developmental stages of the fungivorous species Hoplothrips carpathicus (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), verification of the presence of Wolbachia, in silico prediction of metabolic potentials of the microorganisms, and sequencing its mitochondrial COI barcode. Taxonomy-based analysis indicated that the bacterial community of H. carpathicus contained 21 bacterial phyla. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacterioidetes and Firmicutes, and the most abundant classes were Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, with different proportions in the total share. For pupa and imago (adult) the most abundant genus was Wolbachia, which comprised 69.95% and 56.11% of total bacterial population respectively. Moreover, similarity analysis of bacterial communities showed that changes in microbiome composition are congruent with the successive stages of H. carpathicus development. PICRUSt analysis predicted that each bacterial community should be rich in genes involved in membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, replication and repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Halina Kucharczyk
- Department of Zoology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Kucharczyk
- Department of Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kapusta
- Center for Medical Genomics - OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7c, 31-034, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sell
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Zielińska
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
- Phage Consultants, Partyzantow 10/18, 80-254, Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt is a major disease of crops worldwide. Resistant cultivars carrying the Sw-5 allele for resistance to tomato spotted wilt disease (TSW) provide the most effective control method in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, infections of fruit on Sw-5+ tomato plants suggest the virus resistance may not be fully expressed in blossoms or developing fruit. The objective of this study was to determine if the thrips vector, the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), can transmit non-resistance breaking Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates when confined to blossoms on plants with and without the Sw-5 resistance allele. Twenty-one percent of 33 Sw-5+ plants inoculated by adult thrips feeding on blossom clusters or small fruit developed infections in the reproductive tissue, whereas 68% of 25 Sw-5- plants developed infections. Systemic infections also occurred following inoculation of blossoms in host genotypes with and without Sw-5. These results were further supported by field experiments that showed high proportions of infected fruit as well as a limited infection of foliage on the same stem as the infected fruit in Sw-5+ plants when F. occidentalis were abundant in blossoms. These findings help to explain observations of abundant late season infections of Sw-5 cultivars in commercial plantings and suggest that management of F. occidentalis infestations during the bloom period may be important for effective management of TSWV in susceptible tomato cultivars as well as cultivars expressing the Sw-5 allele for TSW resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Houle
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695-7630
| | - G G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695-7630
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Dutta B, Gitaitis R, Barman A, Avci U, Marasigan K, Srinivasan R. Interactions Between Frankliniella fusca and Pantoea ananatis in the Center Rot Epidemic of Onion (Allium cepa). Phytopathology 2016; 106:956-62. [PMID: 27135678 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-15-0340-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An Enterobacteriaceae bacterium, Pantoea ananatis (Serrano) Mergaert, is the causal agent of an economically important disease of onion, center rot. P. ananatis is transmitted by an onion-infesting thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds). However, interactions between F. fusca and P. ananatis as well as transmission mechanisms largely remain uncharacterized. This study investigated P. ananatis acquisition by thrips and transstadial persistence. Furthermore, the effects of bacterial acquisition on thrips fitness were also evaluated. When thrips larvae and adults were provided with acquisition access periods (AAP) on peanut leaflets contaminated with the bacterium, an exponentially positive relationship was observed between AAP and P. ananatis acquisition (R(2) ≥ 0.77, P = 0.01). P. ananatis persisted in thrips through several life stages (larvae, pupae, and adult). Despite the bacterial persistence, no significant effects on thrips fitness parameters such as fecundity and development were observed. Immunofluorescence microscopy of adult thrips with P. ananatis-specific antibody after 48 h AAP on contaminated food revealed that the bacterium was localized only in the gut. These results suggested that the pathogen is not circulative and could be transmitted through feces. Mechanical inoculation of onion seedlings with fecal rinsates produced center rot symptoms, whereas inoculation with rinsates potentially containing salivary secretions did not. These results provide evidence for stercorarian transmission (transmission through feces) of P. ananatis by F. fusca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabesh Dutta
- First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; third, fifth, and sixth authors: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; and fourth author: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Ronald Gitaitis
- First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; third, fifth, and sixth authors: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; and fourth author: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Apurba Barman
- First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; third, fifth, and sixth authors: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; and fourth author: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Utku Avci
- First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; third, fifth, and sixth authors: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; and fourth author: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Kathleen Marasigan
- First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; third, fifth, and sixth authors: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; and fourth author: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; third, fifth, and sixth authors: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; and fourth author: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Kivett JM, Cloyd RA, Bello NM. Insecticide Rotation Programs with Entomopathogenic Organisms for Suppression of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Adult Populations under Greenhouse Conditions. J Econ Entomol 2015; 108:1936-1946. [PMID: 26470338 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is one of the most destructive insect pests of greenhouse production systems with the ability to develop resistance to a wide variety of insecticides. A common resistance management strategy is rotating insecticides with different modes of action. By incorporating entomopathogenic organisms (fungi and bacteria), which have discrete modes of action compared to standard insecticides, greenhouse producers may preserve the effectiveness of insecticides used for suppression of western flower thrips populations. The objective of this study was to determine how different rotation programs that include entomopathogenic organisms (Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosoroseus, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Chromobacterium subtsugae) and commonly used standard insecticides (spinosad, chlorfenapyr, abamectin, and pyridalyl) may impact the population dynamics of western flower thrips adult populations by means of suppression. Eight-week rotation programs were applied to chrysanthemum, Dendranthema x morifolium plants and weekly counts of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards were recorded as a means to evaluate the impact of the rotation programs. A final quality assessment of damage caused by western flower thrips feeding on foliage and flowers was also recorded. Furthermore, a cost comparison of each rotation program was conducted. Overall, insecticide rotation programs that incorporated entomopathogenic organisms were not significantly different than the standard insecticide rotation programs without entomopathogenic organisms in suppressing western flower thrips adult populations. However, there were no significant differences among any of the rotation programs compared to the water control. Moreover, there was no differential effect of the rotation programs on foliage and flower quality. Cost savings of up to 34% (in US dollars) are possible when including entomopathogenic organisms in the rotation program. Therefore, by incorporating entomopathogenic organisms into insecticide rotation programs, greenhouse producers can decrease costs without affecting suppression, as well as diminish selection pressure on western flower thrips adult populations, which may avoid or delay resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Kivett
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Raymond A Cloyd
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.
| | - Nora M Bello
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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Dutta B, Barman AK, Srinivasan R, Avci U, Ullman DE, Langston DB, Gitaitis RD. Transmission of Pantoea ananatis and P. agglomerans, causal agents of center rot of onion (Allium cepa), by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) through feces. Phytopathology 2014; 104:812-9. [PMID: 24548212 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-13-0199-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Frankliniella fusca, the tobacco thrips, has been shown to acquire and transmit Pantoea ananatis, one of the causal agents of the center rot of onion. Although Thrips tabaci, the onion thrips, is a common pest of onions, its role as a vector of P. ananatis has been unknown. The bacterium, P. agglomerans, is also associated with the center rot of onion, but its transmission by thrips has not been previously investigated. In this study, we investigated the relationship of T. tabaci with P. ananatis and P. agglomerans. Surface-sterilized T. tabaci were provided with various acquisition access periods (AAP) on onion leaves inoculated with either P. ananatis or P. agglomerans. A positive exponential relationship was observed between thrips AAP duration and P. ananatis (R² = 0.967; P = 0.023) or P. agglomerans acquisition (R² = 0.958; P = 0.017). Transmission experiments conducted with T. tabaci adults indicated that 70% of the seedlings developed center rot symptoms 15 days after inoculation. Immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies specific to P. ananatis revealed that the bacterium was localized only in the gut of T. tabaci adults. Mechanical inoculation of onion seedlings with fecal rinsates alone produced center rot but not with salivary secretions. Together these results suggested that T. tabaci could efficiently transmit P. ananatis and P. agglomerans.
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Wu S, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Wang E, Xu X, Lei Z. An entomopathogenic strain of Beauveria bassiana against Frankliniella occidentalis with no detrimental effect on the predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri: evidence from laboratory bioassay and scanning electron microscopic observation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84732. [PMID: 24454744 PMCID: PMC3891770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 28 isolates of Beauveria bassiana tested for virulence against F. occidentalis in laboratory bioassays, we found strain SZ-26 as the most potent, causing 96% mortality in adults at 1×10(7) mL(-1)conidia after 4 days. The effect of the strain SZ-26 on survival, longevity and fecundity of the predatory mite Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) barkeri Hughes were studied under laboratory conditions. The bioassay results showed that the corrected mortalities were less than 4 and 8% at 10 days following inoculation of the adult and the larvae of the predator, respectively, with 1×10(7) conidia mL(-1) of SZ-26. Furthermore, no fungal hyphae were found in dead predators. The oviposition and postoviposition durations, longevity, and fecundity displayed no significant differences after inoculation with SZ-26 using first-instar larvae of F. occidentalis as prey in comparison with untreated predator. In contrast, the preoviposition durations were significantly longer. Observations with a scanning electron microscope, revealed that many conidia were attached to the cuticles of F. occidentalis at 2 h after treatment with germ tubes oriented toward cuticle at 24 h, penetration of the insect cuticle at 36 h, and finally, fungal colonization of the whole insect body at 60 h. In contrast, we never observed penetration of the predator's cuticle and conidia were shed gradually from the body, further demonstrating that B. bassiana strain SZ-26 show high toxicity against F. occidentalis but no pathogenicity to predatory mite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Endong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xuenong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhongren Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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Zahn DK, Haviland DR, Stanghellini ME, Morsel JG. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana for management of citrus thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in California blueberries. J Econ Entomol 2013; 106:1986-1995. [PMID: 24224239 DOI: 10.1603/ec13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), is a plant-feeding pest most widely recognized for causing damage to citrus and mango fruits. This insect has broadened its host range to become a significant pest of commercial blueberries grown in the San Joaquin Valley of California. We evaluated Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) for control of citrus thrips in blueberries grown under two watering regimes (drip irrigation with and without overhead sprinklers) and using two fungal formulations (commercially available spores in suspension vs. colonized seed) over two sampling periods, that is, for two 3-d periods after treatment. We found significant differences in thrips densities as a function of water regime treatment and fungal formulation. Thrips levels were reduced significantly with both fungal treatments at 3 d after treatment, but at 6 d, only results with colonized seed differed from the control treatment. These data suggest entomopathogenic fungi might be useful for control of citrus thrips on blueberries in particular situations (in organic production or as a resistance management tool) but that traditional pesticides will likely remain the preferred management option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deane K Zahn
- Department of Entomology, 3401 Watkins Drive, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Zahn DK, Morse JG. Investigating alternatives to traditional insecticides: effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi and Bacillus thuringiensis against citrus thrips and avocado thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Econ Entomol 2013; 106:64-72. [PMID: 23448016 DOI: 10.1603/ec10441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a plant-feeding pest most widely recognized for causing damage to citrus (Citrus spp. L. [Rutaceae]) and mango (Mangifera indica L. [Anacardiaceae]) fruits. This insect has recently broadened its known host range to become a significant pest of California grown blueberries. Avocado thrips, Scirtothrips. perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a recent, invasive pest of California avocados, Persea americana Mill. (Laurales: Lauraceae). Effective alternatives to traditional pesticides are desirable for both pests to reduce impacts on natural enemies and broaden control options in an effort to minimize pesticide resistance via rotation of control materials. We evaluated Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. israelensis proteins (Cyt 1A and Cry 11A, activated and inactivated) and multiple strains (GHA, 1741ss, SFBb1, S44ss, NI1ss, and 3769ss) of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against both species. Avocado thrips and citrus thrips were not susceptible to either Bt protein tested, regardless of activation status. All strains of B. bassiana were able to infect both avocado thrips and citrus thrips. However, the commercially available GHA strain was the most effective strain against both species and had a faster rate of infection then the other strains tested. Citrus thrips were more susceptible than avocado thrips to all B. bassiana strains (LC50 and LC95 of 8.6 x 10(4) and 4.8 x 10(6) conidia per ml for citrus thrips, respectively). Investigation of citrus thrips field control using the GHA strain of B. bassiana is therefore justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deane K Zahn
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Arthurs SP, Aristizábal LF, Avery PB. Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi against chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis. J Insect Sci 2013; 13:31. [PMID: 23895429 PMCID: PMC3735053 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Commercial strains of entomopathogenic fungi were evaluated for control of chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an invasive pest of ornamental and vegetable plants in the Caribbean and southeastern United States. In laboratory assays, LC50 values against adult S. dorsalis were 5.1 × 10(4) CFU/mL for Beauveria bassiana GHA, with higher values 3.1 × 10(5) for Metarhizium brunneum F52 and 3.8 × 10(5) for Isaria fumosorosea Apopka 97. Second instars were comparatively less susceptible to all isolates, ostensibly due to moulting, with LC50 values of 1.1 × 10(8), 7.0 × 10(5), and 9.9 × 10(5) CFU/spores per mL for GHA, F52, and Apopka 97 strains, respectively. In greenhouse cages, compared with controls, three applications of mycoinsecticides and other biorational insecticides at 7 to 14 day intervals reduced overall S. dorsalis populations on pepper plants Capsicum annuum cv. California Wonder: spinosad reduced populations by 94-99%, M. brunneum F52 by 84-93%, B. bassiana GHA by 81-94%, I. fumosorosea PFR-97 by 62-66%, and different horticultural oils by 58-85%. The proportion of marketable fruit was significantly increased by M. brunneum F52, B. bassiana GHA, and 2% SuffOil-X treatments. Slightly lower levels of control were observed in nursery tests with ornamental rose shrubs, Rosa sp. Red Double Knock Out®, during hot sunny conditions. Four applications reduced thrips populations over 10 weeks: spinosad by an average of 91%, M. brunneum F52 by an average of 81%, B. bassiana GHA by an average of 62%, SuffOil-X by an average of 50%, and I. fumosorosea PFR-97 by an average of 44%. The data show that mycoinsecticides can be used in management strategies for low to moderate populations of S. dorsalis and provide resistance management tools for the limited number of insecticides that are effective against this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Paul Arthurs
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, IFAS, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Luis Fernando Aristizábal
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, IFAS, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Pasco Bruce Avery
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945, USA
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Rugman-Jones PF, Hoddle MS, Amrich R, Heraty JM, Stouthamer-Ingel CE, Stouthamer R. Phylogeographic structure, outbreeding depression, and reluctant virgin oviposition in the bean thrips, Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in California. Bull Entomol Res 2012; 102:698-709. [PMID: 22676974 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485312000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bean thrips, Caliothrips fasciatus, is native to western North America. Once considered a pest of several crops in its native area, its pest status has waned over recent decades. However, due to its habit of aggregating in the navel of navel oranges, bean thrips remains economically important because some countries importing oranges from California have designated it a quarantine pest. Despite continued propagule pressure, bean thrips has never established outside North America. We examined genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA among Californian populations of C. fasciatus and found that potentially two cryptic species are present (supported by Kimura 2-P distances): a common widespread form B and a rarer form A with a very limited distribution. Form B showed strong phylogeographic structure, with many haplotypes having a limited geographic distribution. Inter-population crossing experiments between three geographically isolated populations of form B resulted in the production of some female offspring, indicating a degree of compatibility between these populations of this haplodiploid species. However, substantial outbreeding depression was also detected. A low frequency of offspring production by hetero-population pairs was evidence of pre-mating isolation, while post-mating isolation was also evident in the elevated mortality of fertilized eggs in successful hetero-population crosses. One surprising finding was the total lack of offspring production by virgin females when isolated individually. However, virgin females did produce sons in the presence of other virgin females. A test for the presence of Wolbachia showed that form B was not infected, but that some populations of the rarer form A were.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Rugman-Jones
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 92521, USA.
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Turnbull C, Wilson PD, Hoggard S, Gillings M, Palmer C, Smith S, Beattie D, Hussey S, Stow A, Beattie A. Primordial enemies: fungal pathogens in thrips societies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49737. [PMID: 23185420 PMCID: PMC3504084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens are ancient selective agents that have driven many aspects of multicellular evolution, including genetic, behavioural, chemical and immune defence systems. It appears that fungi specialised to attack insects were already present in the environments in which social insects first evolved and we hypothesise that if the early stages of social evolution required antifungal defences, then covariance between levels of sociality and antifungal defences might be evident in extant lineages, the defences becoming stronger with group size and increasing social organisation. Thus, we compared the activity of cuticular antifungal compounds in thrips species (Insecta: Thysanoptera) representing a gradient of increasing group size and sociality: solitary, communal, social and eusocial, against the entomopathogen Cordyceps bassiana. Solitary and communal species showed little or no activity. In contrast, the social and eusocial species killed this fungus, suggesting that the evolution of sociality has been accompanied by sharp increases in the effectiveness of antifungal compounds. The antiquity of fungal entomopathogens, demonstrated by fossil finds, coupled with the unequivocal response of thrips colonies to them shown here, suggests two new insights into the evolution of thrips sociality: First, traits that enabled nascent colonies to defend themselves against microbial pathogens should be added to those considered essential for social evolution. Second, limits to the strength of antimicrobials, through resource constraints or self-antibiosis, may have been overcome by increase in the numbers of individuals secreting them, thus driving increases in colony size. If this is the case for social thrips, then we may ask: did antimicrobial traits and microbes such as fungal entomopathogens play an integral part in the evolution of insect sociality in general?
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Turnbull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter D. Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Hoggard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Gillings
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Palmer
- Department of Natural Resources, Northern Territory Government, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Shannon Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Doug Beattie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sam Hussey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Stow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Beattie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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