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Takahashi C, Miyatake K, Kusakabe M, Nishida E. The atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK3 is essential for establishment of epithelial architecture. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8342-8361. [PMID: 29674317 PMCID: PMC5986203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia contribute to physical barriers that protect internal tissues from the external environment and also support organ structure. Accordingly, establishment and maintenance of epithelial architecture are essential for both embryonic development and adult physiology. Here, using gene knockout and knockdown techniques along with gene profiling, we show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3), a poorly characterized atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), regulates the epithelial architecture in vertebrates. We found that in Xenopus embryonic epidermal epithelia, ERK3 knockdown impairs adherens and tight-junction protein distribution, as well as tight-junction barrier function, resulting in epidermal breakdown. Moreover, in human epithelial breast cancer cells, inhibition of ERK3 expression induced thickened epithelia with aberrant adherens and tight junctions. Results from microarray analyses suggested that transcription factor AP-2α (TFAP2A), a transcriptional regulator important for epithelial gene expression, is involved in ERK3-dependent changes in gene expression. Of note, TFAP2A knockdown phenocopied ERK3 knockdown in both Xenopus embryos and human cells, and ERK3 was required for full activation of TFAP2A-dependent transcription. Our findings reveal that ERK3 regulates epithelial architecture, possibly together with TFAP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Takahashi
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and
| | - Koichi Miyatake
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and
| | - Morioh Kusakabe
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and
| | - Eisuke Nishida
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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2
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McDade SS, Henry AE, Pivato GP, Kozarewa I, Mitsopoulos C, Fenwick K, Assiotis I, Hakas J, Zvelebil M, Orr N, Lord CJ, Patel D, Ashworth A, McCance DJ. Genome-wide analysis of p63 binding sites identifies AP-2 factors as co-regulators of epidermal differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:7190-206. [PMID: 22573176 PMCID: PMC3424553 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The p63 transcription factor (TP63) is critical in development, growth and differentiation of stratifying epithelia. This is highlighted by the severity of congenital abnormalities caused by TP63 mutations in humans, the dramatic phenotypes in knockout mice and de-regulation of TP63 expression in neoplasia altering the tumour suppressive roles of the TP53 family. In order to define the normal role played by TP63 and provide the basis for better understanding how this network is perturbed in disease, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify >7500 high-confidence TP63-binding regions across the entire genome, in primary human neonatal foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs). Using integrative strategies, we demonstrate that only a subset of these sites are bound by TP53 in response to DNA damage. We identify a role for TP63 in transcriptional regulation of multiple genes genetically linked to cleft palate and identify AP-2alpha (TFAP2A) as a co-regulator of a subset of these genes. We further demonstrate that AP-2gamma (TFAP2C) can bind a subset of these regions and that acute depletion of either TFAP2A or TFAP2C alone is sufficient to reduce terminal differentiation of organotypic epidermal skin equivalents, indicating overlapping physiological functions with TP63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S. McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alexandra E. Henry
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Geraldine P. Pivato
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Iwanka Kozarewa
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Constantinos Mitsopoulos
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kerry Fenwick
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ioannis Assiotis
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jarle Hakas
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Marketa Zvelebil
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicholas Orr
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Daksha Patel
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Dennis J. McCance
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
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3
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Deng WG, Jayachandran G, Wu G, Xu K, Roth JA, Ji L. Tumor-specific activation of human telomerase reverses transcriptase promoter activity by activating enhancer-binding protein-2beta in human lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26460-70. [PMID: 17630431 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610579200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The up-regulated expression and telomerase activity of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) are hallmarks of tumorigenesis. The hTERT promoter has been shown to promote hTERT gene expression selectively in tumor cells but not in normal cells. However, little is known about how tumor cells differentially activate hTERT transcription and induce telomerase activity. In this study, we identified activating enhancer-binding protein-2beta (AP-2beta) as a novel transcription factor that specifically binds to and activates the hTERT promoter in human lung cancer cells. AP-2beta was detected in hTERT promoter DNA-protein complexes formed in nuclear extracts prepared only from lung cancer cells but not from normal cells. We verified the tumor-specific binding activity of AP-2beta for the hTERT promoter in vitro and in vivo and detected high expression levels of AP-2beta in lung cancer cells. We found that ectopic expression of AP-2beta reactivated hTERT promoter-driven reporter green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and endogenous hTERT gene expression in normal cells, enhanced GFP gene expression in lung cancer cells, and prolonged the life span of primary lung bronchial epithelial cells. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of endogenous AP-2beta expression by AP-2beta gene-specific small interfering RNAs effectively attenuated hTERT promoter-driven GFP expression, suppressed telomerase activity, accelerated telomere shortening, and inhibited tumor cell growth by induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Our results demonstrate the tumor-specific activation of the hTERT promoter by AP-2beta and imply the potential of AP-2beta as a novel tumor marker or a cancer therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Cell-Free System/enzymology
- Cell-Free System/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Humans
- Lung/enzymology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/enzymology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Respiratory Mucosa/enzymology
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Telomerase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Telomerase/biosynthesis
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomere/genetics
- Telomere/metabolism
- Telomere/pathology
- Transcription Factor AP-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factor AP-2/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-2/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Guo Deng
- Section of Thoracic Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Zhang X, Leung YK, Ho SM. AP-2 regulates the transcription of estrogen receptor (ER)-beta by acting through a methylation hotspot of the 0N promoter in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2007; 26:7346-54. [PMID: 17525739 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that the loss of expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-beta during the development of prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with methylation of a CpG island located in the 5'-flanking sequence of the 0N promoter. Three methylation hotspots, referred to as centers 1, 2 and 3, were identified in the CpG island. In this study, we demonstrated that a 581-bp region with these three centers within it is sufficient for the promoter activity in PCa cells. Deletion analyses indicated that center 1 (16 bp), with a putative activator protein-2 (AP-2) binding site, is essential for gene transactivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that AP-2alpha occupies a short sequence containing center 1. Forced expression of AP-2alpha or -2gamma, but not -2beta, increased activity of the ERbeta 0N promoter and the accumulation of mRNA. Conversely, siRNA-mediated AP-2alpha and -2gamma knockdown reduced levels of ERbeta transcript and promoter activity. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that AP-2alpha and -2gamma are the predominant transcripts expressed in PCa cells, and levels of ERbeta transcript correlate with levels of these AP-2 transcripts among different PCa cell lines. These results provide the first evidence that ERbeta is an AP-2-regulated gene. They also support the hypothesis that certain cis-acting elements are methylation hotspots susceptible to epigenetic modifications during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
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5
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Yu L, Venkataraman S, Coleman MC, Spitz DR, Wertz PW, Domann FE. Glutathione peroxidase-1 inhibits UVA-induced AP-2alpha expression in human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:1066-71. [PMID: 17097614 PMCID: PMC1913288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found a role for H(2)O(2) in UVA-induced AP-2alpha expression in the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line. UVA irradiation not only increased AP-2alpha, but also caused accumulation of H(2)O(2) in the cell culture media, and H(2)O(2) by itself could induce the expression of AP-2alpha. By catalyzing the removal of H(2)O(2) from cells through over-expression of GPx-1, induction of AP-2alpha expression by UVA was abolished. Induction of transcription factor AP-2alpha by UVA had been previously shown to be mediated through the second messenger ceramide. We found that not only UVA irradiation, but also H(2)O(2) by itself caused increases of ceramide in HaCaT cells, and C2-ceramide added to cells induced the AP-2alpha signaling pathway. Finally, forced expression of GPx-1 eliminated UVA-induced ceramide accumulation as well as AP-2alpha expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that GPx-1 inhibits UVA-induced AP-2alpha expression by suppressing the accumulation of H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Sujatha Venkataraman
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Mitchell C. Coleman
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Philip W. Wertz
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Frederick E. Domann
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- * Corresponding author: Frederick E. Domann, Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, B180 ML, 100 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA 52242, Phone: 1-319-335-8019, Fax: 1-319-335-8039,
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6
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Fattakhova G, Masilamani M, Borrego F, Gilfillan AM, Metcalfe DD, Coligan JE. The high-affinity immunoglobulin-E receptor (FcepsilonRI) is endocytosed by an AP-2/clathrin-independent, dynamin-dependent mechanism. Traffic 2006; 7:673-85. [PMID: 16637889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor (FcepsilonRI), expressed on mast cells and basophils, initiates the immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Aggregated FcepsilonRI has been reported to rapidly migrate to lipid rafts in RBL-2H3 cells. We confirmed that aggregated FcepsilonRI is found in the lipid raft fractions of cellular lysates. Furthermore, we show that the cross-linked FcepsilonRI remains associated with detergent-resistant structures upon internalization. Previous morphological studies have reported that aggregated FepsiloncRI is endocytosed via clathrin-coated pits, which in general are not lipid raft associated. To address this apparent discrepancy, we employed siRNA to suppress expression of components of the clathrin-mediated internalization machinery, namely, clathrin heavy chain, and the AP-2 (alpha-adaptin or mu2-subunit). Transferrin receptor (TfR) is endocytosed by a clathrin-mediated process and, as expected, each transfected siRNA caused a two to threefold elevation of TfR surface expression and almost completely inhibited its endocytosis. In contrast, there was no effect on surface expression levels of FcepsilonRI nor on the endocytosis of the dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin (DNP-HSA)/IgE/FcepsilonRI complex. On the contrary, internalization of DNP-HSA/IgE/FcepsilonRI was inhibited by overexpression of a dominant-negative dynamin mutant. We conclude that internalization of cross-linked FcRI does not require the AP-2/clathrin complex but is dynamin-dependent and may be lipid raft mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul'nar Fattakhova
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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