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Miltojević AB, Stojanović NM, Randjelović PJ, Radulović NS. Distribution of methyl and isopropyl N-methylanthranilates and their metabolites in organs of rats treated with these two essential-oil constituents. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:68-80. [PMID: 30914356 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two volatile alkaloids, methyl (MMA) and isopropyl N-methylanthranilates (IMA), identified in the essential oil of Choisya ternata Kunth (Rutaceae), have been proven to possess polypharmacological properties (antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, gastro-, hepato-, nephroprotective activities, anxiolytic and antidepressant properties, and likewise an effect on diazepam-induced sleep). In the continuation of our investigation of their urinary-metabolite profiles, we performed GC-MS analyses of the diethyl-ether extracts of selected tissues (liver, kidneys, heart, brain, lungs, quadriceps femoris muscle, and spleen) of rats intraperitoneally treated with MMA or IMA (2 g kg-1). Organ-metabolite profiles of MMA and IMA were qualitatively mutually analogous (varying only in the alcohol moiety of the metabolites), and generally analogous to their urinary-metabolite profiles. The greatest diversity and the highest overall amount of anthranilate metabolites was found in the hepatic tissue. The principal anthranilate-related compounds in the organs of rats treated with MMA, among 12 detected, were the products of ester hydrolysis, N-methylanthranilic and anthranilic acids. In the tissues of IMA-treated rats, among 16 compounds, the most abundant ones were the unmetabolized IMA and N-methylanthranilic acid. A collection of the compositional data regarding the anthranilate-related metabolites was statistically treated by multivariate statistical analysis that provided a better insight into the possible biotransformation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Miltojević
- University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Čarnojevića 10a, 18000, Niš, Serbia.
| | - Nikola M Stojanović
- University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Pavle J Randjelović
- University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Niko S Radulović
- University of Niš, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Chemistry, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia.
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Rios-Avila L, Nijhout HF, Reed MC, Sitren HS, Gregory JF. A mathematical model of tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway provides insights into the effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency, tryptophan loading, and induction of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase on tryptophan metabolites. J Nutr 2013; 143:1509-19. [PMID: 23902960 PMCID: PMC3743279 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.174599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B-6 deficiency is associated with impaired tryptophan metabolism because of the coenzyme role of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) for kynureninase and kynurenine aminotransferase. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we developed a mathematical model of tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway. The model includes mammalian data on enzyme kinetics and tryptophan transport from the intestinal lumen to liver, muscle, and brain. Regulatory mechanisms and inhibition of relevant enzymes were included. We simulated the effects of graded reduction in cellular PLP concentration, tryptophan loads and induction of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) on metabolite profiles and urinary excretion. The model predictions matched experimental data and provided clarification of the response of metabolites in various extents of vitamin B-6 deficiency. We found that moderate deficiency yielded increased 3-hydroxykynurenine and a decrease in kynurenic acid and anthranilic acid. More severe deficiency also yielded an increase in kynurenine and xanthurenic acid and more pronounced effects on the other metabolites. Tryptophan load simulations with and without vitamin B-6 deficiency showed altered metabolite concentrations consistent with published data. Induction of TDO caused an increase in all metabolites, and TDO induction together with a simulated vitamin B-6 deficiency, as has been reported in oral contraceptive users, yielded increases in kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and xanthurenic acid and decreases in kynurenic acid and anthranilic acid. These results show that the model successfully simulated tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway and can be used to complement experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Rios-Avila
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and
| | | | | | - Harry S. Sitren
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and
| | - Jesse F. Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and
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Fukuwatari T, Ohsaki S, Suzuki Y, Fukuoka SI, Sasaki R, Shibata K. The effects of phthalate esters on the tryptophan-niacin metabolism. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004; 527:659-64. [PMID: 15206787 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0135-0_77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Several phthalate esters (PhE), used as a plasticizer for numerous plastic devices, induce liver tumors and testicular atrophy, although the precise nature and mechanism for the action of PhE on these organs have remained unclear. We have previously reported that the administration of a large amount of di(n-butyl)phthalate (DBP) increased the conversion ratio of tryptophan to niacin in rats. To clarify the mechanism for the toxicity of PhE, we investigated the effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most frequently used additives, on the conversion ratio and how altering the conversion ratio of tryptophan to niacin depended on the concentration of DEHP. Rats were fed with a diet containing 0%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 3.0% DEHP for 21 days. To assess the conversion ratio of tryptophan to niacin, urine samples were collected at the last day of the experiment and measured for metabolites on the tryptophan-niacin pathway. The conversion ratio increased with increasing dietary concentration of DEHP above 0.05%; the conversion ratio was about 2% in the control group, whereas it was 28% in the 3.0% DEHP group. It is suggested that the inhibition of alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) by DEHP or its metabolites caused this increase in the conversion ratio. We conclude that PhE such as DEHP and DBP disturbed the Tryptophan-niacin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Fukuwatari
- Laboratories of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Life Style Studies, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
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Mikami E, Goto T, Ohno T, Matsumoto H, Inagaki K, Ishihara H, Nishida M. Simultaneous analysis of anthranilic acid derivatives in pharmaceuticals and human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with isocratic elution. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2000; 744:81-9. [PMID: 10985569 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for simultaneous determination of mefenamic acid (MFA), flufenamic acid (FFA) and tolfenamic acid (TFA) is presented for application to pharmaceuticals and human urine. Isocratic reversed-phase HPLC was employed for quantitative analysis using tetra-pentylammonium bromide (TPAB) as an ion-pair reagent. Urine samples were purified by solid-phase extraction using a silica-based strong anion-exchanger, Bond-Elut SAX cartridge. The HPLC assay was carried out using a Wakosil ODS 5C18 column (5 microm, 150x4.6 mm I.D.). The mobile phase consisted of 1.9 g of TPAB dissolved in 1:1 of a mixture of acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution, pH 5.0, and acetonitrile (11:9, v/v). The calibration curves of MFA, FFA and TFA showed good linearity in the concentration range of 33-167 microg/ml with a wavelength of 280 nm for pharmaceuticals, and in the low concentration range (1.7-30.1 microg/ml) with a wavelength of 230 nm for biological fluids. The correlation coefficients were better than 0.9999 in all cases. The lower limits of detection (defined as a signal-to-noise ratio of about 3) were approximately 2 ng for MFA, 3.5 ng for FFA and 2.5 ng for TFA. The procedure described here is rapid, simple, selective and is suitable for routine analysis of pharmaceuticals and pharmacokinetic studies in human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mikami
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nagoya, Japan
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Wasfi IA, ElGhazali M, Hadi AA, Zorob O, Boni NS, Alkatheeri NA, Barezaiq IM. Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid and its detection time in urine after intravenous administration of the drug in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1451-8. [PMID: 9829406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document tolfenamic acid disposition variables, identify its major phase-1 metabolite and fragmentation pattern, and establish detection time in urine after single IV bolus administration to make recommendations on avoiding violative residues in racing camels. ANIMALS 7 healthy camels (6 males, 1 female), 8 to 11 years old and weighing from 300 to 480 kg. PROCEDURE Blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes and at 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 hours after IV administration of tolfenamic acid (2.0 mg/kg of body weight). Urine samples were collected daily for 14 days after drug administration. Serum tolfenamic acid concentration was measured; limit of quantification was 50 ng/ml. A metabolite of tolfenamic acid in urine was isolated and identified, and its major fragmentation pattern was verified. Screening for tolfenamic acid and its metabolite in urine was performed. RESULTS Mean +/- SEM tolfenamic acid elimination half-life was 5.76+/-0.26 hours. Total body clearance was 0.109+/-0.011 L/kg/h, and steady-state volume of distribution was 0.68+/-0.06 L/kg. Detection time for tolfenamic acid and its hydroxylated metabolite in urine after IV administration of a dose of 2.0 mg/kg was 5 and 7 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Camels eliminate tolfenamic acid mainly via metabolism more slowly than do cattle. The extrapolated dose regimen from cattle to camels appears inappropriate. Veterinarians are advised not to use tolfenamic acid in camels for at least 8 days prior to racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Wasfi
- Camelracing Forensic Laboratory, Forensic Science Laboratory, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Sidelmann UG, Christiansen E, Krogh L, Cornett C, Tjørnelund J, Hansen SH. Purification and 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization of phase II metabolites of tolfenamic acid. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25:725-31. [PMID: 9193874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolfenamic acid, an anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is metabolized in vivo to form several oxidative metabolites which are all conjugated with beta-D-glucuronic acid. In this study, the metabolites of tolfenamic acid were identified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in urine samples obtained on days 7 to 10 from a human volunteer after oral administration of 200 mg of the drug three times per day (steady-state plasma concentration). The metabolites of tolfenamic acid were initially concentrated by preparative solid phase extraction (PSPE) chromatography, thereby removing the endogenous polar compounds that are present in the urine. The individual metabolites were purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then identified using 1H NMR. Both one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments were performed to identify the phase II metabolites of tolfenamic acid; the study shows the applicability of 1H NMR for the identification of drug metabolites in biological fluids. In addition to NMR analysis, two metabolites were also identified by mass spectrometry (MS). The glucuronides of the following parent compounds, N-(2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)-anthranilic acid (T), N-(2-hydroxymethyl-3-chlorophenyl)-anthranilic acid (1), N-(2-hydroxymethyl-3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-anthranilic acid (2), N-(2-formyl-3-chlorophenyl) anthranilic acid (3), N-(2-methyl-3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-anthranilic acid (4), N-(2-methyl-3-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)-anthranilic acid (5), N-(2-carboxy-3-chlorophenyl)-anthranilic acid (6), N-(2-hydroxymethyl-3-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-anthranilic acid (7), N-(2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-anthranilic acid (8), N-(2-methyl-3-chloro-4-metoxyphenyl)-anthranilic acid (9), N-(2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-anthranilic acid (10), and N-(2-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-anthranilic acid (11) were identified. The phase II metabolites (5-11) had not previously been identified in urine from humans administered tolfenamic acid. The phase I metabolites of the glucuronides 7, 8, 10, and 11 were identified here for the first time. An HPLC method was developed that simultaneously separates all the phase II metabolites identified as well as some phase I metabolites in urine samples obtained after intake of tolfenamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- U G Sidelmann
- Department of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
The biological actions of cinnamyl anthranilate are dependent on both dose size and animal species. The present study aimed to examine metabolism as a possible source of explanation for these differences. [3-14C]Cinnamyl anthranilate was synthesized, injected ip into male Fischer 344 (F344) rats and CD-1 mice and urine and faeces collected for 3 days. The pattern of elimination of 14C was the same in both species, with the bulk of the administered material recovered in urine over the first 24 hr. Urinary metabolic profiles were compared by radioHPLC, which showed that the major radioactive excretion product in the rat was hippuric acid accompanied by smaller amounts of benzoic acid. In contrast, mouse urine contained relatively less hippuric acid, more benzoic acid and small amounts (approx. 3% of dose) of unchanged cinnamyl anthranilate. The effect of dose size on urinary metabolites produced by mice was examined using both 3-14C-labelled and unlabelled cinnamyl anthranilate, detected by fluorescence HPLC. Over a dose range of 5 to 250 mg/kg body weight administered ip it was found that at 5 mg/kg body weight no intact ester was excreted in urine whereas at 20 mg/kg body weight or above, the proportion present as the intact ester remained constant. Dietary administration to male and female B6C3F1 mice for 21 days over a dose range of 0 to 30,000 ppm revealed the same qualitative picture with no intact cinnamyl anthranilate detected in urine at or below 1000 ppm (equivalent to 100 mg/kg body weight). A study in human volunteers using a single oral dose of 250 mg failed to reveal any intact cinnamyl anthranilate in 0-24-hr urine. These data support the hypothesis that the peroxisome proliferating action of cinnamyl anthranilate, which is mediated by the intact ester, is manifest only at high doses in species in which its metabolism by hydrolysis is saturated, as a consequence of which the intact ester 'overflows' into urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Keyhanfar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, London, UK
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Abstract
An investigation was made into the hypothesis that chronic ethanol ingestion disturbs the metabolism of tryptophan which is reflected by alterations in the urinary excretion of the metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), anthranilic acid (AA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA). In particular, we investigated whether experimental chronic alcoholism is associated with a decrease in the tryptophan metabolite ratios as suggested in the literature. Male Wistar rats were chronically fed a nutritionally-complete liquid diet in which ethanol comprised 35% of total calories: controls were pair-fed identical amounts of the same diet in which ethanol was replaced by isocaloric glucose. At 6 weeks, 24 h urine samples were collected for the analysis of tryptophan, 5-HIAA, AA and IAA by HPLC. During ethanol-feeding there were reductions in the daily urinary excretion (i.e. mumol/24 h) of tryptophan (-57%, P = 0.026) and concomitant increases in 5-HIAA excretion (62%, P = 0.057). Expression of data in terms of lean tissue mass (i.e. urinary creatinine) revealed identical conclusions. An analysis was performed on the molar ratios of these urinary analytes. The tryptophan: total metabolite ratio was significantly decreased (by -53%), but the AA: total metabolite ratio was not significantly altered (P = 0.102). The ratios 5-HIAA/AA and 5-HIAA/IAA were slightly increased, but they did not attain statistical significance (P > 0.351). It was concluded that chronic ethanol feeding is associated with significant changes in the urinary excretion of tryptophan and its related metabolites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Bonner
- Addictive Behaviour Centre, Roehampton Institute, London, UK
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Jaussaud P, Guieu D, Courtot D, Barbier B, Bonnaire Y. Identification of a tolfenamic acid metabolite in the horse by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 1992; 573:136-40. [PMID: 1564092 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80486-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A tolfenamic acid metabolite, a hydroxylated product, has been identified in equine plasma and urine samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the electron-impact and chemical-ionization modes. The method also allows the qualitative monitoring of the elimination of the drug and its metabolites from plasma. The two compounds are detected up to 48 and 24 h, respectively, after a single oral administration of a 30 mg/kg dose. The simultaneous detection of the two products increases the reliability of anti-doping control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jaussaud
- INRA-ENVL Research Laboratory for Sport Equine, National School of Veterinary Medicine, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Matsuki Y, Dan J, Fukuhara K, Ito T, Nambara T. Isolation and characterization of human urinary metabolites of meclomen. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1988; 36:1431-6. [PMID: 3416363 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.36.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Nakahama H, Miwa Y, Yamaji A, Orita Y, Fukuhara Y, Yanase M, Kamada T, Sonoda T, Ishibasi M, Ichikawa Y. The urinary excretion of frusemide and its metabolites by kidney transplant patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 32:313-5. [PMID: 3297734 DOI: 10.1007/bf00607581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Urine from 5 renal transplant recipients treated with frusemide was analyzed for unchanged frusemide (F), glucuronidated frusemide (G) and 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid (CSA) by HPLC. In 3 recipients, whose renal function recovered steadily and whose hepatic function was normal throughout, the ratio of frusemide to its metabolites, F/(F + G + CSA), increased steadily in conjunction with the recovery of renal function. In one patient, who received frusemide 200-400 mg/day i.v., the urinary CSA concentration was 64-102 micrograms X ml-1. In 2 patients who experienced shock and/or hepatic dysfunction after transplantation, the F/(F + G + CSA) ratio fluctuated.
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Abstract
A segment of the population has a defect in the metabolism of tryptophan that causes a lowered concentration of serotonin in the central nervous system and indicates a predisposition towards chronic alcoholism. The metabolic defect in tryptophan metabolism is in the pathway between tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) but not in the other pathways of tryptophan metabolism. A test using HPLC with amperometric detection was developed to detect the presence of an impaired serotonin metabolic pathway and therefore indicate a predisposition towards chronic alcoholism. The test used a ratio between 5-HIAA and two metabolites (indoleacetic acid and anthranilic acid) from the other pathways of tryptophan metabolism to indicate the presence or absence of an impaired serotonin metabolic pathway while correcting for variations in the concentration of urine.
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Abdel-Tawab GA, Aboul-Azm T, Ebied SA, el-Toukhy MA, Abdel-Hamied HA, el-Kholy ZA, el-Sharaky AS. The correlation between certain tryptophan metabolites and the N-nitrosamine content in the urine of bilharzial bladder cancer patients. J Urol 1986; 135:826-30. [PMID: 3083120 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)45869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work is an up-to-date approach to study the correlation between the excretion pattern of tryptophan metabolites along the kynurenine pathway (after loading with 2 gm. L-tryptophan), and the N-nitrosamine content in urine of bilharzial bladder cancer patients. The control group was composed of healthy subjects who had no reported history of S. haematobium infection and no current bacterial cystitis. The N-nitrosamine content was determined by the colorimetric method of Eisebrand and Preussmann (1970). It was demonstrated that 64 per cent of the patients metabolized the tryptophan load abnormally and the others metabolized it almost normally. Moreover, the N-nitrosamines were present in 43 per cent of controls and 93 per cent of patients have these derivatives in higher values. The presence of an inverse correlation between certain tryptophan metabolites, shown previously to be bladder carcinogens, and the N-nitrosamine content, especially after loading, was interpreted in view of the possible conversion of some tryptophan metabolites into N-nitrosamines either under endovesical conditions or during the execution of the colorimetric determination of these compounds. Therefore, thorough investigation is urgently needed to study the origin of these urinary N-nitrosamines. Moreover, improved method(s) for their colorimetric determination are also urgently needed.
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van der Poll JM, Vink M, Schrijver J, Odink J. Influence of tryptophan loading on urinary excretion of anthranilic acid and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid by men and women as determined by alkali flame ionization gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 1986; 375:213-23. [PMID: 3700548 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic method with alkali flame ionization detection is described for the determination of urinary total (free and conjugated) anthranilic acid (AA) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (HAA) as their pentafluorobenzyl esters. Prior to analysis, urine was hydrolysed using hydrochloric acid in a boiling water bath. The highest AA and HAA yields were obtained with 4 M hydrochloric acid and a hydrolysis time of 4 h. The coefficients of variation of the between-run analyses of AA and HAA at the endogenous level were 7.2 and 5.8%, respectively. The average recovery for both substances was 84%. The method described has been used to study the excretion of AA and HAA in the urine of healthy males and females before and after an oral load of tryptophan. Furthermore, the influence of oral contraceptives has been investigated. Results indicate that for both sexes the excretion of AA in the urine was higher than that of HAA, except after tryptophan loading. The excretion of AA by women was higher than by men. For HAA, the results of both sexes were comparable. Furthermore, for neither of the sexes was a diurnal variation of AA or HAA observed. After tryptophan loading, the formation of HAA was increased by more than that of AA. Results obtained for women on oral contraceptives indicate a hormonal-induced inhibition of AA formation.
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Wesley-Hadzija B, Mattocks AM. Thin-layer chromatographic determination of furosemide and 4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl anthranilic acid in plasma and urine. J Chromatogr 1982; 229:425-32. [PMID: 7096477 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Friedlander E, Morrison AS. Urinary tryptophan metabolites and cancer of the bladder in humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 67:347-51. [PMID: 6943373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary excretion of six aromatic amine metabolites of tryptophan was compared between a group of 30 patients with bladder cancer and a group of 33 controls selected from the general population of the study area. Measurements were based on a single overnight urine specimen collected at home by each subject, without a "loading" does of L-tryptophan. For each metabolite, both the distribution and the mean amount excreted were nearly identical for cases and controls. The small cases-control differences in mean values were virtually unchanged by adjustment for age, sex, and smoking status. Generally, excretion levels were higher for females than for males. Excretion levels also tended to be higher for older than for younger subjects and for smokers compared to nonsmokers. However, most of these differences also were small.
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Kuninaka T, Sugai K, Saito T, Mori N, Kimura R, Murata T. [Studies on the metabolism of N-(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)anthranilic acid (GEA 6414), a new anti-inflammatory agent. I. Urinary metabolites of GEA 6414 in human, dogs, rabbits and rats (author's transl)]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 1981; 101:232-8. [PMID: 7299634 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi1947.101.3_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Hydroxykynurenine/hydroxyanthranilic acid ratios were measured in children with febrile convulsions, afebrile fits, and fever, as well as in healthy controls. Increased ratios were found not only in the children who had fits but also in the children who were febrile and did not have fits. It is suggested that a raised hydroxykynurenine/hydroxyanthranilic acid ratio does not necessarily indicate vitamin B6 deficiency but may represent a nonspecific response of tryptophan metabolism to stress.
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Minami M, Mori K, Tabuchi T, Hara I. Simplified assay method for 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in human urine by fluorometry and its normal value. Ind Health 1980; 18:195-202. [PMID: 7251400 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.18.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Abstract
Analysis of the gut contents of rats killed at intervals after dosage with propyl anthranilate or anthranilic acid suggested that both acid and ester were absorbed rapidly; the chief site of absorption was the stomach. Not more than a trace of the ester was hydrolysed in the stomach but of the dosed ester detected in the small intestine (less than 7%) a considerable proportion, increasing with time after dosing was present as anthranilic acid. Measurement of the level of radioactivity in the blood after administration of 14C-labelled propan-1-ol, propyl anthranilate or anthranilic acid showed that the alcohol was absorbed more rapidly than either the ester or acid. Unchanged propyl anthranilate was readily detected in the blood of rats dosed with the ester and some unhydrolysed ester was excreted in the urine. The level of radioactivity of the organs of rats 2 h and 4 h after administration of the 14C-labelled compounds was measured. Velocity constants for the excretion of 14CO2 by rats dosed with 14C-labelled propyl anthranilate were significantly lower than those found for rats dosed with [14C]propan-1-ol indicating a limiting step in the metabolism of the propyl moiety of the ester which did not occur in the metabolism of propan-1-ol. The urinary metabolites of anthranilic acid excreted by rabbits and rats dosed with the acid were qualitatively the same as those excreted by these species after dosing with propyl anthanilate; some quantitative differences were however, observed.
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22
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Abstract
Floctafenin (FFn), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl--N--(8--trifluoromethyl--4--quinolyl) anthranilate, a new nonnarcotic analgesic drug, was studied in man, mice, and the isolated perfused rat liver. In all species the drug is rapidly hydrolyzed to floctafenic acid (FFa). In seven volunteer subjects who each received a single oral dose of 400 mg floctafenin on an empty stomach, the blood concentration of FFa usually reached a maximum between 1 and 2 hours (mean 1.57 +/- 1.28 microgram/ml at 1.5 hours) and declined over the next 6 hours. Eight hours after drug administration the mean concentration of FFa in the blood of the volunteers was 0.1 +/- .05 microgram/ml. Approximately 25 per cent of the administered dose of floctafenin was recovered as FFa and hydroxy-FFa in the urine collected from each subject for 48 hours after drug administration. In mice each having received a single intraperitoneal dose of floctafenin (2 mg), the concentration of floctafenin declined by about 50 per cent in 15 minutes, and this decline was accompanied by a rise in the concentration of FFa that remained constant for 3 hours. The analgesic effect observed after administration of floctafenin to humans is likely to be mediated by its major metabolite, FFa. In these volunteers no free floctafenin was detected in the blood.
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Watanabe M, Takahashi T, Yoshida M, Suzuki M, Muramatsu S. Relationship between tryptophan intake and urinary excretion of 3-hydroxy-kynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, xanthurenic acid and kynurenic acid. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1979; 25:115-22. [PMID: 479960 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.25.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Sulochana G, Arunagiri R. Effect of smoking on excretion of tryptophan metabolite in urine-3-hydroxy anthranilic acid. Indian J Exp Biol 1978; 16:507-8. [PMID: 680862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Teulings FA, Peters HA, Hop WC, Fokkens W, Haije WG, Portengen H, van der Werf-Messing B. A new aspect of the urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites in patients with cancer of the bladder. Int J Cancer 1978; 21:140-6. [PMID: 627424 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910210203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Matsushima M, Yonese Y. [Gas chromatographic analysis of the metabolites in the tryptophan-niacin cycle (author's transl)]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 1977; 68:1021-8. [PMID: 604598 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol1928.68.11_1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Kurbanov K. [Relationship between tryptophan metabolism and the state of melaninogensis]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1976; 82:1441-4. [PMID: 1023970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In studying the excretion of tryptophan and the activity of tryptophan pyrrholase of the liver in black and albino rabbits it was revealed that the kinurenine, kinurenic and xanthurenic acids, 3-hydroxykinurenin, anthranylic acid and 5-hydroxyindolylactic acid levels in the urine collected before the L-tryptophane loading differed in these animals. No 3-hydroxyanthranylic acid was found in the initial urine of these rabbits. A sharp intensification of excretion of all the tryptophane metabolites studied followed the administration of L-tryptophane to albino rabbits, and a harper elevation of kinurenic and xanthurenic acid excretion--to black rabbits. In comparison with black rabbits, the tryptophan pyrrholase of the liver of albino rabbits reached to the L-tryptophan administration more intensively.
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Yeh JK, Brown RR. Urinary tryptophan metabolites: assay of free and acid hydrolyzable conjugates of 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Biochem Med 1975; 14:12-23. [PMID: 1212237 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(75)90015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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29
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MacDougall ML, Shoeman DW, Azarnoff DL. Separation and quantitative analysis of furosemide and 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic adid (CSA) by high pressure liquid chromatography. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1975; 10:285-92. [PMID: 1153837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After extraction by ether from acidified plasma or urine and concentration into basic phosphate buffer, furosemide and 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid (CSA) were separated on a high pressure liquid ion-exchange system and measured fluorometrically. Sensitivity is 0.2 mug/ml of ether compound in plasma and 0.1 mug/ml in urine with an 8% coefficient of variation. Interference by porphyrins in urine was eliminated by subtracting a second fluorometric measurement at a different wave-length from that used for furosemide. No quenching at this wave-length is seen with concentrations of furosemide up to 50 mug/ml. Standard curves of furosemide and CSA are linear from 0.2 mug/ml to 50 mug/ml.
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30
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Kochen W, Byrd DJ, Bühner R, Bühlen E. [Studies on tryptophan metabolism in untreated phenylketonuric patients]. Z Klin Chem Klin Biochem 1975; 13:1-12. [PMID: 123676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The products of the oxidative degradation of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway were quantitatively determined in the urine of ten untreated patients with phenylketonuria, aged 4--35 years. All the patients were sevrely mentally retarded. The results of the analysis suggest a division of the patients into two groups, A and B. The patients of group A showed a basal urinary excretion of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid which lies in the lower part of the normal range. The increase in excretion of tryptophan metabolites under tryptophan loading was, however, significantly less than in controls. On the average, only 0.63 % of the load was excreted in the form of these assayed metabolites; in contrast, the control value is 1,13 %. In group B, the rate of excretion was higher than normal under basal and loading conditions. The post-tryptophan excretion was four times greater than that of controls (4.64 %). 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid could only be detected in group B after loading. The metabolite 8-hydroxyquinaldic acid, which is supposed to be an abnormal metabolic product of tryptophan, was excreted in milligram amounts. The analysis of the metabolites of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid showed that the excretion of N1-methylnicotinamide and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide was within the normal range. The excretion of nicotinic acid and its amide was sporadic in both the patients and controls. Other theoretically possible metabolites in the pathway could not be found. A number of unidentified metabolites could be detected by thin-layer chromatography in the basal state. The excretion of these metabolites was greatly augmented after tryptophan loading. Other substances which were not detectable in the basal state became evident on loading. A number of these metabolites are characteristic either of group A or B. The structural identification of one of the new products has been hindered by its instability. A stable cleavage product was identified as omicron-aminoacetophenon by mass-spectroscopy. This metabolite its typical for group B. The possible influence of the blood phenylalanine on the metabolism of tryptophan in phenylketonuria is discussed.
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Ishiguro I, Naito J, Ishikura A, Shiotani T. [Isolation and identification of 3-OH- and 5-OH-anthranilamide-O-sulfate as urinary metabolites of anthranilamide in rat]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 1974; 94:1224-31. [PMID: 4477585 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi1947.94.10_1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Binazzi M, Calandra P. Tryptophan metabolsim and serum fatty acids in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Arch Dermatol Forsch 1974; 249:313-20. [PMID: 4407531 DOI: 10.1007/bf00557891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Payne IR, Lu GH, Meyer K. Relationship of dietary tryptophan and niacin to tryptophan metabolism in alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Am J Clin Nutr 1974; 27:572-9. [PMID: 4830079 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/27.6.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Payne IR, Walsh EM, Whittenburg EJ. Relationship of dietary tryptophan and niacin to tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics. Am J Clin Nutr 1974; 27:565-71. [PMID: 4830078 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/27.6.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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38
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Feltkamp H, Wierny W, Zilliken F. [Thin layer chromatography in isolation and quantitative determination of tryptophan metabolites in urine]. Experientia 1973; 29:1583. [PMID: 4772071 DOI: 10.1007/bf01943930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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Teulings FA, Fokkens W, Kaalen JG, van der Werf-Messing B. The concentration of free and conjugated 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in the urine of bladder tumour patients before and after therapy, measured with an enzymatic method. Br J Cancer 1973; 27:316-22. [PMID: 4701704 PMCID: PMC2008782 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1973.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal concentration of the tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3OHA), which has carcinogenic properties, was measured with an enzymatic method of determination which allowed separate measurement of free and conjugated 3OHA. The concentration of free 3OHA in untreated bladder cancer patients was significantly (P <0·001) higher than in a healthy control group, but after local therapy the concentration was significantly lower than before treatment (P <0·01). The concentration of conjugated 3OHA was nearly constant in the three groups. It was concluded that other factors than a genetic determined abnormality might be operating in bladder cancer patients which could lead to an abnormal concentration of 3OHA in their urine.
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Rose DP, Adams PW, Strong R. Influence of the progestogenic component of oral contraceptives on tryptophan metabolism. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1973; 80:82-5. [PMID: 4696565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1973.tb02137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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46
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Gaultier M, Bismuth C, Efthymiou ML, Morel-Maroger L, Romion A. [Acute tubulo-interstitial nephropathy caused by glafenine poisoning]. Nouv Presse Med 1972; 1:3125-8. [PMID: 4650513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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47
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Cruz M, Rodríguez-Hierro F, Torralba A. [Urinary excretion of metabolites of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in healthy infants after an oral loading dose of L-tryptophan (author's transl)]. Rev Esp Fisiol 1972; 28:283-6. [PMID: 4680088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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48
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Kelada FS, Abdel-Tawab GA, Moustafa MH, Konbar AA. Comparative studies on the in vivo effects of tartar emetic, vitamin B 6 , and the chelating agent 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) on the functional capacity of the tryptophan-niacin pathway in patients with schistosomiasis. Metabolism 1972; 21:1105-12. [PMID: 4641954 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(72)90105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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49
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Sutamihardja TM, Ishikura A, Naito J, Ishiguro I. Studies on the new metabolic pathway of anthranilic acid in the rat. I. Isolation and urinary excretion of anthranilamide as a new metabolite of anthranilic acid. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1972; 20:2694-700. [PMID: 4652823 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.20.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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50
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Watanabe M, Minegishi K, Tsutsui Y. Urinary excretion of free and conjugated forms of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Cancer Res 1972; 32:2049-53. [PMID: 4673142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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